爆炸冲击环境下内凹蜂窝型梯度结构响应特性研究*

为提升应急救援人员防护服抗爆能力,减少爆炸事故中人员伤亡数量,以内凹蜂窝型梯度结构为研究对象,采用爆炸冲击实验与数值有限元法相结合的研究手段,通过改变胞元尺寸与胞元凹角对梯度蜂窝结构进行优化,分析梯度结构在爆炸冲击环境下冲击波衰减效率和力学响应规律。结果表明:同等质量条件下,内凹蜂窝结构尺寸梯度为2.58 mm-3.40 mm-2.58 mm、角度梯度30°-22.5°-30°时对冲击波的衰减效应最佳,衰减效率分别为85.44%,82.29%。研究结果可为同时满足轻质、高强抗爆要求的防护服结构设计提供技术支撑。     

内凹型蜂窝结构在冲击载荷作用下的力学行为及响应特性研究

为减少危险化学品爆炸事故造成的大量应急救援人员伤亡,提升应急救援人员防爆服的防爆能力,有效抵御由爆炸产生的冲击波、破片及高温对人体造成的伤害。研究了具有负泊松比效应的内凹蜂窝结构,通过准静态及激波管冲击实验,对比分析了传统蜂窝结构与内凹蜂窝结构在力学特性、吸能效果与冲击波衰减效率等方面的差异;通过改变内凹蜂窝中结构单元的凹角、尺寸以及构成蜂窝结构的原材料实现对蜂窝结构的优化设计,并对优化后的蜂窝结构吸能特性以及冲击波在结构中的衰减规律进行研究和综合分析。结果表明:内凹蜂窝结构单元的最佳尺寸为3.4 mm,最佳凹角为30°,最佳材料为钛合金。研究成果为寻求同时满足轻质高强、抗冲击和吸能效果要求的结构设计方案提供了理论基础。     

局部扰动对主坑道爆炸波发展的数值模拟与实验研究

在地下建筑物,如隧道、地下储油库、人防工程、地下物资仓库等里面,由主通道旁结分支通道是最常见的一种布置形式,是一种典型的复杂受限空间结构.一旦有可燃气体发生爆炸燃烧,爆炸压力波和火焰的传播将受众多因素的影响,其中局部扰动的影响是主要因素之一.本文通过实验和数值模拟的方法研究了油气混合物在该复杂受限空间中由弱点火引起爆炸燃烧的发展过程,湍流强度经旁接分支坑道后在主通道中的变化,以及爆炸压力波和火焰经局部扰动后的变化过程;并将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比和综合分析,得到了与地下受限空间安全相关的重要结论.湍流强度是复杂受限空间中可燃气体爆炸燃烧发展过程的主要影响因素之一,局部扰动将增强爆炸流场的湍流强度,加速燃烧化学反应,能量的释放量和速率大大提高.这些能量的快速加入促进了高峰值压力波的形成,火焰也被加速,爆炸从此由弱转强,出现跃升.研究结果对地下受限空间爆炸过程的进一步研究以及爆炸灾害的预防都有参考价值.     

多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能影响因素数值模拟研究

为探究影响多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能的主要因素,采用气体爆炸模拟软件FLACS建立多孔球形结构中湍流燃烧模型,对填充多孔球形材料后丙烷/空气预混气体燃烧爆炸过程进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:多孔球形材料能够有效衰减爆燃压力波、阻隔火焰传播,起到阻火抑爆作用,且压力波衰减程度和火焰阻隔效果与多孔球形材料的尺寸、孔径及填充密度密切相关。当多孔球形材料的直径为25 mm、孔径为3 mm、填充密度为20层时,压力波衰减程度最大,火焰阻隔效果最明显,说明直径和孔径越小,填充密度越大,材料的阻火抑爆性能越强。     

爆炸荷载下地铁隧道损伤规律研究

地铁在运营中存在诸多风险,特别是外爆炸带来的危害尤为突出。为避免由此产生的风险,需对地铁隧道在外部侧爆炸瞬时强荷载作用下隧道衬砌结构损伤效应进行研究,进而对隧道衬砌结构的损伤程度作出判断。以西安地铁6号线工程为依托,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立有限元模型,分析外爆炸荷载作用下应力波的传播规律;选取地面侧爆角度和隧道埋置深度2个因素建立分析工况,研究了外爆炸荷载下隧道衬砌结构的受力状态规律,隧道埋深15,18 m相较埋深12 m衰减了20,125个微应变;同时直观地对隧道衬砌结构的损伤程度进行分析。开展该项研究为地铁隧道结构抗爆防护设计提供了理论依据,具有较高的技术、经济和社会效率。     

Fast flame speeds and rates of pressure rise in the initial period of gas explosions in large L/D cylindrical enclosures

Flame speeds and rates of pressure rise for gaseous explosions in a 76 mm diameter closed cylindrical vessel of large length to diameter ratio (L/D = 21.6), were quantitatively investigated. Methane, propane, ethylene and hydrogen mixtures with air were studied across their respective flammability ranges. Ignition was affected at one end of the vessel. Very fast flame speeds corresponding to high rates of pressure rise were measured in the initial 5–10% of the total explosion time. During this period 20–35% of the maximum explosion pressure was produced, and over half of the flame propagation distance was completed. Previous work has concentrated on the later stages of this type of explosion; the development of tulip flames, pressure wave effects and transition to turbulence. The initial fast phase is very important and should dominate considerations in pressure relief vent design for vessels of large L/D.     

Effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm determined using computational fluid dynamics

Storage tank separation distance, which considerably affects forestalling and mitigating accident consequences, is principally determined by thermal radiation modeling and meeting industry safety requirements. However, little is known about the influence of separation distance on gas dispersion or gas explosion, which are the most destructive types of accidents in industrial settings. This study evaluated the effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm. Experiments were conducted using Flame Acceleration Simulator, an advanced computational fluid dynamics software program. Codes governing the design of separation distances in China and the United States were compared. A series of geometrical models of storage tanks with various separation distances were established. Overall, increasing separation distance led to a substantial reduction in vapor cloud volume and size in most cases. Notably, a 1.0 storage diameter separation distance appeared to be optimal. In terms of vapor cloud explosion, a greater separation distance had a marked effect on mitigating overpressure in gas explosions. Therefore, separation distance merited consideration in the design of storage tanks to prevent gas dispersion and explosion.     

A methodology to predict shock overpressure decay in a tunnel produced by a premixed methane/air explosion

A methodology for estimating the blast wave overpressure decay in air produced by a gas explosion in a closed-ended tunnel is proposed based on numerical simulations. The influence of the tunnel wall roughness is taken into account in studying a methane/air mixture explosion and the subsequent propagation of the resulting shock wave in air. The pressure time-history is obtained at different axial locations in the tunnel outside the methane/air mixture. If the shock overpressure at two, or more locations, is known, the value at other locations can be determined according to a simple power law. The study demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed methodology to estimate the overpressure change with distance for shock waves in air produced by methane/air mixture explosions. The methodology is applied to experimental data in order to validate the approach.     

Effects of ignitors and turbulence on dust explosions

The aim of this work is in an attempt to increase the understanding of the acting behaviour of pyrotechnic ignitors and their effects on confined dust explosions. Flame visualization has shown that pyrotechnic ignitors can initiate an explosion by instantaneous jet-like volumetric and/or multipoint ignition. Hence, the rate of pressure rise and also the apparent burning velocity will be increased to some extent, depending on the ignitor energy and the reactivity of the mixtures. The ignitor effect is more important for the early stages of flame propagation and would be more significant in small explosion chambers. Thus, for dust explosion tests with various purposes, use of pyrotechnic ignitors should be made carefully, and the ignitor effect must be accounted for in the data interpretation. Turbulence induced by dust dispersion is a dominant factor in affecting dust explosions. At different ignition delays, however, the turbulence influence will be coupled with that of ignitors. This complicates further the interpretation of explosion data measured under turbulent conditions.     

不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸冲击波传播特性数值模拟研究

为研究爆炸冲击波在不同曲率弯曲巷道内的传播规律,采用数值模拟手段建立了不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸模型,分析了爆炸冲击波在巷道内的传播特性及其变化规律, 并结合冲击波超压对人体的伤害程度分类,研究了不同曲率弯曲巷道内爆炸破坏效应分区。模拟结果表明,弯曲角度改变了巷道内冲击波超压分布,随着巷道弯曲角度的不断增大,壁面反射对冲击波超压峰值分布起主要作用,随着传播距离的增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减显著,体现了超压峰值变化的距离效应。此外,巷道弯曲角度的增加整体减小了爆炸损伤严重程度。研究结果可实现对不同曲率弯曲巷道内冲击波超压分布的预测,并为巷道内爆炸事故预防及应急救援提供借鉴。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆技术现状及展望

煤矿主要采用隔爆水棚或岩粉棚来抑制瓦斯爆炸火焰传播,但此类技术仅针对一次性瓦斯爆炸,而缺乏对多次及连续瓦斯爆炸的有效阻隔爆手段。仅注重对燃烧波的淬熄作用,对造成很大破坏的冲击波的衰减效果不足。多孔介质的淬熄火焰和衰减冲击波的效能已得到国内外专家的重视,实验研究了多层丝网和多孔材料如泡沫铝和泡沫陶瓷的阻隔爆效果。泡沫陶瓷作为一种多孔介质,具有开孔率大、耐高温、抗冲击力强的优点。理论分析和实验研究表明,由于壁面的多次撞击效应,多孔介质可以有效地销毁瓦斯燃烧化学反应产生的自由基数量,抑制化学反应的放热,使化学反应不能自持进行,进而淬熄燃烧火焰传播;可以大幅衰减瓦斯爆炸的冲击波强度,起到同时淬熄燃烧火焰和衰减冲击波的作用。多孔介质有望成为煤矿井下一种新型的瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆材料和方法。     

Influence of laneway support spacing on methane/air explosion shock wave

A laneway support system provides an available way to solve problems related to ground movements in underground coal mines, but also poses another potential hazard. Once a methane/air explosion occurs in a laneway, inappropriate design parameters of the support system, especially the support spacing, likely have a negative influence on explosion disaster effects. The commercial software package AutoReaGas, a computational fluid dynamics code suitable for gas explosions, was used to carry out the numerical investigation for the methane/air explosion and blast process in a straight laneway with different support spacing. The validity of the numerical method was verified by the methane/air explosion experiment in a steel tube. Laneway supports can promote the development of turbulence and explosion, and also inhibit the propagation of flame and shock wave. For the design parameters in actual laneway projects, the fluid dynamic drag due to the laneway support plays a predominant role in a methane/air explosion. There is an uneven distribution of the peak overpressure on the same cross section in the laneway, and the largest overpressure is near the laneway walls. Different support spacing can cause obvious differences for the distributions of the shock wave overpressure and impulse. Under comparable conditions, the greater destructive effects of explosion shock wave are seen for the laneway support system with larger spacing. The results presented in this work provide a theoretical basis for the optimized design of the support system in coal laneways and the related safety assessments.     

Experimental research into effects of obstacle on methane-coal dust hybrid explosion

An experimental system including pressure transducer, data acquisition card, computer and electric spark ignition device was set up to research methane-coal dust hybrid explosions in closed tubes with different types of obstacles inside. Its dynamic response time was less than a millisecond and the test precision was 0.1%. The experimental results show that the obstacles had great effects on the explosion characteristics in the tube. Hollow obstacles linked with inner wall of the tube induced faster pressure rising than installed center blocked solid obstacles. Obstacles with more sharp corner induce more violent explosions. The most dangerous explosion occurred when spacing between obstacles almost equaled the inner diameter of the tube for the same size obstacle.     

Vented confined explosions in Stramberk experimental mine and AutoReaGas simulation

Research Mining Institute, Inc., Ostrava-Radvanice, in cooperation with Dept. of Theory And Technology of Explosives of University of Pardubice and Klokner Institute of CTU in Prague, has performed three series of experiments examining methane–air mixture explosions and their impact on 14 and 29 cm thick wall. The project was named ‘Modeling Pressure Fields Effects on Engineering Structures During Accidental Explosions of Gases in Buildings’ and was sponsored by Grant Agency of Czech Republic (project No. 103/01/0039). The project is aimed at deeper understanding of pressure field effect upon the structures. Methane-air mixture explosion was used to generate the blast wave. The geometrical configuration of the environment resembled a room of an average size, such as larger kitchen. Preliminary simulations were made by AutoReaGas code (Century Dynamics and TNO). The design phase was followed by tests in an experimental mine in Stramberk. Two masonry dams were build in the mine, with cross-section areas of 10.2 m² and longitudinal distance of 5.7 m, creating an explosion chamber with a volume of 58 m³. Two vent openings with an adjustable free cross-section were used to control the maximum overpressure inside the chamber. The concentration of methane-air mixture was approximately 9.5% (vol.) and the volumes of the clouds were 5.25, 10.2 and 15.3 m³ respectively. The generated blast wave overpressures inside the chamber ranged between 1 and 150 kPa. According to experimental results a calibration of the code was performed. After the calibration it is possible to make relatively accurate simulations in similar geometry and to calculate the pressure loading of the structure at any spot in the simulated space. This paper describes the experiments performed and compares experimental and computational results.     

Gas explosions caused by gasification of condensed phase combustibles

For reasonable explanation about recent accidental gas explosions caused by condensed phase combustibles occurred in Japan, the processes of such gas explosions have been investigated. When the combustible is of condensed phase at its initial state, gasification is necessary to form a flammable mixture causing a gas explosion. The process of gasification characterizes such a gas explosion. When the combustible is RDF (refuse derived fuel), the temperature was inferred to spontaneously increase. Also, the flammable gas should be generated within a confined high temperature region in the pile and come through a low temperature layer without combustion. The growth of a flammable layer after gasoline is spread over floor is analytically evaluated. The flame propagation through the flammable layer established over the floor enhances the pressure enough to break the structure of the office. Long-term heating is inferred to cause ignition of dried garbage, and the mechanism of flammable gas generation would be similar to that in the case of the RDF explosion. For prevention of losses at accidental explosions caused by gasification of condensed phase combustibles, understanding of the phenomena is the most important.     

大尺度管道中煤粉爆炸的试验研究

煤粉爆炸传播特性的试验研究对于深入了解和预防矿井煤尘爆炸事故有重要意义。利用自制的长29.6 m,内径199 mm的试验管道,对煤粉-空气混合物爆炸压力波传播过程进行试验研究。采用压电传感器测量压力信号,得到爆炸压力波沿管道传播过程中不同测点处的压力时间历程曲线,探讨煤粉粒度和浓度对其爆炸超压的影响规律。结果表明:煤粉-空气混和物在弱点火条件下能够实现粉尘火焰的形成和传播。煤粉爆炸压力波传播过程中速度为400~430 m/s,峰值超压为68~72 kPa。煤粉爆炸峰值超压随着煤粉粒度的减小而增大,但煤粉粒度对其爆炸峰值超压的影响程度随着浓度的增加将逐渐减弱。     

爆炸应力波在层状节理岩体中的传播规律试验研究

为了研究爆炸应力波在岩体中的传播规律,基于相似理论,开展了爆炸应力波在层状节理岩体中衰减的实验研究。研究表明,节理阻碍 应力波的传播且存在各向异性;对于垂直或小角度入射节理的应力波,在垂直方向和纵向的衰减很明显并且幅度较大,在横向衰减不明显;对 于斜入射节理的应力波,横向和垂直方向没有明显的衰减,纵向的衰减很明显并且幅度较大;应力波的合成峰值速度与炮孔密集度之间的关系 密切,当炮孔间距超过一定距离时,实际测得的速度时程为最近药包爆破产生的应力波,并非总药量产生的应力波的叠加。     

Dust explosion hazard assessment

The majority of powders that are used in the processing industries are combustible (also referred to as flammable, explosible). An explosion will occur if the concentration of the combustible dust that is suspended in air is sufficient to propagate flame when ignited by a sufficiently energetic ignition source.A systematic approach to identifying dust cloud explosion safety against their consequences generally involves:-Identification of locations where combustible dust cloud atmospheres could be present-Understanding of the explosion characteristics of the dust(s)-Identification of potential ignition sources that could be present under normal and abnormal conditions-Proper process and facility design to eliminate and/or minimize the occurrence of dust explosions and protect people and facilities against their consequences-Adequate maintenance of facilities to prevent ignition sources and minimize dust releaseThis presentation will discuss the conditions that are required for dust cloud explosions to occur and presents a well-tried approach to identify, assess, and eliminate/control dust explosion hazards in facilities.     

Experiments on the influence of pre-ignition turbulence on vented gas and dust explosions

Experiments were performed on the influence of pre-ignition turbulence on the course of vented gas and dust explosions. A vertical cylindrical explosion chamber of approximately 100 l volume and a length-to-diameter ratio (l/d) of 4.7 consisting of a steel bottom segment and three glass sections connected by steel flanges was used to perform the experiments. Sixteen small fans evenly distributed within the chamber produced turbulent fluctuations from 0 to 0.45 m/s. A Laser-Doppler-anemometer (LDA) was used to measure the flow and turbulence fields. During the experiments the pressure and in the case of dust explosions the dust concentration were measured. In addition, the flame propagation was observed by a high-speed video camera. A propane/nitrogen/oxygen mixture was used for the gas explosion experiments, while the dust explosions were produced by a cornstarch/air mixture.It turned out that the reduced explosion pressure increased with increasing turbulence intensity. This effect was most pronounced for small vents with low activation pressures, e.g. for bursting disks made from polyethylene foil. In this case, the overpressure at an initial turbulence of 0.45 m/s was twice that for zero initial turbulence.     

Effects of vent layout and vent area on dynamic characteristics of premixed methane-air explosion in a tube with two side-vented ducts

To further elucidate the influence mechanism of side vents on the dynamic characteristics of gas explosions in tubes is helpful to design more reasonable vent layouts. In this paper, 9.5% methane-air explosion experiments were conducted in a tube with two side-vented ducts, and the effects of vent layouts and vent areas on the dynamic characteristics of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed were investigated. The results demonstrate that under the same condition with a single vent area of 100 mm × 100 mm, when only the end vent is open, the maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum flame propagation speed are the highest among the five vent layouts. When the side vents 1 and 2 and the end vent are open, the maximum explosion overpressure is the lowest, and an unusual discovery is that the flame front changes into a hemispherical shape, finger shape, quasi-plane shape, tulip shape and wrinkled structure. When only side vent 1 is open, a unique Helmholtz oscillation occurs, and a new discovery is that there is a consistent oscillation relationship among the overpressure, flame propagation speed and flame structure. Helmholtz oscillation occurs only when a single vent area is 100 mm × 100 mm–60 mm × 60 mm, and the oscillation degree decreases with decreasing vent area. During the vent failure stage, the maximum explosion overpressure is generated, the flame front begins to appear irregular shape, and the flame propagation speed shows a prominent characteristic peak. After the vent failure stage, the driving effect of the end vent on the flame is higher than that of the side vent on the flame. Furthermore, the correlation equations of the mathematical relationships among the maximum explosion overpressure P_red, the static activation pressure P_stat and the vent coefficient K_v under four vent layouts are established, respectively.