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1.
Lisa V. Bardwell 《Environmental management》1991,15(5):603-612
The specter of environmental calamity calls for the best efforts of an involved public. Ironically, the way people understand
the issues all too often serves to discourage and frustrate rather than motivate them to action. This article draws from problem-solving
perspectives offered by cognitive psychology and conflict management to examine a framework for thinking about environmental
problems that promises to help rather than hinder efforts to address them.
Problem-framing emphasizes focusing on the problem definition. Since how one defines a problem determines one's understanding
of and approach to that problem, being able to redefine or reframe a problem and to explore the “problem space” can help broaden
the range of alternatives and solutions examined.
Problem-framing incorporates a cognitive perspective on how people respond to information. It explains why an emphasis on
problem definition is not part of people's typical approach to problems. It recognizes the importance of structure and of
having ways to organize that information on one's problem-solving effort. Finally, problem-framing draws on both cognitive
psychology and conflict management for strategies to manage information and to create a problem-solving environment that not
only encourages participation but can yield better approaches to our environmental problems. 相似文献
2.
Alfred Eberhardt 《Environmental management》1990,14(2):151-160
Previous comparative studies on environmental policies in the East and West mainly focused on relating differing features
of environmental management to different political, social/economic, and ideological conditions in both systems. The present
article attempts to identify common experiences. In this respect, an obvious similarity can be seen in the fact that environmental
management in the East and West emerged as a regulatory “command and control” approach, which was supplemented later by economic
incentives. The 1988 USSR Resolution “On the Radical Transformation of the System of Natural Conservation” introduces a set
of economic instruments as one of its main elements. This is less a radical change of environmental policy than a determined
acceleration of previous approaches. Existing and newly designed economic methodologies provoke a comparison with similar
approaches in market economies. The economic methods designed in the 1988 resolution include charges for the use of natural
resources and the emission of pollutants, which are notable for their firm commitment to reduce emissions even below set regulatory
standards. While experiences with this approach may be of great interest for Western countries, liability regulations of the
United States can be of great use for designing relevant provisions implementing the USSR resolution. A number of bilateral
treaties have demonstrated already the political relevance of an East-West exchange of experience in environmental management. 相似文献
3.
Assessing Land-Use Impacts on Natural Resources 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
V. H. Dale A. W. King L. K. Mann R. A. Washington-Allen R. A. McCord 《Environmental management》1998,22(2):203-211
/ Much information is available on changes that occur in natural resources from both spatially-explicit data on environmental conditions and models of the interactions of these conditions and resources with human activities. The strategy for assessing land-use impacts on natural resources developed in this paper provides a framework for using relevant data and models to address questions of how management practices can promote both use and protection of resources. This assessment strategy integrates spatially explicit environmental data using geographic information systems (GIS) with computer models that simulate changes in land cover in response to land-use impacts. The computer models also simulate susceptibility of species to changes in habitat suitability and landscape patterns. The approach is applied to management of limestone barrens on the Oak Ridge Reservation in East Tennessee. Potential limestone barrens habitats are identified by overlaying appropriate soils, geology, slope, and land-use/land-cover conditions. Their validity is tested against known sites containing rare species that occur in these habitats. The location of habitats at risk in the aftermath of human activities is determined by using an available area model that identifies the size and proximity of sites that particular types of species can no longer use as habitat. The resulting risk map can be used in land management planning. The approach uses readily available in situ and remotely sensed data and is applicable to a wide range of locations and land-use scenarios. This approach can be refined based on needs identified by land managers and on the sensitivity of the results to the resolution of available resource information.KEY WORDS: Land management; Assessment; Habitat characterization; Limestone barrens; Ecological modeling; Geographic information systems 相似文献
4.
Donald S. P. Puccini 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(6):1144-1152
The recent world-wide trend towards centralization of all environmental management functions into one regulatory agency has illustrated the necessity for resources management agencies to adopt a total systems viewpoint. Environmental systems are typically complex and multi-dimensional in nature. Mathematical models for the management of air, water and land resources have found wide acceptance among planners and decision-makers. Ecological models of life processes have not reached the same state of development or acceptance. A general review of ecological systems theory and examples of the types of ecological models that have been developed to date arc presented in this paper. With this material as a background and given the vast literature on engineering and economic models, a conceptual framework for an approach to environmental studies and the analysis of polluted environmental systems is presented. 相似文献
5.
Hill MJ Lesslie R Donohue R Houlder P Holloway J Smith J Ritman K 《Environmental management》2006,37(5):712-731
The purpose of this study was to help to inform policy development for the Australian rangelands, and provide a proof of concept
for application of a multi-criteria analysis approach to assessment of competing resource use at continental scale. The study
aimed to identify and locate key natural resource and agricultural production assets in the rangelands, define a number of
measures of potentially threatening processes, and use a multi-criteria approach to identify areas where threatening processes,
agricultural production problems, or valuable natural resources coincided. The analysis used 35 readily available, continental
spatial data layers at 5-km pixel resolution ranked from 1 (low) to 5 (high) under three themed groupings: natural resource
base, production base, and threatening processes. These measures were aggregated into composite indicators to define attributes
such as environmental sensitivity and total grazing pressure. The composites were then compared in a two-way analysis to explore
particular interactions between threatening processes such as pastoralism and mining, and the condition of production and
natural resource assets. These interactions were defined as “tensions” for purposes of this analysis. Example “tensions” included
the association of high grazing intensity with areas of high environmental sensitivity, indicating a risk of land degradation
under adverse climatic conditions. A summary of patterns of tension was obtained by extracting area proportions of high-tension
classes for selected Natural Heritage Trust Regions, which are a basis for Australian Government funding of improved environmental
management. The study provides a basis for further examination of trade-offs in the use of natural assets, opportunities for
improved productivity and sustainability, and social and economic implications. 相似文献
6.
Case studies of scenario analysis for adaptive management of natural resource and infrastructure systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michelle C. Hamilton Shital A. Thekdi Elisabeth M. Jenicek Russell S. Harmon Michael E. Goodsite Michael P. Case Christopher W. Karvetski James H. Lambert 《The Environmentalist》2013,33(1):89-103
Management of natural resources and infrastructure systems for sustainability is complicated by uncertainties in the human and natural environment. Moreover, decisions are further complicated by contradictory views, values, and concerns that are rarely made explicit. Scenario analysis can play a major role in addressing the challenges of sustainability management, especially the core question of how to scan the future in a structured, integrated, participatory, and policy-relevant manner. In a context of systems engineering, scenario analysis can provide an integrated and timely understanding of emergent conditions and help to avoid regret and belated action. The purpose of this paper is to present several case studies in natural resources and infrastructure systems management where scenario analysis has been used to aide decision making under uncertainty. The case studies include several resource and infrastructure systems: (1) water resources (2) land-use corridors (3) energy infrastructure, and (4) coastal climate change adaptation. The case studies emphasize a participatory approach, where scenario analysis becomes a means of incorporating diverse stakeholder concerns and experience. This approach to scenario analysis provides insight into both high-performing and robust initiatives/policies, and, perhaps more importantly, influential scenarios. Identifying the scenarios that are most influential to policy making helps to direct further investigative analysis, modeling, and data-collection efforts to support the learning process that is emphasized in adaptive management. 相似文献
7.
Nathanael D. Wiseman 《Local Environment》2013,18(9):1024-1045
This article examines key socio-ecological interactions identified during a climate change vulnerability assessment in the Alinytjara Wilurara natural resources management (NRM) region of South Australia. The complex local socio-ecological interactions are highlighted to guide a response to the challenge of adapting to climate change within the region. Recognising several key desert drivers which perpetuate degraded socio-ecological systems, this article recommends that a range of strategies be employed simultaneously to enhance local environmental management in association with remote indigenous communities, including: linking people and NRM more closely; tracking funding but ensuring systems can withstand periods of limited financial support; developing cross-sectoral and cross-institutional links; empowering and engaging communities; communicating effectively; and actively supporting local and traditional environmental knowledge. Unless climate change adaptation responses within the region are conceptualised and enacted within the context of complex local socio-ecological systems, NRM will not improve and social vulnerability will increase. 相似文献
8.
Framework for Measuring Sustainable Development in Catchment Systems 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Walmsley JJ 《Environmental management》2002,29(2):195-206
Integrated catchment management represents an approach to managing the resources of a catchment by integrating environmental,
economic, and social issues. It is aimed at deriving sustainable benefits for future generations, while protecting natural
resources, particularly water, and minimizing possible adverse social, economic, and environmental consequences. Indicators
of sustainable development, which summarize information for use in decision-making, are invaluable when trying to assess the
diverse, interacting components of catchment processes and resource management actions. The Driving-Forces–Pressure–State–Impact–Response
(DPSIR) indicator framework is useful for identifying and developing indicators of sustainable development for catchment management.
Driving forces have been identified as the natural conditions occurring in a catchment and the level of development and economic
activity. Pressures include the natural and anthropogenic supply of water, water demand, and water pollution. State indicators
can be split into those of quantity and those of quality. Impacts include those that affect the ecosystems directly and those
that impact the use value of the resource. It core indicators are identified within each of the categories given in the framework,
most major catchment-based management issues can be evaluated. This framework is applied to identify key issues in catchment
management in South Africa, and develop a set of indicators for evaluating catchments throughout the country. 相似文献
9.
Prévot-Julliard AC Clavel J Teillac-Deschamps P Julliard R 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):315-321
To garner support for biodiversity from the World’s human population, conservation biologists need an open-minded, integrated
conservation strategy. We suggest that this strategy should include efforts to (1) preserve existing high quality, diverse
ecosystems, (2) remediate impaired systems, (3) balance the needs of people and ecological resources, and (4) engender appreciation
of nature and its services. We refer to these four key tenets as reservation, restoration, reconciliation, and reconnection.
We illustrate these concepts by presenting the debate surrounding the management of exotic species from an unusual perspective,
the benefits of exotic species. By this example we hope to encourage an integrated approach to conservation in which management
strategies can be flexible, adjusting to society’s needs and the overall goals of conservation. 相似文献
10.
Integrated resource management systems: Coupling expert systems with data-base management and geographic information systems 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Decision making in natural resource management is becoming increasingly information-intensive because of the rising public
concerns about resource conservation and environmental quality. The volume of information that must be analyzed and the complexity
of the decision-making process demands that computerized systems be developed to provide decision support services. An integrated
systems approach that couples data-base management, geographic information systems, and expert systems is needed. We refer
to such an approach as integrated resource management automation (IRMA) and describe a prototype system that is currently
being tested in the Nicolet National Forest. This type of information system is likely to play an increasingly important role
in the management of natural resources in the future. 相似文献
11.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
12.
Toronto is among the fastest-growing urban regions in North America. Regional efforts to preserve rural landscapes and remnant
habitat have had variable success. In the 1990s, significant conflict emerged over proposals to build large housing developments
on portions of the Oak Ridges Moraine, a 160-km stretch of environmentally sensitive land along the city’s northern edge.
After years of planning conflict, Ontario’s provincial government created the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan, an Act
of the Ontario Legislature. The Plan represents a dramatic change in Ontario’s approach to conservation planning. We examine
the development and implementation of the Conservation Plan as an example of environmental planning policy in a complex urban
setting. Data from interviews with policy actors, planning agency documents, and geospatial sources are used to construct
an analysis and discussion of the Plan and its implementation. From a policy research perspective, the evolution and implementation
of the Plan require analysis and monitoring to better understand how such approaches can best be implemented. The Conservation
Plan marks a change in policy in Ontario, and the implementation process highlights challenges in putting conservation plans
into practice. 相似文献
13.
Jae H. Ryu Bryce Contor Gary Johnson Richard Allen John Tracy 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(6):1204-1220
Abstract: Water supply uncertainty continues to threaten the reliability of regional water resources in the western United States. Climate variability and water dispute potentials induce water managers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts. The Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in the state of Idaho is also facing these challenges in the sense that population growth and economic development strongly depend on reliable water resources from underground storage. Drought and subsequent water conflict often drive scientific research and political agendas because water resources availability and aquifer management for a sustainable rural economy are of great interest. In this study, a system dynamics approach is applied to address dynamically complex problems with management of the aquifer and associated surface‐water and groundwater interactions. Recharge and discharge dynamics within the aquifer system are coded in an environmental modeling framework to identify long‐term behavior of aquifer responses to uncertain future hydrological variability. The research shows that the system dynamics approach is a promising modeling tool to develop sustainable water resources planning and management in a collaborative decision‐making framework and also to provide useful insights and alternative opportunities for operational management, policy support, and participatory strategic planning to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts in human dimensions. 相似文献
14.
This paper analyzes the human–nature interaction in a village in rural South Africa. It discusses preconditions, perceptions,
and consequences of natural resource use, and places these findings into a regional and historical context. Applying an interdisciplinary
perspective, the study uses interviews, questionnaires, remote sensing, and participatory mapping to analyze land cover changes
and local perceptions of the environment. The study area is located in a former homeland (Transkei), a setting where well-recorded
conflicts in the human–nature sphere have previously been triggered by population pressure, apartheid policies, and other
historical, political, and social reasons. A small-scale and subjective conceptualization of environmental security is used
as an approach to analyze local livelihood strategies in a selected village. The results indicate that the environment is
not the highest priority in local survival strategies. Instead, formal and informal jobs and governmental grants are the most
important security strategies. There are thus no major conflicts resulting from the interaction between the local population
and the natural resources in this specific area. Explanations to this pattern can partly be found in historical contexts,
which include apartheid policies, re-localizations, and a system of migrant labor. The study also suggests that general truths
about a region such as Transkei might be misleading in specific localities. For relevant and successful environmental management
and development planning however, it is crucial that decision-makers be able to get a clear picture of local situations and
adjust their plans accordingly. 相似文献
15.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
16.
/ Contemporary trends in natural resource management are reviewed, with specific reference to the shift in conservation management strategies away from law enforcement-based strategies towards strategies aimed at facilitating local community participation in the management of natural resources. This review lays a foundation for the presentation of a conceptual framework, the partnership forum framework, for the planning, implementation, and evaluationof protected area outreach programmes. The framework proposes that protected areas should function as integral components of the local social, economic, and environmental systems and that the integration of the protected area into these systems should be managed through comanagement institutions. The establishment of such institutions is discussed, and it is argued that the development of comanagement institutions can be characterized into four progressive phases: a preliminary communication phase, a problem-solving phase, a pilot project phase, and a comanagement phase. The framework proposes that during the three initial phases the partnership forum members will develop management procedures that they will use during the comanagement phase. The framework is presented as a design skeleton around which the site-specific characteristics of specific protected area outreach programs will combine to form an outreach program, i.e., the framework is process rather than project based.KEY WORDS: Sub-Saharan Africa; Integrated conservation and development 相似文献
17.
有效、可靠的数据和信息是环境管理的基础和主线,是政府部门确定环境管理目标、衡量进展以及同所有利益相关方共享信息的基础。美国环保局(EPA)从整体视角和跨学科观点提出环境信息生命周期模型,能够更好地理解环境信息的生产者、管理者、提供者和使用者等不同角色的作用。本文介绍了环境信息生命周期模型的各环节和要素,包括政策、规划和项目,数据采集和管理,信息交换和共享,信息管理,发现、获取信息,理解、使用信息,用户/公众反馈等,用于评估环境管理业务的数据和信息需求,帮助提高数据质量,增强公众获取环境信息的能力。环保部门需要关注数据质量的不确定性以及不同部门之间缺乏信息共享的问题,将环境信息生命周期的方法融入中国的环境管理和信息化建设,将提高环境数据的质量和政府透明度。本文针对中国的环保信息化建设提出了若干政策建议。 相似文献
18.
The human population is rising and the availability of terrestrial land and its resources are finite and, perhaps, not sufficient to deliver enough food, energy, materials and space. Thus, it is important to (further) explore and exploit the marine environment which covers no less than 71% of the earth's surface. The marine environment is very complex but can roughty be divided into two systems: natural (e.g. wild fishing) and human-made (e.g. artificial islands). In this study, characterization factors (CF) for natural and human-made marine systems were calculated in order to be able to assess the environmental impact of occupying marine surfaces, which was not possible so far in life cycle assessment. When accounting for natural resources while occupying one of these systems, it is important to consider the primary resources that are actually deprived from nature, which differs between the natural and human-made marine systems.In natural systems, the extracted biomass was accounted for through its exergy content, which is the maximum quantity of work that the system can execute in its environment. Reference flows for marine fish, seaweeds, crustaceans and mollusks were proposed and their correlated CF was calculated. For human-made systems, the deprived land resource is, in fact, the occupied area of the marine surface. Based on potential marine net primary production data (NPP), exergy based spatial and temporal CFs for ocean areal occupation were calculated. This approach was included in the Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment (CEENE) method which makes it the first life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method capable of analyzing the environmental impact (and more specific the resource footprint) of marine areal occupation. Furthermore, the methodology was applied to two case studies: comparing resource consumption of on- and offshore oil production, and fish and soybean meal production for fish feed applications. 相似文献
19.
Environmental implications for disaster preparedness: lessons learnt from the Indian Ocean Tsunami 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The impact of disasters, whether natural or man-made, not only has human dimensions, but environmental ones as well. Environmental conditions may exacerbate the impact of a disaster, and vice versa, disasters tend to have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest management practices, or agriculture systems can worsen the negative environmental impacts of a storm or typhoon, leading to landslides, flooding, silting, and ground/surface water contamination. We have only now come to understand these cyclical causes and impacts and realize that taking care of our natural resources and managing them wisely not only assures that future generations will be able to live in sustainable ways, but also reduces the risks that natural and man-made hazards pose to people living today. Emphasizing and reinforcing the centrality of environmental concerns in disaster management has become a critical priority, requiring the sound management of natural resources as a tool to prevent disasters and lessen their impacts on people, their homes, and livelihoods. As the horrors of the Asian tsunami of December 2004 continue to be evaluated, and people in the region slowly attempt to build a semblance of normalcy, we have to look to the lessons learnt from the tsunami disaster as an opportunity to prepare ourselves better for future disasters. This article focuses on findings and lessons learnt on the environmental aspects of the tsunami, and its implications on disaster preparedness plans. This article essentially emphasizes the cyclical interrelations between environments and disasters, by studying the findings and assessments of the recent Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that struck on 26 December 2004. It specifically looks at four key affected countries - Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Thailand. 相似文献
20.
/ Regional resource use planning relies on key regional stakeholder groups using and having equitable access to appropriate social, economic, and environmental information and assessment tools. Decision support systems (DSS) can improve stakeholder access to such information and analysis tools. Regional resource use planning, however, is a complex process involving multiple issues, multiple assessment criteria, multiple stakeholders, and multiple values. There is a need for an approach to DSS development that can assist in understanding and modeling complex problem situations in regional resource use so that areas where DSSs could provide effective support can be identified, and the user requirements can be well established. This paper presents an approach based on the soft systems methodology for identifying DSS opportunities for regional resource use planning, taking the Central Highlands Region of Queensland, Australia, as a case study. 相似文献