混凝剂对生物造粒流化床污泥中微生物生理生态的影响研究

为了系统研究聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对生物造粒流化床颗粒污泥生理生态的影响,对投加PAC或PAM后活性污泥的特性和硝化菌群的空间分布进行了对比研究,同时考察了投加混凝剂后的污染物去除效果.结果表明,与不投加混凝剂相比,投加PAC后,运行60 d时反应器中混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)浓度分别提高了73％、29％；通过平板计数法计算结果可知,未投加混凝剂、投加PAC、投加PAM的反应器中微生物的增长是非常稳定的,投加PAC或PAM都促进了细菌的生长和繁殖；荧光原位杂交鉴定结果表明,各个反应器中亚硝化菌(AOB)或硝化菌(NOB)所占比例均基本相当,且AOB数量均略高于NOB数量；投加PAC或PAM都能够提高COD的去除率；投加PAC可大大提高TP的去除率；3个反应器中各种形态氮的去除效果非常接近,脱氮主要靠硝化菌群的生物降解作用,投加PAC或PAM对微生物的硝化作用没有抑制.     

氯化钙控制污泥膨胀

污泥膨胀是活性污泥工艺运行中经常遇到的最棘手的问题之一。本实验以人工合成污水为底物,采用序机式活性污泥法（SBR）;研究投加无机混凝剂氯化钙控制污泥膨胀的情况,同时研究丝状菌和菌胶团的变化。研究发现,投加氯化钙后,丝状菌数量明显减少;形成较多大而密实规则的菌胶团,污泥膨胀得到控制。污泥容积指数（SVI）由最初的309.5 mL/g降到67.1 mL/g,污泥沉降性能改善。停止投加氯化钙后又运行了18周期,活性污泥没有发生再次膨胀。投加氯化钙对COD去除率没有明显影响。研究结果表明,投加氯化钙是一种有效的污泥膨胀应急控制措施。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能

为考察不同接种污泥培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的可行性,分别采用絮状活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在气升内循环序批式反应器(SBAR)中进行好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养,探讨不同性质的种泥对好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能影响.结果表明,以絮状活性污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥均可培养出好氧硝化颗粒污泥,其颗粒成熟时间分别为62和80 d,SVI为25.52和27.68 mL/g,氨氮去除率为93.15％和75.43％,COD去除率在90％以上,SOUR、Zeta和EPS显著提高,微生物活性及疏水性能增强,以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧硝化颗粒污泥性能更优.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对SBR中活性污泥脱氮性能及硝化细菌丰度的影响

在SBR中添加氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnO-NPs),研究ZnO-NPs对活性污泥脱氮性能及硝化细菌丰度的影响。结果表明,低浓度(1 mg·L~(-1))ZnO-NPs对活性污泥脱氮性能无影响,高浓度(10、50 mg·L~(-1))ZnO-NPs可抑制活性污泥硝化性能,且对硝化菌活性抑制作用小于亚硝化菌。ZnO-NPs浓度梯度增加至50 mg·L~(-1)较直接投加50 mg·L~(-1)ZnO-NPs对污泥活性抑制作用小。高浓度ZnO-NPs改变活性污泥微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)产量和性质。SBR运行结束时,高浓度ZnONPs的添加导致亚硝化菌相对丰度大幅度减小,而对硝化菌相对丰度影响较小。     

絮凝剂对高速厌氧反应器污泥颗粒化的强化作用

以考察絮凝剂对厌氧反应器中活性污泥性能的影响为目的,将聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙稀酰胺(PAM)、聚季铵盐3种不同类型絮凝剂以不同投加量添加到反应器中,采用生物化学甲烷势(BMP)和厌氧毒性测定(ATA)分析方法,评价了3种絮凝剂的厌氧生物可降解性以及3种絮凝剂对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性、沉降性能等方面的促进或抑制作用。确定以聚季铵盐作为厌氧污泥颗粒化促进剂,建议采用多次投加方式,反应器中聚季铵盐质量浓度以10-50mg／L为宜。     

以游泳馆污水为处理对象的SBR中不同污泥负荷下氨氧化菌群落的演变

为了研究污泥负荷对SBR系统内活性污泥微生物中氨氧化菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,对不同污泥负荷条件下SBR处理经投加葡萄糖调节的游泳馆污水的活性污泥中氨氧化菌进行了分析。研究结果表明,氨氧化菌的群落结构在不同污泥负荷条件下变化明显,在有机碳源较低的情况下生长旺盛,随着污泥负荷的提高其DGGE图谱条带数量逐渐减少,亮度逐渐减弱;在高污泥负荷环境下,氨氧化菌受到严重抑制,多样性指数大幅下降,并从系统中消失。SBR系统内氨氧化菌大部分为不可培养的变形菌,最常见的氨氧化菌是β变形菌中的亚硝化螺菌和亚硝化单细胞菌。     

一种高速反硝化颗粒污泥的培养

以葡萄糖为碳源,在USB反应器内接种好氧活性污泥在40 d内培养出良好的反硝化颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥形成经历了2个阶段:起始阶段,接种的好氧活性污泥中非反硝化菌逐渐衰亡演变为"惰性固体",与原有的固体一起,成为反硝化菌附着生长的载体,与此同时,反硝化菌在载体表面渐渐繁殖,形成细颗粒污泥;随后,反硝化菌在细颗粒污泥表面不断增殖,颗粒长大,发育成为成熟的颗粒污泥.成熟的颗粒污泥密实,表面均为杆状菌,且排列紧密,当污泥床容积负荷为19.1 g N/L·d时,去除率高达98.4%(N).     

全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对SBR系统中活性污泥性能的影响

将全细胞脂肪酶(菌)以产脂肪酶微生物的形式直接投加到SBR内,与投加野生型酵母菌及空白对照进行比较,研究其对活性污泥性能及含油脂废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,在15～20℃,pH 6.5～7.5,进水油脂浓度2 000 mg/L的条件下,投加一定量全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统间歇处理4 d,活性污泥增殖速度加快,是投加野生型酵母菌的1.3倍。静置30 min时活性污泥SV达到45%,SVI为151,MLSS最高可达2 965 mg/L左右,絮凝时间缩短且无污泥膨胀现象。投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统中,油脂去除率为86.5%,COD去除率为79.5%,与投加野生型酵母菌的SBR系统相比去除率提高了1.3倍。说明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)后活性污泥性能增强,油脂废水处理效率提高。     

好氧颗粒污泥对膜生物反应器污泥性能的影响

采用膜生物反应器进行含酚废水的处理,探讨投加好氧颗粒污泥对反应器中污泥性能的影响。结果表明,在膜生物反应器中投加好氧颗粒污泥能有效改善污泥性能,提高处理效果。从采用絮状污泥到逐渐增加好氧颗粒污泥投加量为100%的过程中,反应器中污泥浓度明显提高,MLSS由5 582 mg/L增加到8 168 mg/L;沉降性能得到改善,SVI由135.85 mL/g下降到29.36 mL/g;疏水性增强,Zeta电位由-20.302 mV升高到-4.325 mV;对含酚废水中COD、NH3-N的降解能力明显提高,COD、NH3-N、NO3-N去除率分别由87.3%、83.2%、55.3%增加到99.2%、94.9%、66.3%。改善了膜污染现象,膜通量衰减率由63.3%降低到42.8%。用二元多项式三维回归分析,得到污染物去除率关于好氧颗粒污泥投加量和反应器运行时间的二元方程,对指导好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的连续运行具有重要意义。     

长期缺氧吸磷驯化下强化生物除磷系统污泥除磷方式的转化

采用交替厌氧/缺氧/好氧运行的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),通过梯度投加电子受体NO_3~-,考察长期缺氧吸磷驯化下强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的性能及除磷方式的转化。结果表明,当进水COD为300～450mg/L、PO_4~(3-)(以P计,下同)和氨氮分别为8、14mg/L时,驯化期间TN去除率均保持在75%以上,长期缺氧吸磷驯化对COD和氨氮的去除没有影响。硝态氮投加量为5mg/L时,EBPR系统因电子受体投加不足除磷性能迅速恶化,增加硝态氮投加量至10mg/L,经过近30d的恢复,缺氧吸磷率最高可达97.67%,进一步提高硝态氮投加量至15mg/L,系统内硝态氮的积累导致缺氧吸磷率下降。污泥吸磷小试结果表明,经缺氧吸磷驯化后,即使除磷性能欠佳的低浓度电子受体系统污泥也具有良好的反硝化吸磷能力,可见经NO_3~-长期驯化的缺氧吸磷系统有利于筛选以NO_3~-为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌。     

PAM对制药污泥脱水性能改善及毒性削减

制药污泥的脱水处理及毒性削减是当前业界的研究热点。以污泥脱水性能(污泥比阻和泥饼含固率)和污泥综合急性毒性为评价指标,对2种不同型号PAM处理污泥的投加量进行优化,讨论了污泥絮凝脱水和毒性削减的机理。研究结果表明,处理100 mL原污泥,当制药污水厂现场使用的德国天使PAM和拓普戴克TOP8321型PAM投加量分别为4mg/L和12 mg/L时,污泥脱水性能达到最佳,此时污泥比阻从0.730×1012cm/g分别降低至0.126×1012cm/g和0.034×1012cm/g,泥饼含固率从16.32%分别提高至46.89%和34.98%;在毒性削减方面,2种混凝剂都可将污泥上清液毒性由微毒降至无毒,但对污泥毒性的削减效果不明显。对2种PAM的处理成本进行估算发现,污水厂现场使用的PAM对处理该制药污泥效果更佳,且费用相对较低,但要大幅度削减制药污泥的毒性需串联相应毒性削减技术和混凝沉淀单元。     

Nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway during wastewater co-treatment with ammonia-rich landfill leachates in a sequencing batch reactor

The biological treatment of ammonia-rich landfill leachates due to an inadequate C to N ratio requires expensive supplementation of carbon from an external carbon source. In an effort to reduce treatment costs, the objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway during landfill leachate co-treatment with municipal wastewater. Initially, the laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was inoculated with nitrifying activated sludge and fed only raw municipal wastewater (RWW) during a start-up period of 9 weeks. Then, in the co-treatment period, consisting of the next 17 weeks, the system was fed a mixture of RWW and an increasing quantity of landfill leachates (from 1 to 10 % by volume). The results indicate that landfill leachate addition of up to 10 % (by volume) influenced the effluent quality, except for BOD₅. During the experiment, a positive correlation (r ²?=?0.908) between ammonia load in the influent and nitrite in the effluent was observed, suggesting that the second step of nitrification was partially inhibited. The partial nitrification (PN) was also confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of nitrifying bacteria. Nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway was observed when the oxygen concentration ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg O₂/dm³ and free ammonia (FA) ranged from 2.01 to 35.86 mg N-NH₃/dm³ in the aerobic phase. Increasing ammonia load in wastewater influent was also correlated with an increasing amount of total nitrogen (TN) in the effluent, which suggested insufficient amounts of assimilable organic carbon to complete denitrification. Because nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway is beneficial for carbon-limited and highly ammonia-loaded mixtures, obtaining PN can lead to a reduction in the external carbon source needed to support denitrification.     

实时荧光定量PCR对A2/O短程硝化系统内氨氧化菌的定量分析

通过控制好氧区低DO浓度以及缩短好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2/O工艺中,成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化;系统亚硝酸盐积累率稳定维持在90%左右,氨氮去除率在95%以上。通过提取富集氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的基因组DNA,经两次常规PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以纯化回收的DNA扩增片段作为实时荧光定量PCR检测AOB数量的DNA标准品,建立了检测AOB数量的实时荧光定量PCR标准曲线。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较了A2/O系统在不同运行条件及亚硝酸盐积累率情况下AOB菌群数量。结果表明,随着系统亚硝酸盐积累率的上升,系统内AOB菌群数量也大幅上升。全程硝化和短程硝化时,系统内的AOB菌群数量分别为5.28×109cells/g MLVSS和3.95×1010cells/g MLVSS。此外,亚硝酸盐积累率的下降相对于AOB菌群数量的下降有一定的滞后性。     

响应面法和神经网络优化Acinetobacter sp. DNS32发酵基质

为了提高阿特拉津降解菌Acinetobacter sp.DNS32的产量,分别采用响应曲面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法对阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基中3个重要基质成分(玉米粉、豆饼粉、K2HPO4)进行优化研究。响应曲面法确定3种成分的含量为玉米粉39.494 g/L,豆饼粉25.638 g/L和K2HPO43.265 g/L时,预测发酵活菌最大生物量为7.079×108CFU/mL,实测量为7.194×108CFU/mL;人工神经网络结合遗传算法优化确定3种主要成分含量为玉米粉为39.650 g/L,豆饼粉为25.500 g/L,K2HPO4为2.624 g/L时,预测最大值为7.199×108CFU/mL,实测量为7.244×108CFU/mL;最终确定培养基配方:玉米粉为39.650 g/L,豆饼粉为25.500 g/L,K2HPO4为2.624 g/L,CaCO3为3.000 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O和NaCl均为0.200 g/L;优化后阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵生物量比优化前提高了36.6%。结果表明,在阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基组分优化方面,响应面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法都是可行的,基于人工神经网络的遗传算法具有更好的拟合度和预测准确度。     

水解溶菌酶污泥减量过程中的微生物群落变化

利用水解溶菌酶对SBR系统中的剩余污泥进行减量。通过与未加水解溶菌酶的相同系统对比,研究了水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥的减量效果与微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在50 d的运行期内,水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥减量总计达到76.3%,同时该系统对COD与TN的平均去除率分别为88.2%与53.8%。通过PCR-DGGE分析可知,随着运行时间的增加两系统微生物群落结构的差异逐步明显,SBR系统中原有的部分优势微生物在水解溶菌酶的作用下逐渐减弱。另外,对微生物群落的部分优势细菌进行克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的7条细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与放线菌和杆菌同源性在97%以上。     

太湖水体附着细菌和浮游细菌的丰度与分布特征

为了探讨太湖水体附着细菌及浮游细菌丰度的变化规律,明确细菌丰度与环境因子的关系,应用荧光显微技术对太湖4个湖区细菌丰度及分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了其与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)等环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,太湖水体中附着细菌占优势,占总细菌的65％(总细菌平均值为6.53×106cells/mL,附着细菌平均值为4.25×106 cells/mL,浮游细菌平均值为2.28 × 106 cells/mL);附着细菌与浮游细菌数丰度具有相似的时空分布规律,附着细菌与浮游细菌丰度都是河口区(10#)最高,其次梅梁湾(3 #)、湖心区(8#)和东太湖(24#)较低;春夏季高,秋冬季低;水温、TP对太湖水体中附着细菌及附浮游细菌的丰度影响比较大,它们与水体中附着细菌丰度及附浮游细菌均呈显著的正相关(p＜0.05).太湖不同湖区附着细菌及浮游细菌的数量空间差异是由太湖不同湖区生态环境的异质性引起的.     

SBR处理高浓度养猪废水工艺条件

以养猪场废水作为研究对象,采用序列间歇式活性污泥法SBR,通过实验研究了供气量、pH、排泥量、原水稀释倍数、水力停留时间（HRT）对SBR出水水质的影响。结果表明,供气量为375 L/（min·m³）、pH为8.0,并添加排泥100 mL的操作,可使SBR处理效果明显提高,COD、磷和凯氏氮去除率最高分别可达96.37%、94.14%、99.38%。逐步降低进水稀释倍数有利于培养出处理高浓度有机养猪废水的活性污泥,可将平均COD、磷和凯氏氮含量高达9 161.24、33.41和1 502.77 mg/L的养猪废水处理至出水的490.11、5.35和17.84 mg/L。降低HRT对SBR去除率影响不大。     

Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Wastewater and Sludge of Poultry Slaughterhouses

Antibiotimicrobial resistance was investigated in 537 Enterococcus spp. isolates recovered from 22 samples of crude inflow, treated effluent and sludge collected in wastewater treatment plants of eight poultry slaughterhouses of Portugal. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the resistance to each antimicrobial agent with regards to the origin of the sample (inflow, sludge and effluent). Many of the isolates displayed resistance to tetracycline (85.7%), erythromycin (45.7%), nitrofurantoin (34.0%) and rifampicin (17.8%). Resistance was also observed, but to a lesser extent, to ciprofloxacin (10.2%), ampicillin (8.0%), chloramphenicol (4.6%), vancomycin (0.9%) and gentamicin (0.4%). Resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was present in 37.1% of the isolates. Wastewater treatment resulted in viable enterococci decrease between less than 1 log and 4 log; nevertheless, more than 4.4 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL were present in the outflow of the plants and thus resistant enterococci are not prevented from reaching the general environment.     

Corrosion and stability study of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki starch industry wastewater-derived biopesticide formulation

Biopesticides are usually sprayed on forests by using planes made up of aluminum alloy. Bioval derived from starch industry wastewater (SIW) in suspension form was developed as stable anticorrosive biopesticide formulation. In this context, various anticorrosion agents such as activated charcoal, glycerin, ethylene glycol, phytic acid, castor oil and potassium silicate were tested as anticorrosive agents. There was no corrosion found in Bioval formulation where potassium silicate (0.5% w/v) was added and compared with Foray 76 B, as an industrial standard, when stored over 6 months. In relation to other parameters, the anticorrosion formulation of Bioval+buffer+KSi reported excellent zeta potential (?33.19 ± 4 mV) and the viscosity (319.13 ± 32 mPa.s) proving it's stability over 6 months, compared to the standard biopesticide Foray 76 B (?36.62 ± 4 mV potential zeta, pH 4.14 ± 0.1 and 206 ± 21 mPa.s viscosity). Metal analysis of the different biopesticides showed that Bioval+buffer+KSi has no corrosion (5.11 ± 0.5 mg kg^?1 of Al and 13.53 ± 1.5 mg kg^?1 of Fe) on the aluminum alloy due to the contribution of sodium acetate buffer at pH 5. The bioassays reported excellent results for Bioval+Buffer+KSi (2.95 ± 0.3 × 10⁹ CFU mL^?1 spores and 26.6 ± 2.7 × 10⁹ IU L^?1 Tx) compared with initial Bioval (2.46 ± 0.3 × 10⁹ CFU mL^?1 spores and 23.09 ± 3 × 10⁹ IU L^?1 Tx) and Foray 76 B (2.3 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ CFU mL^?1 spores and 19.950 ± 2.1 UI L^?1 Tx) which was due to the break-up of the external chitinous membrane due to abrasive action of potassium silicate after ingestion by insects. The contribution of sodium acetate buffer and potassium silicate (0.5% and at pH = 5) as anticorrosion agent in the Bioval allowed production of an efficient biopesticide with a reduced viscosity and favorable pH as compared to Foray 76 B which enhanced the entomotoxic potential against spruce budworm (SB) larvae (Lepidoptera: Choristoneura fumiferana).