Toward Environmental Management Systems in Australian Agriculture to Achieve Better Environmental Outcomes at the Catchment Scale

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are being trialed for Australian agricultural industries as society becomes more concerned about agricultures environmental performance. EMS is a structured approach used by farm businesses to assess, monitor, and improve environmental performance. Use of EMS in conjunction with other policy tools (such as financial incentives and regulation) in agriculture could enhance management of both on-farm and off-farm environmental issues. Based on the international standard ISO14001, EMS was designed to be applied at the individual business level. However, governments in Australia are exploring its potential to be applied at a catchment scale, among other things, for the purpose of linking farm-level actions to catchment targets. In Australia, governments and catchment management bodies are using Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) as the framework to try to achieve environmental targets set out in catchment plans. In this article, we compare aspects of the EMS and ICM frameworks and comment on the potential of using EMS to achieve catchment-scale environmental outcomes. We conclude that EMS could be a useful policy tool to improve farm management and to contribute, in part, to better off-site outcomes at the catchment/landscape scale. Recommendations on the use of EMS at the catchment scale are discussed. These include using an educational approach for EMS delivery, linking the EMS process to catchment targets, and ensuring catchment targets are realistic and achievable.     

中国资源管理模式的发展历程与改革思路

研究资源管理模式对实现自然资源可持续利用具有重要意义。中国在开发利用自然资源的过程中，经过了供给管理、需求管理、资源化管理、资产化管理等几个不同的管理模式，在分析比较这些管理模式的产生背景、主要内容和优缺点的基础上，借鉴国外发达国家资源管理模式的成功经验，认为中国应该采用资源化管理与资产化管理相结合的资源管理模式，提出了部分对策建议。     

中国水资源环境问题及可持续发展管理对策

以可持续发展的观点为指导思想,深入剖析了由于人类对水资源的不合理开发利用而诱发的主要环境问题,并探讨了中国现阶段水资源管理中存在的主要问题,提出了可持续发展的管理对策。     

Issues in the Management of the Environment and Natural Resources in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a very low per capita income. The increasing poverty and instability in the political front led to degradation of the environment and natural resources in the country. The present article reviews the current use of natural resources in Bangladesh and the emerging issues in sustainable management of those scarce resources. The paper shows that developments in one sector have adversely affected resources in related sectors and calls for an integrated approach to management of the environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner. The development of strong institutional mechanisms is necessary to facilitate the sustainable management of resources and to prevent further deterioration of the environment.     

Modeling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: the CLUE-S model

Land-use change models are important tools for integrated environmental management. Through scenario analysis they can help to identify near-future critical locations in the face of environmental change. A dynamic, spatially explicit, land-use change model is presented for the regional scale: CLUE-S. The model is specifically developed for the analysis of land use in small regions (e.g., a watershed or province) at a fine spatial resolution. The model structure is based on systems theory to allow the integrated analysis of land-use change in relation to socio-economic and biophysical driving factors. The model explicitly addresses the hierarchical organization of land use systems, spatial connectivity between locations and stability. Stability is incorporated by a set of variables that define the relative elasticity of the actual land-use type to conversion. The user can specify these settings based on expert knowledge or survey data. Two applications of the model in the Philippines and Malaysia are used to illustrate the functioning of the model and its validation.     

旅游者环境意识分析及其景区环境管理意义--以四川九寨沟自然保护区为例

具有不同环境意识的旅游者,对旅游帚区环境造成的影响不同。本文在问卷调查的基础上,通过运用spss软件和建立函数模型,对四川九寨沟自然保护区内旅游者的环境意识数据进行分析,认为不同统计特征旅游者的环境意识具有各自不同的特点,在环境意识的各层次也表现出各不同程度上的差异。文章最后指出了基于旅游者的环境意识分析对于景区环境管理的意义。     

农业自然资源综合管理立法与农业可持续发展

本文通过对持续农业的法律内涵、农业自然资源的普遍特征及中国资源立法现状分析,建议制定农业自然资源综合管理法规,以确保农业自然资源的合理利用和有效管理,推动农业的持续发展     

四川省2010~2019年突发环境事件时空分布特征分析

近年来,四川省高度重视环境应急管理工作,环境应急处置能力不断提升,但环境风险形势依然严峻,突发环境事件时有发生。通过对2010~2019年四川省10年突发环境事件进行统计分析,浅析四川省突发环境事件的规律特点,以期为四川省生态环境风险防控提供科学依据。研究表明,四川省突发环境事件呈现多发高发态势,6~8月为突发环境事件高发期;安全生产事故和交通事故次生的突发环境事件是主要事件类型;成都市和广元市是突发环境事件的高发区域;油类污染物和酸碱类污染物是主要污染物类型;跨界流域突发环境事件发生频率较高。应从流域突发环境事件风险评估、企业环境安全主体责任、环境应急物质储备体系和突发环境事件联防联控等方面加强四川省环境应急管理。     

Benefits of Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management: Applying the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management Approach to Support Animal Pest Control

Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems. Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations. Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive management processes is examined.     

平顶山市自然资源系统分析与可持续利用研究

从对土地类型与利用、气候要素组合、水资源条件、生物多样性和矿产价值等方面对平顶山市自然资源进行了系统分析和评价，提出了依靠科学技术，转变经济增长方式，开发替代性资源，发展“非煤”产业，建立节约型、生态型资源利用模式，构筑自然资源可持续利用的保障体系与生态安全体系，实现该市自然资源可持续利用的有效途径。     

攀枝花市资源开发与经济持续发展研究

攀枝花市是我国西部重要的能源、原材料生产基地和资源开发型城市，矿产、水能和农业自然资源是其最具开发优势的资源。从20世纪60年代中期以来大规模的资源开发促进了现代钢铁工业基地和城市社会经济的快速发展，但同时也带来了严重的生态环境问题：地质灾害、环境污染与生态破坏。针对攀枝花市资源开发利用中存在的资源开发结构单一、资源综合利用程度低、生态环境问题突出等问题，作者提出了实现资源合理开发与经济持续发展的相应措施。     

贫水地区水资源开发利用的系统分析方法

本文提出运用系统工程的思想与技术，将水资源开发利用置于一个复杂时变的社会经济系统中进行模拟与分析的方法，以反映所研究地区未来时期水资源开发利用的发展变化趋势，为制定与国民经济和社会发展协调一致的水资源开发利用战略奠定基础。     

自然资源估价及其在国民经济发展中的作用

自然资源无价、资源产品低价导致资源需求过度膨胀,资源浪费严重,环境污染加剧.自然资源产权市场化、多元化是解决这一问题的关键,也是我国经济发展的必然趋势.自然资源估价是资源市场化、多元化的价值依据.自然资源估价不同于资源产品定价,既要考虑资源的价值又要考虑资源的稀缺性、丰饶度、地理位置等因素.自然资源估价关系到资源的合理开发利用和环境保护问题,对我国的社会主义现代化进程和人民生活水平的提高将构成重大影响.     

伊犁河谷生态旅游资源环境分析及评价

伊犁河谷地理位置独特，特殊的气候及水文条件孕育了丰富的生态旅游资源，具备开展生态旅游的资源基础。从自然环境和人文环境两个方面分析了伊犁河谷生态旅游资源形成的条件，在对伊犁河谷生态旅游资源分类的基础上，采用定性与定量相结合的方法对伊犁河谷适宜开展生态旅游的景区（点）进行了综合评价，以期为制定伊犁河谷生态旅游开发与发展战略提供依据。     

Responding to Pressure on Local Natural Resources: the Story of Three Villages in South-Eastern Nigeria

There has been a recent move by development professionals away from formal “scientific” attempts to address problems caused by changing environmental conditions, towards a greater reliance on the innovative ability and indigenous knowledge of local people. This has necessitated a greater understanding of the way in which communities respond to environmental and socio-economic change. Using a model that predicts community responses to pressure on local natural resources, and data collected in three villages in south-eastern Nigeria, an attempt is made to document the way in which people react and adapt to change. It is concluded that with sufficient time communities will usually develop new resource management and agricultural systems. However, where change is occurring rapidly, a facilitator is required to encourage and accelerate local innovation so that farming and natural resource management systems can be appropriately adjusted before severe environmental degradation takes place.     

流域管理与开发利用中主要问题的博弈分析

本文从博弈论的角度,通过构造博弈模型对流域管理中诸问题进行分析,旨在完善政府及流域内各理性行为个体的策略,为提高流域水资源开发利用效率提供理论依据。     

The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: Evidences from the UK and Spain

Food and drink waste is a significant problem for economic, environmental and food security reasons. Government efforts have focused on diverting waste away from landfill through regulation, taxation and public awareness. However, efforts to understand why waste occurs have been limited, particularly in the interface between retailers and suppliers. This research aims to address this problem by identifying the main root causes of waste in the supplier-retailer interface.The research is exploratory in nature as there is a paucity of studies focusing on food waste across the supply chain. Data were collected through 43 interviews with managers in food manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing in two countries: the UK (24) and Spain (19). Data from the interviews and supplementary documentation were analyzed using causal maps. This approach helped to identify the main root causes of waste which were categorized into three groups: (1) mega-trends in the marketplace, (2) natural causes related to the products and processes, and (3) management root causes on which practitioners have a direct impact.The paper discusses the root causes of food waste and good practices identified from the interviews. Differences between the UK and Spain are discussed, presenting potential learning opportunities for practitioners in these countries and highlighting opportunities for further research.