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This work investigates the effects of lubricant sulfur contents on the morphology, nanostructure, size distribution and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particle on a light-duty diesel engine. Three kinds of lubricant (LS-oil, MS-oil and HS-oil, all of which have different sulfur contents: 0.182%, 0.583% and 1.06%, respectively) were used in this study. The morphologies and nanostructures of exhaust particles were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Size distributions of primary particles were determined through advanced image-processing software. Elemental compositions of exhaust particles were obtained through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that as lubricant sulfur contents increase, the macroscopic structure of diesel exhaust particles turn from chain-like to a more complex agglomerate. The inner cores of the core-shell structure belonging to these primary particles change little; the shell thickness decreases, and the spacing of carbon layer gradually descends, and amorphous materials that attached onto outer carbon layer of primary particles increase. Size distributions of primary particles present a unimodal and normal distribution, and higher sulfur contents lead to larger size primary particles. The sulfur content in lubricants directly affects the chemical composition in the particles. The content of C (carbon) decreases as sulfur increases in the lubricants, while the contents of O (oxygen), S (sulfur) and trace elements (including S, Si (silicon), Fe (ferrum), P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium), Zn (zinc), Mg (magnesium), Cl (chlorine) and Ni (nickel)) all increase in particles. 相似文献
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建立了采用预浓缩和GC FPD测定环境大气和海洋表层水中挥发性硫化物(COS、DMS和CS2)的方法.该方法对气态COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(95±4)%,(86±3)%和(91±6)%(n=5),精密度分别为4 75%,8 26%和7 55%(n=5).对水体中COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(86±8)%,(80±6)%和(97±12)%(n=5),精密度分别为8 17%,5 59%和11 70%.COS、DMS和CS2检出限分别为33pg,387pg和22pg.采用该方法测定了青岛近岸海域大气和表层海水中COS、DMS和CS2的浓度.结果表明,COS是近岸海域大气中主要挥发性硫化物,DMS是表层海水中最主要的挥发性硫化物.3种挥发性硫化物的浓度有明显的季节差异,夏季浓度远高于冬季浓度. 相似文献
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Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas. 相似文献
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采用检测单个粒子的薄膜法,探讨了澳门岛海洋大气中甲磺酸(MSA)粒子的浓度、粒子百分数、粒径和pH 值及其一般变化特征.结果表明,MSA 粒子在大气中的浓度为6.7×10-11~24.5×10-11nmol/m3, 粒子百分数为9.3%~33.8%,pH 值为1.63~2.51, 当量直径为1.1294~1.4371µm.上述指标与季节及日变化具有明显的相关性,MSA 粒子的浓度、占总粒子的百分数在夏季达到最大值;随着气温的降低和相对湿度的增大,MSA 粒子的当量直径增大、酸性增强,在春季,其当量直径具有最大值,pH 值则具有最小值;而一天当中,MSA 粒子的浓度在下午时达到最大,早晨最小. 相似文献
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通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了黄铁矿与硫粉2种底物配合使用对污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,2种底物配合可加速污泥中重金属(Zn, Cu)的浸出,显著提高其去除率.经过18d的生物淋滤,在2种底物配合并接种的处理中,Zn和Cu的去除率分别可达89.2%,56.5%;而在单独加黄铁矿并接种的处理中两者的去除率分别为12.0%, 0.9%;单独添加硫粉并接种处理中分别为85.2%,37.6%,进一步验证了生物淋滤技术去除污泥中重金属的可行性. 相似文献
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The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks. 相似文献
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Manolis N. Romanias Yangang Ren Benoit Grosselin Véronique Daële Abdelwahid Mellouki Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserov Frederic Thevenet 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(9):155-164
The heterogeneous degradation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on five samples of natural Icelandic volcanic particles has been investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out under simulated atmospheric conditions using a coated wall flow tube (CWFT). The CWFT reactor was coupled to a blue light nitrogen oxides analyzer (NOx analyzer), and a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP) to monitor in real time the concentrations of NO2, NO and HONO, respectively. Under dark and ambient relative humidity conditions, the steady state uptake coefficients of NO2 varied significantly between the volcanic samples probably due to differences in magma composition and morphological variation related with the density of surface OH groups. The irradiation of the surface with simulated sunlight enhanced the uptake coefficients by a factor of three indicating that photo-induced processes on the surface of the dust occur. Furthermore, the product yields of NO and HONO were determined under both dark and simulated sunlight conditions. The relative humidity was found to influence the distribution of gaseous products, promoting the formation of gaseous HONO. A detailed reaction mechanism is proposed that supports our experimental observations. Regarding the atmospheric implications, our results suggest that the NO2 degradation on volcanic particles and the corresponding formation of HONO is expected to be significant during volcanic dust storms or after a volcanic eruption. 相似文献
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佳木斯市大气中总悬浮颗粒的显微镜下观察 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
对大气颗粒物研究不能仅局限于浓度测定,还要对颗粒物的形态及粒径大小进行观察,本文利用显微镜对佳木斯市区大气颗粒物进行了形态分析,给出颗粒物除浓度外的行为规律.还首次对佳木斯市区大气颗粒物进行了粒径分级. 相似文献
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以实验室成功启动的硫自养短程反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,通过批次试验分别探究HRT、pH值和温度对反应过程的影响.研究表明,控制条件参数HRT为5h、pH值为7.5、温度为30℃时,亚硝酸盐和单质硫积累效果最佳,分别达到92.53%和59.36%.对以上最佳参数条件下运行的污泥取样进行微生物高通量分析,Proteobacteria菌门丰度达到91.44%,是自养反硝化的主要菌门,Thiobacillus菌属丰度为66.04%,是实现硫自养短程反硝化过程中稳定单质硫和亚硝酸盐的主要贡献者.对反应出水中的生物单质硫进行絮凝沉淀回收,响应面优化结果表明,絮凝剂PAC投加量为7.73mL/L、pH值为4.53、搅拌速度为220r/min为生物单质硫絮凝的最佳匹配参数.平行试验验证得平均单质硫絮凝率(SFE)为88.1%. 相似文献
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在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。 相似文献
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船用燃油超标识别方法的建立和技术发展是进行船舶排放控制区(Domestic Emission Control Areas,DECA)政策执行的重要保障.本研究建立了基于船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System,AIS)数据的船舶排放实时计算模型和岸基环境观测相结合的技术方法,选取上海吴淞口航道水域开展实地外场观测实验,实现了对观测船只排放烟羽中SO2和NO2浓度的在线观测和对燃油硫含量(Fuel Sulfur Content,FSC)进行同步识别和反算.观测期间,通过差分吸收光谱(Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy,DOAS)技术共捕捉到1505艘次船舶的烟羽.经过观测截面的船舶总吨位为30~14308 t,船舶排放烟羽浓度峰值的平均持续时间为3~10 min.受船舶烟羽影响期间,SO2和NO2的浓度增量分别在0.03~35.51 ppb和0.02~39.26 ppb之间,实时排放模型估算出SO2和NO2的排放强度分别为1.32~28.06 g·min-1和2.89~123.80 g·min-1.结合在线观测和实时排放模型基于硫氮比对船用燃油硫含量进行反算识别,并与实测燃油硫含量数据样本进行对比验证,结果表明,实际燃油硫含量在0.05%以上时,反算硫含量数值误差在10%以内.本研究可为船舶燃油超标识别提供新的技术思路,并为船舶排放控制区政策落实提供科学基础. 相似文献
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以100μmol·L~(-1)亚硫酸氢钠对H9C2心肌细胞染毒不同时间(3,6,12,24 h),采用Wistar大鼠作为模型进行整体动物染毒,SO_2组动式吸入SO_2(7 mg·m~(-3))28 d,每天4 h;SO~(2+)NALC(N-乙酰半胱氨酸)组吸入同样条件的SO_2,且自SO_2染毒之日起隔天腹腔注射50 mg·kg-1(b.w.)NALC,对照组吸入新鲜空气并注射生理盐水.测定大鼠心脏组织和H9C2细胞内ROS含量;采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析I型胶原(Col1a1)和III型胶原(Col3a1)的mRNA转录和蛋白表达水平.结果显示SO_2及其衍生物引起的氧化应激显著增加了活性氧(ROS)的产生;SO_2及其衍生物不能诱导大鼠心脏组织和H9C2细胞中Col1a1和Col3a1 mRNA转录水平的显著改变,但Col1a1和Col3a1的蛋白表达水平显著升高;同时NALC可减少心脏组织中ROS的产生,有效抑制SO_2吸入后Col1a1和Col3a1蛋白表达的上升.提示SO_2吸入后可能通过产生ROS最终导致胶原蛋白表达的增加. 相似文献
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生态适宜性评价是一种量化土地、海域用途适宜度的工具,在减缓用地、用海冲突,科学规划空间布局方面发挥着积极作用。经过近半个世纪的发展,生态适宜性评价指标体系已经从单一自然体系发展到自然-社会-经济-生态复合体系,评价内容从单目标的分散评价扩充至多属性、多目标的综合评价,应用领域从陆地拓展至海洋。本文在总结生态适宜性评价研究进展的基础上,结合海洋生态系统整体性和流动性的特点,针对海洋生态适宜性评价的目标,用海活动的兼容性和冲突性,以及海洋生态适宜性评价中的水平生态过程等问题提出了几点思考,以期为完善海洋生态适宜性评价理论体系提供借鉴。 相似文献
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挥发性有机硫化物(volatile organic sulfur compounds,简称VSCs)是硫循环的主要参与者,在全球气候变化和大气化学中发挥重要作用.于2017年9月运用冷阱捕集气相色谱和气-质联用法对东海海水与大气中3种重要的VSCs即羰基硫(COS)、二甲基硫(DMS)、二硫化碳(CS2)的浓度进行了测定,并计算了它们的海-气通量.研究结果表明,秋季东海表层海水中COS、DMS和CS2的浓度平均值分别为(0.14±0.08)、(3.58±2.81)和(0.06±0.06)nmol·L-1.大气中COS、DMS和CS2的平均浓度分别为(414.9±107.4)×10-12、(39.7±29.9)×10-12和(92.9±55.6)×10-12,COS是大气中含量最丰富的VSCs.相关性分析表明,海水中DMS与CS2存在相关性,推测两者具有相似的来源途径.大气中COS和CS2的浓度相关性较为显著,显示大气中CS2是COS的主要源.此外,海水中COS、DMS和CS2都呈过饱和状态,海-气通量平均值分别为(0.45±0.58)、(13.15±12.66)和(0.20±0.22)μmol·m-2·d-1,表明秋季东海是大气中3种VSCs的源. 相似文献
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Oral administration of arsenic trioxide(3 and 6 mg/kg body weight/d) for 30 d caused, as compared with vehicle control, dose-dependent significant reductions in body weight, absolute weight, protein, glycogen, as well as, total, dehydro and reduced ascorbic acid contents both in the liver and kidney of arsenic-treated mice. Succinic dehydrogenase(SDH) and phosphorylase only in the liver activities were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in the liver of low dose arsenic-treated animals;however, significant rise in its activity was observed in high dose group. As compared with vehicle control, treatment also caused significant dose-dependent reductions in SDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in the kidney of mice. Vitamin E cotreatment as well as, 30 d withdrawal of arsenic trioxide treatment with or without vitamin E caused significant amelioration in arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. Administration of vitamin E during withdrawal of treatment also caused significant amelioration as compared from only withdrawal of the treatment. It is concluded that vitamin E ameliorates arsenic-induced toxicities in the liver and kidney of mice. 相似文献