Chance-constrained programming (CCP)abatement of SO_2 emission for acid deposition control in Liuzhou City

A deterministic linear programming model which optimizes the abatement of each SO2 emission source, is extended into a CCP form by introducing equations of probabilistic constrained through the incorporation of uncertainty in the source-receptor-specific transfer coefficients. Based on the calculation of SO2 and sulfate average residence time for Liuzhou City, a sulfur deposition model has been developed and the distribution of transfer coefficients have been found to be approximately log-normal. Sulfur removal minimization of the model shows that the abatement of emission sources in the city is more effective, while control cost optimization provides the lowest cost programmes for source abatement at each allowable deposition limit under varied environmental risk levels. Finally a practicable programme is recommended.     

关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题

我国燃煤消耗量很大,排放二氧化硫而引起的酸雨污染正引起国内外,特别是东亚地区各国的重视。本文通过4个方面探讨我国酸雨中污染物的输送问题：酸雨输送研究方式和湿沉降过程;我国酸雨分布和硫酸型特点;酸雨与天气系统的关系;我国典型酸雨区研究的成果。由此说明酸雨作为污染物的湿沉降,其前体物的主要部分涉及输送可能是中距离的,即几百公里以内。我国排放污染物对邻国酸雨长距离输送的影响可能存在,但影响究竟有多大则有待于大规模详细研究的结果。     

A fuzzy linear programming extension of the general matrix-based life cycle model

A fuzzy linear programming extension of the general life cycle model is described. The model is suitable for applications involving system design and optimization wherein fuzzy target levels for environmental flows or impacts are specified, and wherein multiple technological alternatives capable of providing equivalent products or services are present within the life cycle boundaries. Solving the model results in an optimal mix of technologies that embodies the best compromise of the fuzzy environmental targets specified. The model formulation is concise and consistent with the generalized matrix-based LCA model; its linearity also makes identification of the optimal solution straightforward. Applications of the model to two illustrative case studies are also given.     

改进区间线性规划及其在湖泊流域管理中的应用

针对不确定性优化提出了改进区间线性规划(MILP)模型及其算法,从理论上证明了MILP模型的解空间绝对可行,从而弥补了以往区间线性规划的缺陷,为后续决策过程提供了有利的可行性条件.针对四川邛海流域综合管理,以水污染综合防治的投资成本与运行成本最小化为目标,以总磷环境容量等11个管理目标为约束,建立了20个子流域3个阶段的MILP模型,最终得到10个备选污染控制方案的最优规模、投资和TP削减能力.结果表明:①最优的总投资和TP最优削减量分别达到[620×1061148×106]元和[57.43,59.95]t·a-1重点方案为污水处理厂工程、农村污染控制工程和中度侵蚀水土流失防治工程;②实施基于最优区间解生成的决策方案时,需要严格保证TP环境容量约束,才能实现各阶段的水质达标.     

模拟酸雨及施磷对水稻土中汞的淋溶特性影响研究

采用pH3.0、pH4.5与对照pH 5.6的3种模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨及含磷酸雨淋溶下合肥市郊水稻土中汞的释放特征与规律.结果表明:经过相当于1980降水量的淋溶后,汞释放量总体上是随着酸雨强度增加累积淋溶量的增加.酸雨作用下,施磷量越多土壤中汞的淋失总量越大.在酸雨及施磷条件下,大兴地区黄褐土Hg较义城地区水稻土易于淋失.     

江西省严重酸雨地带形成的影响因素

采用数字模拟技术,绘制了江西省降雨pH值曲面投影图及其等值线图,发现江西省在南昌(鹰潭(临川(吉安(赣州一线形成南北方向的“r”字形的严重酸雨带,并指出这条严重酸雨带的走向与信风环流圈和副热带高压带纬向环流一致.提出了矿山废石堆的硫化矿物是造成严重酸雨的主要致酸物质来源,揭示了江西省降雨pH值随副热带高压脊季节性南北推移而变化的规律.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响。结果表明,高酸度的酸雨对450nm处的峰强以及685nm和740nm处的峰强比值产生较为明显的影响,且该影响随水稻生育期而变化,这揭示出利用激光诱导荧光技术监测酸雨影响作物生长的可行性     

2000—2016年珠海市酸雨变化特征及酸雨概念模型

为评估我国酸雨控制效果与发展趋势,利用2000-2016年东亚酸沉降监测网（EANET）的监测数据及同步气象资料,研究了珠海市酸雨变化特征及EANET中国网所有4个城市（珠海、厦门、重庆、西安）的城市降水化学组分特征.利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区PSCF分析方法,研究了珠海市降水气团和酸雨来源,建立了珠海市酸雨概念模型.结果表明：①珠海市酸雨日数与频率呈先增后减趋势,2008年后珠海市酸雨污染程度明显改善,我国酸雨控制效果明显.②沿海城市（珠海、厦门）与内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）降水离子组分区别明显,内陆工业城市酸雨受碱性颗粒物影响较大.③沿海城市（珠海、厦门）酸雨为硫酸-硝酸混合型;内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）酸雨以硫酸型为主,近年有向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变的趋势.④综合酸雨降水HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类分析与PSCF潜在源区分析结果可建立酸雨概念模型,有助解释酸雨成因.珠海市强酸雨主要受珠海市外的珠三角地区污染物输送影响.     

Control strategy for sulfur dioxide and acid rain pollution inChinaa

Several factors, namely, coal-dominated primary energy mix, extensive economic development mode, inefficient energy utilization, end the imperfect environmental regulations, result in the serious urban sulfur dioxide pollution end large-scale sulfatetype acid precipitation in China. In 1995, China's sulfur dioxide emissions reached 23.70 Mt, and the areas affected by acid rain accounted for 40% of the territory. Chinese government accords considerable importance to the sulfur dioxide end acid rain contamination. New sets of environmental friendly policies have been promulgated. But enforcement of laws and regulations on SO2 emissions need to be further improved and broadened, especially those respond to market conditions. This paper focuses particular attention on the analysis of strategy, policies, and national actions which had or should be taken against sulfur dioxide emissions nationwide to achieve the environmental targets, on the basis of which gives the technical options in future.     

酸雨的形成、危害及防治对策

我国酸雨正呈蔓延之势 ,酸雨区面积占国土面积的 30 % ,已成为继欧洲、北美之后世界第三大重酸雨区。酸雨给地球生态环境和人类社会经济都带来严重的影响和破坏。酸雨的防治 ,一靠完善的环境法规和执法力度 ;二靠先进的技术和设备。本文介绍了酸雨的成因、危害及酸雨治理的措施     

Control strategy for sulfur dioxide and acid rain pollution in China

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Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi

The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca（NO3 ）5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca（NO3 ）5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed.     

Sensitivity of soils to acid rain in South China

This paper deals with the sensitivity of soils to acid rain in 5 provinces, South China. Based on field work and literature, and taking soil pH, CEC, and the types of residua into account, the authors classified the sensitivity into 4 categories: highly sensitive, sensitive, slightly sensitive, and non-sensitive. By overlapping the maps of soil pH, CEC, and types of residua, the map of soil sensitivity in South China has finally resulted.The authors try to summarize the regularity of soil sensitivity to acid rain in this area. The sensitivity of different soil types in the studied area has also discussed.The seriousness and its prospects of acid rain in this area have been pointed out in order to draw the attention of relevant authorities.     

丹东市降水pH值及酸雨分析

分析2013年大气降水pH值及近10年历史演变的方法分析丹东市酸雨污染现状、特征,并从污染源和气候条件解释酸雨形成的原因,确定酸雨的形成受外来空气污染物影响较大,而酸雨强度的大小具有本地环境条件和环境污染特征。     

广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征

研究并比较了广东酸雨地区鹤山丘陵综合实验站区内不同类型森林降水的化学特征.结果表明,和大气降水相比,针阔叶林林内降水除NO3外其它离子含量都明显增加,马尾松针叶林冠层穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为34倍和12倍,阔叶林穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为8倍和10倍,针叶林降水比阔叶林降水离子富集程度较为显著．林内降水中马尾松针叶林树干径流离子总含量小于穿透雨离子总含量,阔叶林穿透雨离子总含量小于树干径流离子总含量.不同阔叶林型林内降水中离子含量是不同的.针叶林林内降水有进一步酸化趋势.林内降水离子富集导致森林冠层正负电荷数不平衡,营养离子大量淋失,使林冠层养分亏损．     

青岛酸雨天气边界层气象特征

青岛地区酸雨成因研究表明,青岛市近代工业发展排放大量致酸物质、海洋上天然排放的二甲基硫是重要的原因;青岛地区边界层风场和温度场的特殊规律是形成酸雨的另一个重要原因;江淮气旋和黄淮气旋大型天气形势起了辅助作用。本文着重分析研究了1993年7月23日一次典型酸雨的实际例子,证明了上述论点。     

不同酸雨梯度下3种酸雨处理对茶树幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合特性的影响

选择茶(Camellia sinensis)幼苗为试验材料,在盆栽条件下采用受控模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,设置3个酸雨梯度p H 2.5、p H 4.0和p H5.6,每个梯度下分别设计地上处理、全淋处理和土壤处理,测定其叶绿素荧光和光合特性.结果表明:在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋处理显著减少了茶幼苗相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)合成、降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F0)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数,提高了胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd),地上处理作用下茶幼苗受到抑制作用其次,土壤处理对茶幼苗的抑制作用最小;在p H 4.0酸雨胁迫下,除光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率其余各处理值均高于对照组(CK),并且土壤酸雨地上酸雨全淋酸雨处理CK,而p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,各参数变化为土壤酸雨地上酸雨CK全淋酸雨处理.可见,在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;p H 4.0和p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,土壤酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强;处理方式和酸雨强度的交互作用下Fv/Fm、Amax、AQY、LSP、LCP和Rd都具有显著差异,而SPAD、Fv/F0、Yield、qP差异不显著.得出结论为:酸雨对植物的作用机理随酸雨浓度而定,重度酸雨胁迫下,直接和间接作用都有;而中、轻度酸雨胁迫下,主要是通过土壤酸化后对植物起间接作用.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

A lagrangian backward trajectory model and its application to the study of acid rain in the Emei mountainous district

A Lagrangian backward trajectory model is developed to study the variation of acidic pollutant concentrations at a preselected site. The model is one level, with linear chemical transformations. However, simple cloud processes are included. The application is made to the study of acid rain in the Emei Mountainous District, southwest China. With limited research conditions, the results show that the distant sources have significant effects on the acid rain at Emei and these sources are relatively restricted in the Sichuan Basin, especially along the direction northeast of Emei.     

合肥市酸雨变化特征及其影响因子

利用合肥市气象局酸雨监测站1992-2007年资料,分析了该市酸雨年、季变化特征,及其与地面气象条件、地面污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10)浓度的关系;同时,应用轨迹分析和聚类分析的方法研究了酸雨发生率与不同高度输送形势的关系.结果表明,合肥市酸雨发生率秋季最高、夏季最低;年平均降水pH值呈下降趋势,酸雨频率呈增加趋势,尤其是pH值低于4.5的强酸雨在2001年之后出现频率增加显著,与近年来地面SO2浓度的快速增加趋势一致;中度以上强度酸雨出现频率随降水强度的增加呈先增后减的变化特点,中雨和大雨时最高,毛毛雨时最低;地面污染物浓度,尤其是SO2与降水酸度具有显著的相关性,当地面SO2浓度高于40μg·m-3时,酸雨发生率接近90%;轨迹分析结果显示.合肥降雨酸度与输送形势关系密切,酸性降水发生率在低层以偏东北方向的轨迹最高,在中空(1500m)以偏东轨迹和西南轨迹最高,在高空(3000m)以偏西南轨迹最高.