化学发光法测定废水中痕量苯酚

本文研究了鲁米诺-H_2O_2(KOH,H_3BO_3)发光体系和苯酚对该体系发光的淬灭作用。发现苯酚浓度处于2.0×10~(-6)—2.0×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)时,与淬灭后的相对发光强度有线性关系,本法最低检出限为0.2mg·L~(-1)。用于工业废水中苯酚的测定,测定结果满意。     

Precision of the radiochemical OH measurement method

Twenty-eight radiochemical ¹⁴C tracer measurement of tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations were obtained at a rural site near Washington State University, Pullman, WA (117°W, 47°N). Diurnal OH concentration variations were observed for the five days between 9 August and 14 August 1990. These data made it possible to estimate the midday precision and detection limit of the radiochemical OH measurement method. Experiments performed at a peak O₃ photolysis rate J (O(¹D)) of (3.0±0.2) × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ yielded a mean midday OH concentration of (5.6±0.1 (1σ)) × 10⁶ cm⁻³. Other data put an upper bound of 16% on fluctuations of instrument sensitivity. Low-light or nighttime background OH concentrations were less than (2.6±2) × 10⁵ cm⁻³. A lower detection limit of 10⁵ cm⁻³ was obtained when extra care was taken with the low-level ¹⁴C counting procedure.     

Field studies of the SO2/aqueous S(IV) equilibrium in clouds

Concentrations of S(IV) were measured in cloudwater at Great Dun Fell and compared with theoretical HSO₃⁻ assuming equilibrium between aqueous and gaseous phases in cloud. Detectable concentrations of S(IV) in the range of 1 × 10⁻⁶ to 17.2 × 10⁻⁶ mol dm⁻³ were observed only in samples which contained low H₂O₂ concentrations, generally <1 × 10⁻⁶ mol dm⁻³. Concentrations of S(IV) were below the detection limit of 1 × 10⁻⁶ mol dm⁻³ in samples which contained hign H₂O₂ levels (1 × 10⁻⁶−80 × 10⁻⁶ mol dm⁻³) confirming that either SO₂ or H₂O₂ acts as the limiting reagent in the oxidation of SO₂ in cloudwater.Equilibrium HSO₃⁻ concentrations were estimated from the measured cloudwater pH, the gas phase SO₂ concentration and the ambient temperature and found to be on average about 5 times lower than the measured S(IV) concentrations. The possible role of formaldehyde in stabilizing S(IV) in cloudwater is discussed. The kinetic data available in the literature suggest that the complexation reaction between S(IV) and HCHO is too slow to account for the observed difference between measured and calculated S(IV) concentrations over the typical lifetime of clouds in our study.S(IV) accounted for up to 10% of the SO₄²⁻ measured in stored cloudwater samples.     

Quantitative Detection and Characterization of Human Adenoviruses in the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Over a 1-year period (August 2010?CJuly 2011), we assessed the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) at a total of 6 sites on the river and three dams along its course. HAdVs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in about 35?% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 1.2?×?10¹ genome copies (GC)/l to 4.71?×?10³ GC/l. HAdVs were detected at 5 of the 6 sampling sites with the detection rate ranging from 8.3?% at Rooikrantz Dam to 92?% at Parkside. The HAdV concentrations across the sampling sites were as follows: Parkside (3.25?×?10²?C4.71?×?10³?GC/); King William??s Town (1.02?×?10²?C4.56?×?10³?GC/l); and Eluxolzweni (1.17?×?10²?C3.97?×?10² GC/l). Significantly (P?<?0.05) higher concentrations were detected at the non-dam sites compared to the dam sites. A very low mean concentration of 1.86?×?10¹ HAdV GC/l was observed at Bridle Drift Dam. While HAdVs were detected only once at Rooikrantz Dam (1.74?×?10¹?GC/l), no HAdV was detected at Maden Dam. Epidemiologically important serotypes, Ad40/41, constituted 83.3?%, while Ad21 made up 16.7?% of the all HAdVs detected and were characterized by qualitative PCR. The Buffalo River presents a public health risk heightened by the presence of Ad 40/41 and Ad21. Our results make imperative the need for assessing water sources for viral contamination in the interest of public health. This work is a significant contribution to the molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on detection of enteric virus from surface waters in the Eastern Cape.     

多壁碳纳米管修饰丝网印刷电极同时检测水中苯二酚异构体的研究

采用丝网印刷技术和滴涂法制备了一种可抛型的多壁碳纳米管修饰丝网印刷电极,并将其用于水中的对苯二酚、 邻苯二酚和间苯二酚等苯二酚异构体的同时检测.苯二酚在此修饰电极上的循环伏安行为考察显示,该电极可较好地区分3种异构体的氧化峰,对其氧化还原反应有明显的电催化作用;以差示脉冲伏安法检测对苯二酚、 邻苯二酚和间苯二酚的混合水样,其峰电流与浓度分别在8.20×10^-6～1.00×10^-3、 8.20×10^-6～1.00×10^-3和1.64×10^-5～1.16×10^-3 mol·L^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别达4.34×10^-6、 3.42×10^-6和6.70×10^-6 mol·L^-1;对污染水样进行测定,加标回收率为96.2%～104.9%.研究结果表明,多壁碳纳米管修饰的丝网印刷电极可用于苯二酚异构体污染水样的现场快速检测.     

北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的初步研究

选取北江的河口站断面,对径流进行了5个季节的采样分析.结果表明,北江径流中颗粒有机碳含量随总悬浮物含量的变化而同步变化;溶解有机碳含量与总悬浮物含量之间有时表现微弱的正相关,有时表现微弱的负相关.随着水体总悬浮物含量的增加,总悬浮物中有机碳的质量分数呈对数趋势降低.洪峰时期径流对有机碳的搬运是全年总搬运量的主要部分,这种现象对于溶解有机碳更为显著.初步估算,北江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.01×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,其中以颗粒有机碳为主,达到6.54×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为3.47×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1.北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的总量和组成特点与多数季风流域具有更大的一致性.     

不同退耕还草方式下宁夏南部山区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物变化的耦合关系

为了明确不同退耕还草方式下土壤养分转化的机理及其影响因素,以宁夏南部山区(下称宁南山区)天然草地、人工草地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,运用PVC顶盖埋管法对3种类型草地土壤中氮素的净转化速率、微生物区系和氮素微生物生理群进行了研究,探讨土壤氮素净转化速率与微生物的关系. 结果表明:①在培养过程中,3种草地类型土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量平均值分别为9.6×105、3.8×104和4.0×101 CFU/g(以干土计),氮素微生物生理群数量表现为氨化细菌(4.5×104 CFU/g)>自生固氮菌(4.3×103 CFU/g)>硝化细菌(6.5×102 CFU/g)>反硝化细菌(3.9×102 CFU/g)>亚硝化细菌(1.7×102 CFU/g),其中,人工草地土壤中微生物数量最高;②细菌、真菌、反硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌数量的峰值均出现在培养第120天,放线菌和自生固氮菌数量的峰值均出现在第240天,硝化细菌数量的峰值出现在第60天,而氨化细菌数量在各类型草地土壤中出现峰值的时间不统一;③各类型草地土壤氮素的净矿化速率、净氨化速率、净硝化速率均在61~120 d内最低,净矿化速率与净硝化速率在181~240 d内最高,净氨化速率在241~360 d内最高,微生物固氮速率的峰值出现在121~180 d,最低值出现在241~360 d. 在该区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物数量紧密相关,土壤温度、土壤水分通过影响微生物数量而成为影响土壤氮素矿化的主要因素;土壤氮素的生物固持过程比有机氮矿化过程更为活跃;种植苜蓿的人工草地比天然草地和撂荒地更有利于微生物的繁殖与土壤氮素的矿化.      

北京某小学室内外VOC浓度及有毒害物种识别

采用美国EPA推荐的TO14/15方法定量分析了北京市某小学室内外夏季观测的空气样品,得到82种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的浓度水平及组成特征,对其中可能危害儿童健康的有毒有害物质进行了识别.结果表明,室内总VOCs浓度高于室外,烷烃是含量最丰富物种,平均占室内外空气中定量VOCs总浓度的32.8%.室内外VOCs组成相似,异戊烷、苯、甲苯、丙醛、丙烯和二氯甲烷为浓度优势物种,受到室外源的影响较大,室内的对二氯苯、环己烷及间二氯苯较为特征,前2种物质室内/室外浓度比例平均值分别为65.8和10.5,间二氯苯室内平均浓度为2.02×10^-9（体积分数）,而室外浓度低于检测限,这3种物质可能来自室内源. 1, 3-丁二烯、氯乙烯、苯和氯甲烷4种物质在学校室内、室外及儿童家中都超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值,平均风险值分别为1.3×10^-5、 6.4×10^-6、 5.1×10^-6和3.3×10^-6,小学室外、室内及儿童家中的累积癌症风险超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值24～39倍.丙烯醛未确认具有致癌性,但具有毒有害性,在室内外及儿童家中超过基准浓度13～72倍.     

两广地区硝酸和硝酸盐湿去除研究

1986至1988年在我国两广地区进行了三年的春季降水集中观测,根据所测得的大气硝酸、硝酸盐气溶胶和雨水硝酸盐浓度,计算了硝酸和硝酸盐的清除比,其平均值分别为1.7×106和5.6×105。利用连续降雨样品的硝酸盐沉降量计算了硝酸盐的清除系数λ,λ值约在10-4-10-5S-1之间。      

不同污泥停留时间对城市污泥生物沥浸推流式运行系统的影响

采用有效容积为700 L的推流式生物沥浸反应器对城市污泥进行连续14 d的生物沥浸处理,利用折流方式将反应器从进泥端到排泥端沿程方向依次划分为1～6区.对不同污泥停留时间(SRT)条件下反应器运行时各区的pH.溶解氧(DO)值及污泥的脱水性能(用污泥比阻SRF表征)进行了系统的比较研究.结果表明,当反应器曝气量为1.2 m3.h-1,微生物营养剂加入量为4 g.L-1,SRT为2.5 d时,反应系统在72 h时运行达到稳定,相应反应器各区的pH分别为5.00、3.00、2.90、2.70、2.60与2.40.污泥的比阻值由1区的0.64×1013m.kg-1逐渐降低至6区的0.33×1013m.kg-1.当SRT为2 d时,生物沥浸系统在120 h达到稳定,各区相应的pH分别为5.10、4.10、3.20、2.90、2.70与2.60.相应的DO值分别为0.43、1.47、3.29、4.76、5.75与5.88 mg.L-1.污泥的比阻值由1区的0.56×1013m.kg-1逐渐降低至6区的0.20×1013m.kg-1.当SRT为1.25 d时,运行第48 h,反应器6区pH升高至3.00.污泥沿程流动过程中,微生物菌群对营养剂利用率降低,导致系统失衡.生物沥浸反应器污泥停留时间越长,推流式生物沥浸系统越易达到稳定.停留时间2 d可以作为工程应用时的较优污泥停留时间.生物沥浸后将污泥收集经过增强聚丙烯厢式压滤机脱水至含水率60%以下,此研究将为城市污泥生物沥浸后期工程化运行提供必要的参数支持.     

镉与天然固体表面络合物的条件稳定常数

本文研究天然固体、伊利土和湘江悬浮沉积物从水中吸附极低浓度(ppb级)的镉时吸附量随pH的变化;同时研究不同pH值时的吸附等温线。根据简单的表面络合模式,利用线性关系及其分配系数,求取不同pH值时的天然固体与镉形成的表面络合物的条件稳定常数。条件稳定常数随pH值的上升,分为两个区域而呈线性增长。据此求得表面络合反应的条件络合常数。镉与伊利土和湘江悬浮沉积物的表面络合物条件稳定常数分别为3.0—1.8×10~2和0.8—2.5×10~2(pH5.0—8.5).低pH区伊利土和湘江悬浮沉积物吸附镉的条件络合常数分别为3.3×10~(-2)和2.8×10~(-2),高pH区二者的络合常数分别为5.6×10~(-5)和8.5×10~(-8)。     

用鱼血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶指示水体中铅污染的研究

水中不同铅浓度(5—500μg/l)急性致毒使白鲢血液中δ-氨基乙酞丙酸脱水酶(ALA-D)活性随铅浓度的增加而呈线性关系下降.温度越高,铅对酶活性的抑制越明显。0.1ppm汞、镉、铜,0.008ppm滴滴涕和0.84ppm对硫磷急性致毒,除对硫磷外对草鱼血ALA-D活性皆没有显著性影响.锌、镉、铜分别与铅混合,降低铅对ALA-D酶的抑制作用,致毒四天,可恢复甚至刺激鱼血ALA-D酶活性.被重金属(包括铅)污染的S湖中白鲢血ALA-D酶表现出明显的抑制作用,但鲤鱼血ALA-D酶却测不出抑制作用     

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.     

北京上甸子站气相色谱法大气CH4和CO在线观测方法研究

参照瓦里关全球大气本底站气相色谱在线观测系统的设计,通过系统调试、测试和参数优化,于2009年在北京上甸子区域大气本底站建立了高精度气相色谱法大气CH4和CO在线观测系统.该系统对CH4和CO的测量精度分别优于0.03%和0.45%,达到世界气象组织全球大气观测计划(WMO/GAW)的质量目标.研究建立了与该系统配套的标气选取方法及运行序列:选取可基本涵盖该站大气CH4和CO浓度范围的2瓶标气作为工作标气,其中CH4浓度分别为2 007.1×10-9、1 809.5×10-9(摩尔分数,下同),CO浓度分别为405.6×10-9、123.8×10-9,在高低浓度工作标气之间穿插分析3次大气样品,能够保证测量的准确度(观测浓度的标准偏差CH4<1.7×10-9、CO<1×10-9),同时可最大程度地节省工作标气.该方法已应用于华北地区本底大气CH4和CO的高精度连续观测.     

海水养殖场底泥中转化硫和磷化合物的微生物及其多样性

对福建某近海养虾场底泥环境中硫和磷2种元素的微生物代谢进行了研究.结果表明,细菌代谢有机硫和无机硫产H₂S是养殖过程中造成H₂S污染的主要因素,利用半胱氨酸和硫代硫酸钠产生硫化氢的细菌数量分别为 1.6×10⁶和4.35×10³ 个·g^-1底泥;进一步研究发现,芽孢杆菌属、盐芽孢杆菌属和微杆菌属等细菌是产H₂S的优势菌群,而硫酸盐还原菌的数量较少,仅为25个·g^-1,其产H2S的作用不明显.研究还发现,转化有机磷和无机磷酸盐的优势菌群属于好氧细菌,其中分解卵磷脂的细菌和产磷酸酯酶细菌的数量分别为2.17×10⁵和 1.21×10⁶个·g^-1,转化磷酸钙的细菌数量为6.96×10³个·g^-1.本文从微生物学的角度探讨了养殖环境中硫、磷化合物的转化,提出细菌好氧代谢产H₂S是养殖环境潜在的污染因素,给出了一些改善和修复养殖环境生态的建议.     

长江流域农业区非点源氮的平衡变化及其区域性差异

建立长江流域农业区氮平衡变化模型,并在该模型的基础上,计算长江流域各县1990和2000年的氮平衡变化,然后汇总出全流域氮的输入、输出及剩余量. 计算结果显示,全流域农业区1990年氮的输入量为7.65×106 t/a,输出量为4.23×106 t/a,剩余量为3.42×106 t/a(其中进入水体2.05×106 t/a,残留在土壤中1.37×106 t/a);2000年全流域农业区氮的输入量为10.22×106 t/a,输出量为5.44×106 t/a,剩余量为4.78×106 t/a(其中进入水体2.65×106 t/a,残留在土壤中2.13×106 t/a);1990—2000年长江流域农业区氮输入量增加2.57×106 t/a,氮输出量增加1.21×106 t/a,剩余量增加1.36×106 t/a(其中进入水体氮变化量为0.60×106 t/a,残留在土壤中氮变化量为0.76×106 t/a). 重庆、上海、武汉、无锡、南昌、成都等地区氮进入水体的量变化较大,为今后长江流域农业区水体氮污染重点防治区.      

珠江流域河流碳输出通量及变化特征

研究河流碳运移对于研究全球碳循环以及探讨河流对全球气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义.2012年4月和7月选取珠江主流及支流11个代表性断面,分析悬浮颗粒物和碳组分的空间分布和季节变化,同时选取博罗、石角和高要这3个主控断面,对珠江流域的碳通量和侵蚀模数进行了估算.结果表明,珠江流域悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及溶解有机碳(DOC)随雨季的到来而质量浓度升高,西江上游TSS和POC的质量浓度增加显著;珠江流域河流碳的4种组分中,溶解无机碳(DIC)的所占质量分数最高,且西江、北江的DIC质量浓度明显高于东江;西江、北江和东江河流中外源POC分别占78%、72%和26%,三大支流的POC均受上游C3植物的影响;珠江流域的TSS、总碳(TC)、POC、颗粒无机碳(PIC)、DOC、DIC、以及颗粒碳(TPC)、总有机碳(TOC)的入海通量分别为134×1012、12.69×1012、2.50×1012、1.01×1012、1.13×1012、8.05×1012、3.51×1012和3.65×1012g·a-1,对应的侵蚀模数分别为:309×106、28.98×106、5.75×106、2.27×106、2.56×106、18.4×106、8.02×106和8.31×106g·(km2.a)-1.与全球主要河流碳侵蚀模数相比,珠江流域河流DOC、POC和TOC的侵蚀模数均高于全球平均值.     

微生物营养剂浓度对生物沥浸法促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响

通过实验室摇瓶试验和实际工程应用试验研究了不同污泥浓度(2%～5%)下,营养剂加入量对生物沥浸促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响,同时分析了pH值和营养剂利用率的变化.结果表明,生物沥浸过程中,不同浓度污泥各处理下pH值均呈直线下降后趋于稳定的趋势;生物沥浸2 d后,各处理中营养剂几乎都被微生物完全利用;2%、3%、4%、5%浓度污泥比阻随着沥浸时间的延长先迅速减小后逐渐回升,且浓度越高回升幅度越大,各浓度污泥选择最佳营养剂浓度分别为3.0、4.5、8.3和12.8 g.L-1,此时污泥最低比阻分别为0.61×1012、1.22×1012、3.09×1012和4.83×1012m.kg-1.通过工程应用试验表明,将5%浓度城市污泥稀释成3%浓度再生物沥浸的方法不仅能够改善生物沥浸污泥脱水性能,表现在比阻从3.29×1012m.kg-1下降到1.10×1012m.kg-1,同时还可以缩短污泥停留时间(从4 d缩短为2.35 d)及降低运行成本.这为生物沥浸工艺处理高浓度污泥运行参数的优化提供了科学依据.     

乙酸盐对废水生物脱氮除磷影响的研究

考察了乙酸盐（钠）含量对循序间歇式废水生物脱氮除磷工艺的氮、磷去除效果及污泥沉降性能的影响。试验结果表明,废水中乙酸盐（钠）含量对ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ,ＰＮ＾－ｘ－Ｎ的明显。随着乙酸盐（钠）浓度的增加,ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ及ＮＯ×－Ｎ的去除率相应提高。乙酸盐（钠）的最低起始浓度为１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ,但超过２１５ｍｇ／Ｌ后,便产生污泥膨胀现象。     

Factors affecting airborne monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake by plants

Three factors influencing foliar uptake of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) in situ were investigated. The first factor, the plant species, was found to determine absorption pattern and concentrations. Secondly, time variation studies showed that response of leaf concentrations to small changes in air concentrations only occurs after several days or weeks, whereas adaptation to a much higher level of air pollution takes several months. Thirdly, MAH leaf concentrations were observed to be dependent on mean air pollution at the sampling site. Bioconcentration factors BCF_vs (g m⁻³ of wet leaf/g m⁻³ of air) for MAHs in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco leaves were determined to range from 2.7 × 10⁴ to 4.7 × 10⁵.