不同类型建筑垃圾堆场大气降尘中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解建筑垃圾长期堆放产生的扬尘对大气的影响,选择北京市两个拆迁建筑垃圾堆放场,于2019年夏季、秋季进行降尘连续采样.共收集拆迁原地堆放有效降尘样品11个,异地集中堆放有效降尘样品11个,利用离子色谱法对大气降尘中水溶性离子组分及质量浓度进行分析.结果表明：阳离子中质量浓度最高的是Ca²⁺,其次是K⁺,NH₄⁺浓度最低;阴离子中质量浓度最高的是SO₄^2-,其次是Cl^-,NO₃^-最低,降尘样品呈碱性.建筑垃圾拆迁原地堆放场地Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺平均浓度高于异地集中堆放场地对应各离子浓度.拆迁原地堆放场地中Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、Cl^-受局地风向影响较大,空间分布情况与风向扩散趋势大致相同;异地集中堆放场地各离子浓度高值区域分布较原地堆放远,Ca²⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺这5种离子空间分布与次主导风向较为相符.同时,两个场地水溶性离子平均浓度与距建筑垃圾堆放地的距离有一定的关系,采样点在距堆放中心200 m范围之内离子平均浓度最大,总体来说,距离堆放中心近的采样点位离子浓度高于距离较远的采样点位离子浓度.     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

Chemical characterization of acid precipitation in Albany,New York

Chemical composition of precipitation in Albany, NY from July 1986 to December 1988 has been studied. Mean volume-weighted concentrations (μeq^ℓ−1) were: acidity, 104.0; alkalinity, −63.7; SO₄²⁻, 52.8; NO₃⁻, 29.8; Cl⁻, 5.6; F⁻, 0.50; NH₄⁺, 19.3; Ca²⁺, 6.5; Mg²⁺, 2.8; Na⁺, 3.5; and K⁺, 1.4. Mean pH was 4.2 . Seasonal patterns were pronounced for most species. Concentrations of H⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ peaked in the summer and spring. Deposition was related to rainfall amount by a power law relationship in which the exponent of the equation was ∮.6. Wet SO₄²⁻ deposition was 2.35 keq ha⁻¹ over a 30-month period. The SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ deposition rates observed at Albany indicate that transport from midwestern sources have a major influence at this site. On the average, free H⁺ ion concentrations determined from pH measurements accounted for 51% of the measured total acidity. There were unknown species, most likely organic acids, that could contribute to the acidity. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that major anions, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, were closely associated with H⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions. Factor analysis revealed four common factors which are related to fossil-fuel combustion, sea spray, cement factory and biomass burning.     

Fogwater chemistry at Riverside,California

Fog, aerosol, and gas samples were collected during the winter of 1986 at Riverside, California. The dominant components of the aerosol were NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄₂₋. Gaseous NH₃ was frequently present at levels equal to or exceeding the aerosol NH₄⁺. Maximum level were 3800, 3100, 690 and 4540 neq m⁻³ for NH₄⁺, NO₃²⁻ and NH_3(g), respectively. The fogwater collected at Riverside had very high concentrations, particularly of the major aerosol components. Maximum concentrations were 26,000 29,000 and 6200 μM for NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, respectively. pH values in fogwater ranged from 2.3 to 5.7. Formate and acetate concentrations as high as 1500 and 580 μM, respectively, were measured. The maximum CH₂O concentration was 380 μM. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal were found in all the samples; their maximum concentrations were 280 and 120 μM, respectively. Comparison of fogwater and aerosol concentrations indicates that scavenging of precursor aerosol by fog droplets under the conditions at Riverside is less than 100% efficient.The chemistry at Riverside is controlled by the balance between HNO₃ production from NO_x emitted throughout the Los Angeles basin and NH₃ emitted from dairy cattle feedlots just west of Riverside. The balance is controlled by local mixing. Acid fogs result at Riverside when drainage flows from the surrounding mountains isolate the site from the NH₃ source. Continued formation of HNO_3(g) in this air mass eventually depletes the residual NH_3(g). A simple box model that includes deposition, fog scavenging, and dilution is used to assess the effect of curtailing the dairy cattle feedlot operations. The calculations suggest that the resulting reduction of NH₃ levels would decrease the total NO₃⁻ in the atmosphere, but nearly all remaining NO₃⁻ would exist as HNO₃. Fogwater in the basin would be uniformly acidic.     

Elements in the precipitation of S. Paulo City (Brazil)

Rainwater samples in S. Paulo city were collected on an event basis from October 1983 to October 1985 covering two dry and two rainy periods. Bulk samples only were obtained. At the same site and period, fine, coarse and inhalable particles were also collected. Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ contents were determined in rainwater samples, while Na, Ca, K, Cl and S concentrations were measured in aerosol samples. Rainwater is slightly acid (mean pH = 5.0), and contains high concentrations of Ca²⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺. Dry and wet fluxes and washout ratios were determined for some elements. Results obtained suggest that the atmospheric composition in this city is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources.     

Cloud chemistry at Mt Rigi,Switzerland: Dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry

The chemical composition of winter and spring cloud water sampled at 1620 masl elevation on Mt Rigi in central Switzerland was dominated by NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺ and H⁺. A wide range of concentration levels was observed, with maxima of 3700, 1800 and 4600 micronormal for NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺, respectively. Concentrations at a lower elevation (1030 masl) site on the mountain were higher due to lower cloud liquid water contents and higher pollutant levels at that site. The lowest pH observed was 2.95; large concentrations of NH₃ in the region prevented pH values from falling even lower. A comparison of simultaneously sampled cloud water and precipitation revealed much higher concentrations for most species in the cloud water, except in one case of extreme precipitation riming when the concentrations in the two phases converged. An exception to the pattern was H⁺; at times the precipitation was more acidic than the cloud water. The chemical composition of the cloud drops varied with drop size. Drops smaller than 10 μm diameter were enriched in NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ relative to larger drops. Since the larger drops are the ones most effeciently captured by snow crystals, knowledge of their composition is essential to understanding the chemical implications of accretional growth of precipitation.     

Interactions of aerosols (ammonium sulfate,ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride) and of gases (HCl,HNO3) with fogwater

The concentrations of aerosols (NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄Cl) and of gases (HCl_(g), HNO_3(g), NH_3(g) were determined by denuder methods under different conditions (in the absence of fog, before, during and after fog events). At this site situated in an urban region, high concentrations of the gaseous strong acids HCl_(g) and HNO_3(g) are observed. NH₄Cl and NH₄NO₃ aerosols represent a major fraction of the Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ aerosols (<2.4 μm)collected by denuders. During a fog event, very high concentrations of SO₄²⁻ were found in small aerosols, which are attributed to the aqueous phase oxidation of SO₂ under the influence of high pH due to the presence of NH₃. Differences in SO₄²⁻ concentrations measured in aerosols (<2.4 μm) and in fog droplets were probably due to mass-transport limitations of the SO₂ oxidation. Ammonium sulfate aerosols represent in some cases a significant fraction of the total S present (SO_2(g) + SO₄²⁻. Soluble aerosols and gases contribute to the composition of fogwater and are released again after fog dissipation.     

泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析

为掌握泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的季节变化特征,于2014年3月~2015年1月同步采集了泉州市5个采样点共116个PM_(2.5)样品.用离子色谱法分析了PM_(2.5)中Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,总水溶性离子浓度季节变化特征为春季(14.24±6.43)μg·m~(-3)冬季(8.54±7.61)μg·m~(-3)夏季(4.10±2.67)μg·m~(-3)秋季(3.91±2.58)μg·m~(-3);SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)是PM_(2.5)中主要的3种离子,占水溶性离子总质量浓度比例分别为春季(90.3±3.3)%、夏季(68.8±11.7)%、秋季(78.9±7.1)%和冬季(74.0±18.4)%,说明春季二次污染较为严重;PM_(2.5)中阴、阳离子电荷平衡分析显示,阴离子相对亏损,大气细颗粒物组分呈弱碱性;春、冬季NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3等形式存在,而夏、秋季则主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在;PMF源解析结果表明,泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自海盐、二次源、建筑扬尘、垃圾焚烧源和生物质燃烧源.     

Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of nitrogen and major ions in conifer forests in the United States and Federal Republic of Germany

Emission densities of air pollutants are higher in Europe than in the U.S. as a whole, suggesting similar differences in atmospheric deposition. We determined air concentrations and deposition during the warm season at conifer forests in Tennessee and northern Germany. Our results confirmed major differences in both chemistry and fluxes. Atmospheric and precipitation concentrations of all ions except H⁺ were higher at the German site, most significantly for the nitrogen species. The much higher levels of NH₄⁺ at this site reflect higher emissions of NH₃, which was the species largely responsible for the lower levels of H⁺. Total airborne nitrate was dominated by HNO₃ in Tennessee. In Germany we found comparable amounts of HNO₃ and aerosol NO₃⁻, the concentration of which varied seasonally, apparently in response to agricultural emissions of NH₃ that reacted to form NH₄NO₃. Total deposition of all major ions was much higher at the German site, particularly for the nitrogen species, which exhibited a marked edge effect in throughfall. Dry deposition was determined from air concentrations by using a canopy resistance model and from a statistical model of throughfall fluxes, each of which yielded comparable fluxes for several ions. Dry deposition contributed 10–70% of the ion input and was most important at the German site. Both forest canopies absorbed 40–50% of total deposited nitrogen, primarily from dry deposition.     

Spatial variability of urban precipitation chemistry and deposition: Statistical associations between constituents and potential removal processes of precursor species

The precipitation chemistry of Greater Manchester, a Metropolitan County in the northwest of England, has been examined for small scale spatial variability using a network of 18 bulk precipitation collectors. Significant spatial variability was found for concentrations of non-marine SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺ and H⁺ ions. The statistical associations between the data were investigated using correlation, partial correlation and principal components analyses. It was found that zero-order correlation coefficients were inadequate for the interpretation of the data and that the computation of first, and higher order partial correlation coefficients was necessary in order to explain the interrelationships between the data and their spatial variability. The statistical associations between the data suggest relationships between Ca²⁺ and non-marine SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁺ in precipitation which are discussed in terms of their possible precursor species. Potential source effects were examined in conjunction with atmospheric removal processes. The dry deposition of SO₄ particles, rather than the dry deposition of SO₂, may explain the spatial variability of non-marine SO₄²⁻. The erosion of CaSO₄ formed from the reaction of SO₂ with CaCO₃ on urban surfaces with subsequent resuspension is thought to be the basis of the relationship between Ca²⁺ and non-marine SO₄²⁻ concentrations in precipitation. The wet and dry deposition of CaCO₃ particles from local sources may be partially responsible for the spatial variability of H⁺, and dry deposition and scavenging of NH₃, in conjunction with the predominant wind direction may explain the spatial variability of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ ions. Ammonia is thought to originate from sources both outside the study area and within it.     

Atmospheric dry deposition on pines in the Eastern Brook Lake Watershed,Sierra Nevada,California

Atmospheric dry deposition to branches of Pinus contorta and P. albicaulis was measured during summer 1987 in a sub-alpine zone at Eastern Brook Lake Watershed (EBLW), eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Results are presented as deposition fluxes of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Pb²⁺ and H⁺, and compared with other locations in California and elsewhere. Deposition fluxes of anions and cations to the pine branches were low, several times lower than the values determined near the Emerald Lake Watershed (ELW), another sub-alpine location in the western Sierra Nevada. The sums of deposition fluxes of the measured cations and anions to pine surfaces were similar, in contrast to the ELW location where the sums of cation fluxes were much higher than the sums of anion fluxes. A strong positive correlation between depositions of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺, as well as SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺, suggested that large portions of these ions might have originated from particulate NH₄NO₃ and CaSO₄ deposited on pine surfaces. An estimated total N dry deposition (surface deposition of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ and internal uptake of NO₂ and HNO₃) to the forested area of the EBLW was 29.54 eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻ (about 414 g H ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹).     

Scavenging ratios and deposition of sulphur,nitrogen and chlorine species in eastern England

Measurements of wet deposited NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻, as well as airborne concentrations of these species and gaseous HNO₃, HCl and NH₃, have been made at a site in eastern England. Scavenging ratios based solely upon aerosol-associated species and upon aerosol plus gaseous airborne species are presented and compared with literature values. It appears that HCl and HNO₃ have only a rather minor influence upon wet deposition at our site. Gaseous NH₃ influences ground-level air chemistry appreciably, but scavenging ratios for NH₄⁺ are low, even when based upon aerosol NH₄⁺ concentrations alone, presumably due to altitudinal gradients in this species. The problems inherent in interpretation of scavenging ratios are discussed. Deposition of nitrogen in various chemical forms is estimated from rainwater and air composition. If a transport-limited deposition velocity is assumed for ammonia gas, dry deposition of this species accounts for around 40% of total nitrogen deposition to the ground.     

PM2.5在线水溶性离子与滤膜采集-实验室检测的比对分析

2014年1~12月,使用URG在线及滤膜采集-实验室分析两种方法对北京市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子进行检测,并对春、夏、秋、冬这4种不同季节下两种测量方法的差异性进行了比对研究.全年测量结果显示,在线URG所获离子总量高于滤膜采集所获离子总量,其中两种方法所测Cl~-、NO_3~-、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)年均浓度差异不大,而在线所测SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、Na~+、K~+结果均明显高于滤膜测试结果.4种主要的水溶性离子中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和Cl~-的相关性较好,NH_4~+相关性略差;不同季节两种测量方法所获结果也略有不同,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl-在秋、冬季差异不显著,而NH_4~+仅在冬季拟合性较好.     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子研究:季节分布特征

为了全面了解当前青岛地区大气气溶胶中水溶性组分的特征及来源,于2008年1～12月在青岛市区连续采集了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,运用离子色谱法对其主要的水溶性阴阳离子进行了分析.结果表明,SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-是TSP中水溶性离子的主要成分,四者质量浓度之和占总水溶性离子质量浓度的86.9%.TSP及其水溶性组分存在明显的季节变化,其来源也存在多源性.Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、F-、Mg2+均为冬季最高,夏季最低,K+、PO34-为秋季最高,夏季最低,Cl-为冬季最高,秋季最低,NO3-则为春季最高,夏季最低,而SO24-为春季最高,秋季最低.不同天气对颗粒物和气溶胶中水溶性离子影响很大.颗粒物浓度在晴天时最低,其次是雾天,再次是烟雾和霾,沙尘天气下质量浓度最高.Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-和PO34-在烟雾天气下的平均浓度最高,而NH4+、K+、NO3-和SO24-则是在霾天气下质量浓度最高.     

潏河冬季潜流带水交换对沉积物间隙水水质的影响

潜流带作为河流地表水-地下水系统相互作用的交汇区域带,是影响河水、间隙水与地下水水质的主要驱动力之一,对河流生态系统中的水文循环、污染物迁移转化等过程具有重要的意义.本研究采用基于一维热扩散对流方程的温度梯度法,于2016年12月对潏河研究河段21个测试点位进行了沉积物的野外原位垂向温度同步测试,并对其与沉积物间隙水中阴阳离子含量之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:21个测试点位的潜流带水交换方式均为上升流,水交换量值变化范围较大,左右两岸水交换量值均大于河道中心水交换量值,影响其变化的主要因素是河床地形和沉积物粒径大小;Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在沉积物间隙水中的平均含量更接近于其在地下水中的平均含量,而K~+、NH_4~+和Cl~-在沉积物间隙水中的平均含量与其在地下水中的平均含量具有显著差异性;此外,沉积物间隙水中主要阴阳离子含量在河流横断面具有明显的横向空间变化特征,与河道中心相比,河道左右两岸沉积物间隙水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量均较高,而NH_4~+和Cl~-含量较低;采用Pearson相关分析和线性拟合方法发现,潜流带水交换量与沉积物间隙水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量呈正相关关系,与K~+、NH_4~+、Cl~-含量呈负相关关系,而与Na~+、HCO_3~-含量的相关性未通过检验,说明其不存在显著相关性.     

天津市高校夏季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

为研究天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征、来源及校内外差异，于2018年7—8月采集天津市9所高校道路扬尘样品，用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性离子（Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）进行分析.结果显示：①水溶性离子占PM_2.5的11.65%，PM_2.5中占比大于1%的离子有Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-，其中Ca²⁺最多，占到总水溶性无机离子的65.75%；②入校道路离子含量（12.76%）稍高于校内道路（11.11%），其中8种离子含量的差异均无统计学意义；CE/AE（阴阳离子当量浓度比）值为9.59（远大于1），PM_2.5呈较强碱性；③NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-、NO₃^-主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形态结合；④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的比值为0.45，说明固定源的贡献更大；⑤天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5主要来源于海盐粒子、燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑水泥尘等.     

托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川径流水化学特征初步研究

利用2008年8月采集的样品,分析了托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川径流水化学特征.结果表明,72号冰川水化学类型为HCO3--Ca2+型,其离子浓度顺序为:HCO3->SO24->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>NO3->Mg2+>K+>NH4+.主要离子浓度的变化趋势基本相同,影响河水离子浓度变化的原因主要是冰川表碛覆盖区和冰川侧脊区受到降水等引起的水岩相互作用使可溶性离子融入径流,而温度条件也是影响河流离子浓度的重要因素.此外,流量和离子浓度呈负相关关系.河水中离子的来源为3种类型,第一类为局地源的离子,包括Cl-、Na+、K+、Mg2+、HCO3-和SO24-;第二类为来源比较特殊,基本不受其它离子影响的NO3-;第三类为来源多样的Ca2+.岩石及土壤风化作用是控制河水离子变化的主要因素.     

A comparison of urban and suburban precipitation chemistry

Precipitation samples at an urban Chicago site and a nearby suburban site were compared in order to examine the influence of emissions within a large urban area on local precipitation chemistry. Precipitation samples were collected from June 1981 to May 1982, initially for events and subsequently weekly, and precipitation-weighted concentrations (PWCs) of the major chemical constituents were calculated from concurrent urban-suburban pairs of samples, stratified according to the estimated mixed-layer wind quadrant. Overall, PWCs at the urban site were higher than those at the suburban site for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻; approximately equal for Na⁺ and SO₄²⁻; and lower for H⁺. For precipitation in southwesterly flow, in which the suburban site was upwind of the urban site and most urban emissions, PWCs of all species except Na⁺ were higher at the urban site. For the few precipitation cases in northeasterly flow, however, differences between sites did not have a pattern consistent with a reversal in the upwind-downwind relationship.     

中国西南酸雨区降水化学特征研究进展

西南酸雨区为我国主要酸雨沉降区,且是全球三大喀斯特集中分布区之一.本文将该区9个地点的降雨资料进行了总结、整理和分析,数据包括pH值和主离子成分(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+).该地区降雨中的主要阴离子为SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-,主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+.与我国其它地区相比,其酸性离子、碱性离子和总离子浓度均普遍高于东南地区、而低于我国北方地区.西南酸雨区主要以pH值为4.5~5.6的弱酸性降雨为主,占总降雨频次的58%左右.根据酸、碱性离子的相关性、中和因子等分析结果,该区雨水中的酸性物质可能受到了碱性离子的中和作用,其中起主要中和作用的离子为Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+.将该区雨水pH值和酸、碱性离子浓度与我国其它地区进行对比研究发现,西南酸雨区降雨受到的中和作用要强于东南地区,但弱于北方地区的降雨.通过对西南酸雨区降雨中主要离子来源的分析和估算,降雨中的酸性离子SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-主要来自于人为污染;99.7%的Ca~(2+)和84.0%的Mg~(2+)为陆源贡献,这可能与西南地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布有关.     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.