北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系

利用ALS300激光雷达系统测量的信号,根据Fernald方法反演的气溶胶消光系数的最大突变即最大递减率的高度确定大气边界层高度. 结果表明:在夏季静稳天气下,大气边界层平均高度为600 m,其中晴天为1 000 m,雾天为700 m,阴雨天在200~300 m之间. 静稳天气下的大气边界层不容易被有效突破,故不利于大气污染物扩散. 大气边界层高度对污染物浓度影响显著,没有降雨时,大气边界层降低(400 m),大气污染加重,在城区宝联站监测的ρ(PM_2.5)近200 μg/m3,在大气本底站——上甸子站近150 μg/m3;如果伴有降水,大气边界层高度升至600 m,大气污染则减轻,2个站点观测的ρ(PM_2.5)均降至50 μg/m3以下. 静稳天气下的大气污染呈现区域性特点.      

城市高架道路对局地大气环境影响的数值模拟研究

根据城市高架和街道的布局与几何特点,设计了多种典型的街道峡谷模型。应用k-ε湍流模型和污染物浓度扩散方程,采用数值模拟技术预测了这些带高架的城市街道峡谷内湍流流场和污染物浓度场。研究表明,高架道路的存在改变了街道峡谷内大气的流动结构和汽车排放污染物的传输扩散特性。高架道路空间位置的布设及高架与街道建筑物间的间隙,对城市街道峡谷的局地大气环境有显著影响。因此,在确定布设高架位置和设计规划街道布局时,应尽量避免引起“盖子效应”而造成严重的地面局地大气污染。     

CCSM4/WRF-CMAQ动力降尺度预估RCP8.5情景下京津冀地区空气质量的潜在变化

目前,针对气候变化对区域空气质量影响的研究相对较少,并且多采用统计降尺度方法对全球气候模式结果进行处理.采用WRF中尺度气象模式对CCSM4气候模式的CMIP5 RCP8.5情景预估结果进行动力降尺度处理,并为CMAQ空气质量模式提供气象场;在2012年清华大学MEIC大气污染物排放清单的基础上,选取2005年作为气候现状代表年、2049-2051年作为未来气候代表年,对京津冀地区典型月份（1月、4月、7月、10月）的气象及空气质量数值模拟结果进行对比,以此预估气候变化背景下京津冀地区空气质量潜在变化.结果表明,在排放情况不变及RCP8.5情景下,未来代表年与现状代表年相比,京津冀地区以典型月份为代表的年均气象因素整体呈现温度升高,风速、相对湿度及大气边界层高度均降低的趋势;年均大气污染物浓度整体呈现升高的趋势,其中,温度升高约0.8℃,风速降低约0.11 m/s,相对湿度降低约2%,大气边界层高度降低约8 m,ρ（PM_2.5）升高约2.4 μg/m3,ρ（SO₂）升高约1.8 μg/m3,ρ（NO_x）升高约1.0 μg/m3;此外,主要的气象条件（温度、风速、相对湿度、大气边界层高度）中,风速及大气边界层高度的降低可能是造成这些大气污染物浓度变化的主要气象因素,并且风速及大气边界层高度的降低与ρ（PM_2.5）降低的相关系数分别约为-0.44和-0.26.研究显示,气候变化会对京津冀地区造成污染物浓度升高的潜在风险,同时由于现阶段缺乏可用于空气质量模式的未来排放情景数据、在线耦合模式日臻完善,在我国气候-空气质量的研究领域亟待进行更深层次的研究.      

杭州地区城区降雪中全氟化合物的污染特征

通过调查杭州降雪中16种全氟化合物(PFCs)的质量浓度,考察了杭州地区大气中PFCs的污染状况.2016年1月20~22日,在杭州市城区及主要郊县建成区共计11个采样点采集降雪样品,应用固相萃取净化、富集与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用相结合的方法,测定样品中PFCs质量浓度.所有采样点降雪均有不同浓度的PFCs检出,全部样品共检出包括C_4和C_8全氟烷基磺酸以及C_4~C_6、C_8和C_9全氟烷基羧酸等7种中短链PFCs.ΣPFCs质量浓度范围为2.85~35.1 ng·L~(-1),其中全氟辛酸(PFOA)质量浓度范围2.15~23.0 ng·L~(-1),为主要污染因子,全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)检出浓度较低,为0~0.46 ng·L~(-1).与国内外其它地区相比杭州降雪中PFOA含量居于中等水平,PFOS含量则处于相对较低水平.污染物空间分布城区略高于郊县,其中富阳最高,建德和淳安较低.本次调查,在研究区域降雪中普遍检出以PFOA为主较高浓度的PFCs,表明湿沉降已经成为杭州地区土壤、地表水和地下水等生态系统PFCs污染一个不可忽视的污染源,需要有关部门引起足够的重视.研究结果揭示了杭州地区大气中广泛存在以PFOA为主的PFCs污染,大气因素可能已成为当地人群和生态环境暴露PFCs的重要途径之一.     

社区大气污染物排放总量控制研究

为了寻求社区大气污染物排放总量控制的方法和可行途径,在污染源调查的基础上,以城市多源大气扩散模式（ＩＳＣＳＴ）为建模工具,采用以“总量控制线性方程组”作为约束条件的线性规划方法,对控制北京市西城区大气污染物排放总量达到环境目标的几种方案作了分析,如燃烧优质煤和天然气等。同时,给出了总量控制管理信息系统的结构图和功能图。     

城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

中国城市热岛时空特征及其影响因子的分析

全球气候变暖背景下,城市热岛效应会加重城市地区的热胁迫,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战.近年来我国雾-霾污染情况严重,但雾-霾对城市热岛影响的认识仍较匮乏.本研究基于MODIS遥感卫星地表温度数据,明确了我国2003~2013年白天、夜间以及四季城市热岛的空间变化,并从生物物理学和生物化学角度定量分析其控制机制.结果表明,影响我国白天城市热岛强度的主要因素为人口、农田灌溉和植被活动.纬度、降水量、反照率以及气溶胶浓度是夜间城市热岛强度的主控因子.从对比城乡粗糙度、反照率等生物物理学属性的角度,揭示了乡村背景环境对城市热岛分析的重要影响.结果表明,雾-霾治理可以缓解我国夜间城市热岛现象和热胁迫,有利于缓解区域甚至全球气候变化.     

城市街道汽车污染扩散规律模拟研究

如何简单而准确地模拟城市街区污染的扩散规律,对于城市汽车污染控制决策具有重要的意义,从大量实测数据,分析了风速风向等影响街道峡谷污染物扩散的主要因素,采用丹麦开发的街道峡谷模式ＯＳＰＭ,对汽车污染扩散规律进行模拟研究。与北京实测数据对比结果表明,该模式较好地模拟昼间风速风向对街道峡保内汽车污染扩散的影响,比较准确地反映了峡保中流场的主要特征,以及汽车排放污染物的扩散规律,污染物浓度与风速的倒数摈心     

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.     

对熏烟扩散模式应用的探讨

工程上应用的大气污染物扩散模式中 ,熏烟模式由于其非定常性而与其他扩散模式有很大的区别。正确处理模式中各参数及变量的相互关系才能客观地反映污染物对环境影响的结果。本研究通过对熏烟模式的非定常性和各参数、变量相互关系的分析 ,提出了正确使用该模式的方法     

日光照射对街道峡谷污染物扩散影响的研究

为了分析日光照射对城市街道峡谷机动车污染物扩散的影响．对街道峡谷日光照射的物理模型进行了简化．采用数值模拟技术对日光照射下的城市街道峡谷内气体流动和机动车污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明．在一定条件下。日光照射是研究城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散必须考虑的因素。在污染物扩散受日光照射影响较大的街道峡谷内部．当街道地面或迎风面受日光照射时．街道峡谷内部将出现2个方向相反的漩涡，并导致迎风面建筑物一侧的污染物浓度升高．这与不计日光照射的特征有显著的不同。     

重庆市路面降雨径流特征及污染源解析

2010年雨季对重庆市3场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,分析了重庆市路面降雨径流过程特征与降雨强度和降雨间隔时间对不同水质参数初始冲刷的影响,运用多元统计技术区分出路面径流的潜在污染源.结果表明,3场降雨径流的COD、TP和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)分别为60.83～208.03、0.47～1.01和2.07～5.00 mg.L-1,超出了国家地表水环境质量V类标准,是主要污染物;3次降雨事件中,污染物浓度的峰值均提前或同步于径流量的峰值,并且污染物浓度的峰值多数出现在产流10 min内;重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd浓度随降雨径流过程呈锯齿状变化;运用主成分分析区分出路面径流水质的2种潜在污染源:①机动车交通损耗和大气干湿沉降;②城市垃圾.     

Seasonal comparison of moss bag technique against vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution

This is the first study seasonally applying Sphagnum papillosum moss bags and vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution.Moss bags,exposed in January,were collected together with snow samples by early March 2012 near the Harjavalta Industrial Park in southwest Finland.Magnetic,chemical,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX),K-means clustering,and Tomlinson pollution load index(PLI)data showed parallel spatial trends of pollution dispersal for both materials.Results strengthen previous findings that concentrate and slag handling activities were important(dust)emission sources while the impact from Cu–Ni smelter's pipe remained secondary at closer distances.Statistically significant correlations existed between the variables of snow and moss bags.As a summary,both methods work well for sampling and are efficient pollutant accumulators.Moss bags can be used also in winter conditions and they provide more homogeneous and better controlled sampling method than snow samples.     

Sources and characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol near Damascus,Syria

Coarse (>2 μm) and fine (<2 μm) atmospheric particulate material was collected in the Zabadani Valley, near Damascus, in August 1985, and analyzed for sulfate, nitrate, and about 40 elements. Individual particles were analyzed for chemical and morphological parameters. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were also measured. The physical aerosol characteristics, and particularly the chemical composition indicate that the airborne particles in this arid region are predominantly due to desert soil dispersion, but that there is also some contribution from anthropogenic sources. The crustal elements exhibit atmospheric concentrations which are comparable to those in urban and industrial areas. The anthropogenic elements, on the other hand, are clearly less abundant in the Zabadani Valley than in industrialized regions. The individual particle analysis indicated that there are two major soil dust components with respectively a shale-like and a limestone composition. The data set with the bulk atmospheric concentrations (sum of coarse and fine) was subjected to chemical mass balance receptor modeling in order to assess the impact of the various plausible aerosol sources. It was found that desert soil dispersion is responsible for at least 90% of the total suspended particulate mass concentration, and that the shale and limestone components contribute in about equal proportions.     

Building wake dispersion at an Arctic industrial site: Field tracer observations and plume model evaluations

Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF₆ tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior.Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s⁻¹ and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s⁻¹. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion (σ_z) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.     

若尔盖高原湿地地表水与大气湿沉降中有机氯农药和多氯联苯研究

采用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用法分析位于青藏高原东缘的若尔盖高原牧场地表水和大气湿沉降中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)异构体含量的季节分布特征,探讨持久性有机污染物(POPs)在边远清洁地区的地球化学行为.结果表明,若尔盖地区地表水中∑HCHs、∑DDTs、HCB、∑6PCBs平均浓度分别为0.90,1.36, 0.95,1.35ng/L.大气降水中OCPs和PCBs平均浓度分别为0.363,0.118ng/L,最大值出现在11月初冬的降雪样品中.异构体按平均浓度排序为HCB > PCB28 > p,p’-DDD > p,p’-DDE > α-HCH > γ-HCH.PCBs以PCB28和PCB52为主,除少量的PCB101外,其余高氯代PCB化合物都未在沉降样品中检出.∑HCHs、∑DDTs、∑PCBs的大气沉降通量分别为0.058~0.268,0.087~0.311,0.049~0.188ng/(m2·d).高海拔地区POPs大气沉降模式可分为“海拔梯度降水型”和“高原型”2类.类似于极地冷凝作用,高原型降雪中的POPs的沉积通量高于降雨沉降通量,但持久性较强的PCB138、PCB153和PCB180则缺失.这一结果验证了高空大气远程迁移和局地的高山冷凝效应的区别.     

烟羽在夜间雾天状况下的扩散数值研究

用夜间雾的数值模式研究了高架源在雾形成前后的扩散特征。模拟结果表明，雾的出现影响了大气近地层结，使原来很稳定的大气变成不稳定大气，但雾顶以上仍是逆温状态，这样导致雾顶附近的高浓度污染物向地面输送加剧，造成地面污染。这种情况非常类似于日出后出现的地面熏烟。研究结果从大气扩散方面解释了近年来在雾天临测中发现的地面高浓度污染现象，说明雾天是造成地面严重污染的重要天气之一。     

基于实际道路交通流信息的北京市机动车排放特征

通过模型模拟和调查统计方法获取了北京路网的车流量、车型构成和车速基础数据.基于具有时空分布特征的实际道路交通流信息和排放因子,以Arc GIS为平台构建了北京市机动车尾气排放清单,并分析实际道路排放特征及污染物排放的空间分布特征.结果表明,北京市城区各类型道路上小客车比例均在89%以上,郊区道路也为小客车比例最高,但小货车、中货车、大货车、大客车、拖拉机和摩托车均占一定比例.污染物排放强度与车流量呈正相关性,污染物排放强度总体上呈现白天高夜间底的趋势,但是郊区道路PM排放昼夜变化趋势不明显,高速路的PM排放强度夜间大于白天.污染物排放的空间分布为城区、南部、东南以及东北部接近城区的区域排放强度较高,西部山区及北部山区由于路网密度较小排放强度较低,城区环路和郊区高速公路附近由于车流量大,排放强度较高.