海洋微生物降解石油的研究

从青岛近岩海水中分离、筛选到73株细菌和10株真菌，并对其降解石油的能力进行了研究，结果表明，多数菌具有明显的降解石油的能力，部分菌株对短链烷烃正已烷和芳香烃萘具有不同程度的降解能力，其中，有3个菌株对石油的生物降解率分别高达58.35％、62.75％、71.06％。     

一株丝状蓝藻的分离鉴定及其对原油耐受性能的研究

从石油污染的港口水域分离筛选到一株丝状蓝藻GH1,通过形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为颤藻.从生长情况和抗氧化酶活性方面研究了这株颤藻对原油的耐受性.在0～20d培养过程中,原油培养条件下GH1的叶绿素增长更快,第7天即达到生长稳定期;可溶性蛋白含量随时间的变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,原油样品的可溶性蛋白含量始终要显著高于空白样.在0～1%体积浓度范围内,第7天测定原油样品中颤藻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均明显高于空白样.对抗氧化酶系统而言,在原油培养条件下,培养初期超氧化物歧化酶SOD(Superoxide Dismutase)和过氧化氢酶CAT(Catalase)活性显著高于空白样,随着培养时间增加,SOD和CAT活性呈下降趋势,而过氧化物酶POD(Peroxidase)活性一直呈上升趋势.低浓度原油能刺激3种抗氧化酶活性都升高,高浓度原油对SOD和CAT活性有抑制作用,但POD活性仍能随原油浓度增加而升高.在原油中毒性物质的胁迫下,POD与SOD、CAT的响应表现为互补的变化趋势,3种酶共同防御作用是颤藻GH1耐受原油胁迫的主要机制.     

生物通风堆肥法修复原油污染土壤的实验研究

通过模拟实验考察了生物通风堆肥方法修复吉林油田原油污染土壤的效果,探讨了石油污染物去除的途径和作用机制.实验结果表明:向原油污染的土壤中添加生物有机肥接种、采用生物通风堆肥法进行修复,效果较好.当原油污染土壤的含油量为7.00×104mg·kg-1时.经过40d处理,原油的去除率达45%以上,最大生物降解速率常数达到了0.0333 d-1,半衰期仅为20.82d.生物降解是污染物去除的主要途径,挥发去除的油低于土壤初始含油量的0.1%.在油污土:生物有机肥(干重)以8:2、7:3和5:5三个不同比例混合的实验中,以7:3比例混合时污染物的去除最彻底,完全生物降解率占总去除率的比例约为17%.原油组分含量的变化证实了原油生物降解的发生.原油的生物降解去除率与生物降解产生的CO2存在线性关系.污染物生物降解的速率和程度与微生物的数量和活性关系密切.     

特殊地质条件下流动相原油在沿海土-水系统中的运移过程及机制研究

原油作为主要能源之一对现代社会的重要作用不言而喻,但其所带来的污染危害同样不容忽视.通过自制的有机玻璃水槽,建立模型模拟自然地层的非均质性,模拟了原油在沿海土-水系统中的运移过程,探讨了局部非渗透性透镜体、底部隔水层、土壤初始含水率、土壤质地、岩性突变界面对原油在砂土中运移速度和路径的影响.结果表明,局部非渗透性透镜体和底部隔水层对原油的运移具有阻碍作用,会改变其运动速度和路径.在一定范围内,土壤初始含水率越高,原油的侧向运移速率和垂向运移速率越大(模拟成层性土层中原油垂向运移速率随含水率增大,由0.43 cm·min~(-1)增大到1.00 cm·min~(-1),在低含水率区域原油侧向运移速率分别为0.08 cm·min~(-1)(粗-细界面)和0.10 cm·min~(-1)(细-粗界面),而在含水率较高的区域则为0.14 cm·min~(-1)),而过高的含水率又会阻碍原油的运移.土壤孔隙越大,垂向运移越快,侧向运移越慢,反之,垂向运移越慢,侧向运移越快(模拟成层性土层中,原油在粗砂中的垂向平均运移速率为0.54 cm·min~(-1),而在细砂中仅为0.33 cm·min~(-1),自然泄漏时原油在粗砂中的最大扩散范围为9.10 cm,在细砂中为12.50 cm).原油在土壤中运移遇到岩性突变界面时,会产生聚集效应,在聚集处产生侧向运移,试验中在粗-细界面扩散宽度为6.70 cm,在细-粗界面扩散宽度为29.00 cm.     

Characterization of particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by smoking machine with an electrical low pressure impactor

Cigarette smoking is a particle-related exposure. Studying the characteristics of the particle size distribution of cigarette smoke can aid in providing knowledge of smoke aerosol attributes. We used an electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） to measure the particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by a smoking machine and provided a continuum of particle sizes of cigarette smoke from a whole cigarette. The results showed that the aerodynamic diameters （D, geometric mean of a channel） of particles ranged from 0.021 to 1.956 ~m, and the number concentrations were on the order of 105-109 cm-3 for different sizes of particles. The particle number of the size category below 0.1 p,m approximated that of the category 0.1-2.0 Ixm, and the particles in the size category of 0.1-2.0 μm contributed extremely heavily to total particulate mass. In addition, the results with small samples indicated that the tar yields normalized per milligram of nicotine showed an approximately linear increase with increasing concentration of total particles.     

成都市典型非道路工程机械排气烟度分析

采用不透光烟度计采集了成都市典型工程机械(挖掘机、装载机、叉车和压路机)排气烟度,研究了机械功率对其活动水平(燃油消耗量和年均工作时间)的影响,同时也研究了机械发动机构造和机械排放标准对其排气烟度的影响;同时,采用氮硫测定仪分析了机械油品硫含量,研究了硫含量对其排气烟度的影响.试验结果表明:机械功率越大的工程机械,燃油消耗量和年均工作时间数越高.成都典型工程机械排气烟度排放水平最低的为装载机,最高的为压路机;同时,超高排放装载机与叉车的占比较高.工程机械排气烟度受机械发动机排量、机械发动机构造、机械发动机排放标准和机械用油的综合影响,通过对工程机械装配电控发动机、提高原机排放标准和使用低硫燃油均能直观反映出机械排气烟度不同程度的改善.此外,油品中硫含量越高,机械排气烟度越大.     

基于综合生物标志物响应指数评价0~#柴油和平湖原油胁迫下的缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)毒性效应

选择0#柴油和平湖原油乳化液对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)进行氧化胁迫实验,选取典型的抗氧化酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷光甘肽硫转移酶(GST)及过氧化物酶(POD)用于衡量油类污染物对生物体造成的氧化压力大小.此外,结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Responses,IBR)指标,对2种石油污染物对缢蛏的毒性响应进行定量化评价.结果表明,不同浓度的0#柴油和平湖原油对缢蛏消化腺中的4种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应,各试验组在暴露前期均表现出诱导或抑制,但对4种酶的影响存在时间顺序性,SOD、CAT和GST的酶活性表现为升高-降低的过程,POD表现为降低-升高的过程,活性达到峰值的时间SOD和CAT要早于GST和POD.结合计算出的IBR数值来看,高浓度0#柴油能够引起最为显著的生物效应变化,显示该石油污染物高毒性的特征,0#柴油生物毒性大于平湖原油生物毒性.     

渤海海上原油油指纹库建设

参照国际先进的油指纹分析、溢油鉴别技术以及油指纹库建设方法,建立一套先进的油指纹库建设技术体系,开展了渤海不同区块9个原油油指纹库建设工作。通过本课题的研究,使我国的油指纹库建设技术体系更趋完备,全面提高了溢油鉴别工作的科学性。     

一株耐盐原油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

通过对一株新分离到的耐盐原油降解菌进行形态学观察和生理生化鉴定,确定该菌株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp).并对其生长特性和降解特性做了初步研究,确定了该菌株降解原油的最适条件为:原油的质量浓度为0.5 g/L、NaCl的质量浓度为30 g/L、pH值为8、温度30℃、摇床转速140 r/min、接种量为3%.在最适条件下,经过5 d的培养,原油的降解率为68%.实验结果表明该菌株治理海洋石油污染的应用前景较大.     

原油降解中微生物群落的16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE分析

为对原油降解过程中微生物群落结构的变化,本文采用直接向原油中加入营养物刺激的方法,获得原油降解菌体系。提取不同培养时间条件下降解菌体系的总DNA,并以之为模板采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了在原油降解过程中微生物群落的组成,结果表明,随着培养时间的不同,微生物的群落结构表现出差异,随着时间的变化其微生物群落也会发生改变。回收了DGGE图谱中的18个条带,测序结果经过Blast比对表明其中10个条带代表的细菌是不可培养的,显示了DGGE技术的优越性。同时采用气相色谱技术对降解过程中的原油烃的变化进行了分析,结果显示原油烃类组分会随着降解菌多样性的变化而发生变化,降解菌体系表现出了其对烷烃类物质的降解能力。     

蓬莱19-3原油水下溢油的模拟实验

把握水下溢油时油滴粒径的分布规律是研究溢油行为和归宿的前提,也是水下溢油事故有效应急处置的重要依据。本研究采用自制的1 m×1 m×2 m（长×宽×高）的水下溢油模拟实验装置开展蓬莱19-3原油的水下溢油模拟实验,以油滴体积分布和油滴体积中值粒径为考察指标,评估了水下溢油喷口直径和喷射速度对油滴破碎形成的油滴粒径分布的影响。结果表明,不同粒径油滴体积分布总体上表现为低于100 μm和高于700 μm的油滴粒径体积占比较小,油滴粒径分布主要集中在100 μm~700 μm之间,体积比最高点位置根据喷射条件的不同而有所偏移。喷口直径保持不变时,随着喷射速度增大,小粒径油滴所占体积逐渐增大,大粒径油滴体积比减小。油滴体积中值粒径随喷射速度的增加而减小,相对体积中值粒径与喷射流量经对数变换后呈线性相关关系。本研究结果可为水下溢油行为轨迹的预测提供重要依据。     

植物油烟雾的采样和监测方法研究

本文介绍了一种新型玻璃纤维滤筒采集油烟的装置 ,用该装置对植物油烟进行了采样和监测 ,该方法适用于油脂工业色拉油和餐饮业植物油烟雾的监测。     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

Development of a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter using a laser and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera

A continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter with an aerosol focusing and a laser-charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detector system was developed here. The counting performance of the laser-CCD camera detector system was evaluated by comparing its measured number concentrations with those measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC) using polystyrene latex (PSL) and NaCl particles of varying sizes. The CCD camera parameters (e.g. brightness, gain, gamma, and exposure time) were optimized to detect moving particles in the sensing volume and to provide the best image to count them. The CCN counter worked well in the particle number concentration range of 0.6–8000 #·cm⁻³ and the minimum detectable size was found to be 0.5 μm. The supersaturation in the CCN counter with varying temperature difference was determined by using size-selected sodium chloride particles based on K?hler equation. The developed CCN counter was applied to investigate CCN activity of atmospheric ultrafine particles at 0.5% supersaturation. Data showed that CCN activity increased with increasing particle size and that the higher CCN activation for ultrafine particles occurred in the afternoon, suggesting the significant existence of hygroscopic or soluble species in photochemically-produced ultrafine particles.     

Differential degradation of crude oil （Bonny Light） by four Pseudomonas strains

Four hydrocarbon degraders isolated from enriched oil- and asphalt-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria, were tested for their petroleum degradation potentials. All the isolates were identified as species of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas putida P11 demonstrated a strong ability to degrade kerosene, gasoline, diesel, engine oil and crude oil while P. aeruginosa BB3 exhibited fair degradative ability on crude oil, gasoline, engine oil, anthracene and pyrene but weak on kerosene, diesel and dibenzothiophene. Pseudomonas putida WL2 and P. aeruginosa MVL1 grew on crude oil and all its cuts tested with the latter possessing similar polycyclic aromatic potentials as P11. All the strains grew logarithmically with 1–2 orders of magnitude and with generation time ranging significantly between 3.07 and 8.55 d at 0.05 level of confidence. Strains WL2 and MVL1 utilized the oil substrate best with more than 70% in 6 d experimental period, whereas the same feat was achieved by P11 in 12 d period. BB3 on the other hand degraded only 46% within 6 d. Interestingly, data obtained from gas chromatographic analysis of oil recovered from the culture fluids of MVL1 confirmed near-disappearance of major peaks (including aliphatics and aromatics) in the hydrocarbon mixture.     

中国原油进口来源国供应安全的定量评估

原油供给安全在中国国家安全中占有重要地位,对其定量评估可为防范风险提供政策参考。采用事件数据分析法定量测度中国与21个主要原油进口来源国之间的双边关系,结果表明:中国与大多数原油贸易伙伴的关系处于中低水平,但近十多年总体保持上升趋势,原油进口存在一定的政治关系风险但趋于下降。选用资源、政治、经济、运输、军事5个方面的11个指标,通过组合赋权法确定指标权重,运用集对分析方法评估中国21个原油进口来源国的供应安全度,并识别主要障碍因子。结果表明:21国供应安全度存在较大差异。部分中东国家、俄罗斯、委内瑞拉、哈萨克斯坦供应安全度较高,多数非洲国家和亚太国家供应安全度较低。供应国的原油资源状况、运输风险、政治风险是制约多数国家供应安全的主要障碍因素。为防范风险,中国需坚持开展多边"能源外交",扩大战略石油储备等多方面施策方针。     

原油中芳烃及其碳稳定同位素组成特征

芳烃作为原油的主要组分之一,蕴含丰富的地球化学信息,常用原油中芳烃的分布及其碳稳定同位素组成来评价原油的有机质来源和热成熟度等指标。为了补充油品化学指纹的基础鉴别指标和数据,找出适用于油样鉴别的芳烃地球化学指标以及碳稳定同位素组成,本文主要测定了来自不同地区七种原油芳香烃组分的相对含量以及碳稳定同位素组成,并计算分析了甲基萘比值（MNR）、二甲基萘比值（DNR）、三甲基萘比值（TNR）、甲基菲比值（MPR）、甲基菲指数（MPI1）和甲基菲分馏系数（MPDF）等常见的芳烃特征比值。从原油中芳烃组分相对含量分布来看,七种原油均显示出了各自的特点;从原油芳烃的特征比值来看,成熟度参数（MNR、TNR1、TNR2、MPR、MPI1、MPDF1和MPDF2）均反映出所有原油的高成熟度,其它芳烃参数如DNR1、DNR2和TNR4等比值反映原油的母质来源及生物降解等信息,由芳烃特征比值的单因素方差分析（ANOVA）结果可知,与成熟度参数MNR和MPI1相比,DNR1、DNR2和TNR4在不同原油间的差异更加明显;从原油芳烃碳稳定同位素组成来看,不同地区原油间差别较大,其中巴西原油最富集13C,阿曼原油和委内瑞拉原油最亏损13C,二甲基萘和菲的碳稳定同位素组成在不同油样间的差异最明显。将显著性差异大的芳烃参数与芳烃δ13C值联用,结果表明,该方法可以更加有效区分七种原油。最后使用主成分分析方法分析原油芳烃碳稳定同位素组成,七种原油显示出各自不同的碳稳定同位素组成特征和明显的区分效果,利用不同油样芳烃的碳稳定同位素组成差异可实现对油样来源的鉴别。     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

燃料油和原油乳化液在缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）体内的富集动力学研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型在室内模拟了缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)对燃料油(0#柴油)和东海平湖原油乳化液的生物富集实验,通过对富集与释放过程中缢蛏体内石油烃的动态检测以及对检测结果的非线性曲线拟合,获得缢蛏对0#柴油、原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1、释放速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、平衡状态下缢蛏体内石油烃含量C Amax、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数.拟合结果得到的各动力学参数平均值分别为:缢蛏对0#柴油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1为10.67、k2为0.0795、BCF为122.56、C Amax为129.07 mg·kg-1、B1/2为9.61 d;缢蛏对原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1为7.79、k2为0.0948、BCF为89.38、C Amax为110.68 mg·kg-1、B1/2为7.88 d.缢蛏对0#柴油、原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1、BCF均随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而减少,对0#柴油、原油乳化液的释放速率常数k2与外部水体中石油烃浓度无明显相关性,C Amax随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而增大.对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,模型的拟合优度良好.0#柴油在缢蛏体内的富集量高于原油乳化液、释放量低于原油乳化液,其原因与不同种类石油的烃类组分有关.     

Microwave thermal remediation of crude oil contaminated soil enhanced by carbon fiber

Thermal remediation of the soil contaminated with crude oil using microwave heating enhanced by carbon fiber (CF) was explored. The contaminated soil was treated with 2.45 GHz microwave, and CF was added to improve the conversion of microwave energy into thermal energy to heat the soil. During microwave heating, the oil contaminant was removed from the soil matrix and recovered by a condensation system of ice-salt bath. The experimental results indicated that CF could e ciently enhance the microwave heating of soil even with relatively low-dose. With 0.1 wt.% CF, the soil could be heated to approximately 700°C within 4 min using 800 W of microwave irradiation. Correspondingly, the contaminated soil could be highly cleaned up in a short time. Investigation of oil recovery showed that, during the remediation process, oil contaminant in the soil could be e ciently recovered without causing significant secondary pollution.