液/液界面电化学法在环境监测中的应用进展

介绍了液／液界面电化学的原理、实验方法和研究进展,综述了液／液界面离子转移反应基础上的电化学分析方法在环境监测中的应用。作为一种新方法测定离子载体及能与其形成络合物的金属离子组分的浓度,它具有简便、快捷、经济实用等特点。     

应用BPR促进环境监测管理转型的思考

对现行环境监测方案体系中存在的问题进行归纳分析,结合BPR(业务流程再造)思想以及信息化理念对环境监测工作转型进行思考,提出信息化解决方案,通过建立电子化环境监测方案,以达到业务模式优化、信息整合协同、管理精细化的转型目标。电子化环境监测方案是环境监测科学发展的时代要求,是环境监测信息化管理的标志。     

Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring: design, development and applications

The advancement in miniaturization and microfabrication technology has led to the development of sensitive and selective electrochemical devices for field-based and in situ environmental monitoring. Electrochemical sensing devices have a major impact upon the monitoring of priority pollutants by allowing the instrument to be taken to the sample (rather than the traditional way of bringing the sample to the laboratory). Such devices can perform automated chemical analyses in complex matrices and provide rapid, reliable and inexpensive measurements of a variety of inorganic and organic pollutants. Although not exhaustive due to the vast amounts of new and exciting electrochemical research, this review addresses many important advances in electrochemical sensor design and development for environmental monitoring purposes. Critical design factors and development issues including analytical improvements (e.g. detection limits), microfabrication and remote communication are presented. In addition, modern environmental applications will be discussed and future perspectives considered.     

Nanocomposites (conducting polymer and nanoparticles) based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of environment pollutant: Its issues and challenges

Currently, there is an urgent need to develop an electro-analytical technique that can detect and monitor environmental pollutants in a sensitive, specific, and selective manner. Traditional environment pollutant detection techniques suffer from different drawbacks like calibration, sample preparation, blank determination, skilled operator, lengthy time-consuming procedure, costly and no universal approach. The objective of this review article is to provide details regarding the fabrication of conducting polymer-nanoparticles (nanocomposites) based electrochemical biosensors for continuous environmental monitoring. Emphasis has been placed on the principles, development, classification, and use of electrochemical biosensors comprising of nanocomposites of conducting polymer (CP) and metal oxide nanoparticles for the estimation of environmental pollutants present in the air, water, food, and soil.     

中国海洋大气监测方案的设想

概述了国内外海洋大气环境监测的基本情况，提出了我国开展海洋大气环境监测的必要性，在我国开展海洋大气环境监测必须解决的几个新课题，并根据国家海洋局《海洋大气监测方案》（讨论稿）提出了我国开展海洋大气监测的设想。     

Linking Monitoring and Effects Research: EMAP's Intensive Site Network Program

The EMAP program has been organized into three primary elements: Multi-Tier Design, Indicators, and Index Sites. The Index Sites program (DISPro - Demonstration Intensive Site Project) is the primary activity within the Index Sites element of EMAP. This project represents an inter-agency effort between EPA/ORD and DOI/NPS to develop a demonstration of an intensive site network of monitoring and research locations throughout the United States, utilizing the Nation's parklands as "outdoor laboratories." Twelve parks were selected to establish this demonstration. These 12 parks were selected because they are readily accessible, have a history of monitoring environmental information, and represent a broad spectrum of ecological communities. EMAP, through DISPro, is examining whether a "network" of sites existing within the parks can be used to address monitoring issues for global-scale environmental stressors (e.g., air pollution) as well as locale-specific stressors (e.g., air deposition, water-borne) and coordinated with cause-effect, issue-based research related to these environmental stressors. As a first activity, EPA will provide each of the sites with the instrumentation to monitor UV-B. The intent of the program is to initiate a consistent air monitoring program at each site to be followed by consistent monitoring within other media. The project will initiate research projects at all the sites (eventually) to examine the effects of environmental stressors of importance at each of the sites.     

Landscape scale ecological monitoring as part of an EIA of major construction activities: experience at the Turkish section of the BTC crude oil pipeline project

Ecological monitoring is a complementary component of the overall environmental management and monitoring program of any Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. The monitoring method should be developed for each project phase and allow for periodic reporting and assessment of compliance with the environmental conditions and requirements of the EIA. Also, this method should incorporate a variance request program since site-specific conditions can affect construction on a daily basis and require time-critical application of alternative construction scenarios or environmental management methods integrated with alternative mitigation measures. Finally, taking full advantage of the latest information and communication technologies can enhance the quality of, and public involvement in, the environmental management program. In this paper, a landscape-scale ecological monitoring method for major construction projects is described using, as a basis, 20 months of experience on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Crude Oil Pipeline Project, covering Turkish Sections Lot B and Lot C. This analysis presents suggestions for improving ecological monitoring for major construction activities.     

环境监测科研管理相关问题探讨

环境监测科研是环境监测的一项基础性工作，是环境监测事业发展的重要保障。加强环境监测科研工作，需要不断探索适合于时代发展和环境监测以及环境管理工作实际情况的环境监测科研管理模式。对环境监测科研管理的内涵和特点进行了分析；对环境监测科研管理部门的定位、环境监测科研管理的科研计划管理、环境监测科研管理中的科研队伍建设等进行了探讨。     

The environmental specimen banking project of the Federal Republic of Germany

Thousands of chemicals are on the market, but only in a few exceptional cases is it known where these chemicals remain in the environment and what effects they are able toexert in correlation to their environmental concentration. In addition to monitoring the actual concentrations of chemicals in the environment, it is necessary to establish an environmental specimen banking program which will, in the future, make possible the retrospective monitoring of chemicals. The feasibility of such a program is being studied in a joint U.S.-German pilot project. The German project is described here, including its organizational structure, technical and scientific considerations, and methods of specimen selection.     

Computer-aided rapid environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment of a project attempts to bring about compatibility between ecology and economics. A computer-aided, quantitative and rapid methodology for environmental impact assessment is presented in this paper. The cost of abatement of deleterious environmental impacts is one of the factors used to identify the best project option from environmental and cost considerations. The methodology is based on the three basic steps of environmental impact assessment vis-à-vis identification, prediction, and evaluation. Several models and predictors for different environmental components are incorporated in the computer program. An evaluation method is presented based on mathematical functions for value function graphs for different aesthetic, environmental, and health risks.     

Structure and objectives of the Estonian Environmental Monitoring Program

The transition of Estonia from the fragmented character of environmental protection activities of the former Estonian SSR to a centralised national environmental monitoring program is underway. Estonian Environment Information Centre (EEIC) performed as a main developer of the Estonian Monitoring Program (EMP) structure, coordinates the operation of about 60 subprogrammes of EMP.     

L IMS 系统在环境监测中的建设和应用———以上海市环境监测中心为例

简述了上海市环境监测中心在LIMS系统建设中针对环境监测实验室信息管理、项目管理的实际,进行系统静态数据的设置、人员的培训、系统优化、系统维护和新功能添加等建设,并根据应用中出现的问题对系统设置优化调整,使之更加符合环境监测发展的要求。     

Current strategies in nitrite detection and their application to field analysis

The various analytical protocols that have been developed to aid the measurement of nitrite within environmental samples have been critically appraised and their applicability to field measurement assessed. The present communication presents a perspective on current techniques and technologies encompassing spectroscopic, electrochemical and chromatographic methodologies and highlights those that are liable to emerge in the near future. Commercial devices have been included and where appropriate the advantages and limitations posed by their operation within field contexts have been described.     

辐射环境监测优化布点的特征分析方法

介绍了特征分析方法的基本原理及其MATLAB语言实现过程,并将特征分析法、传统布点法,以及BP人工神经网络法对同一地区辐射环境监测优化布点的核素含量均值作了比较,结果表明,用特征分析法优选出的采样点位,其核素含量均值对传统布点法的相对偏差均为负值,且＜10%,即便与BP法相比,也不失其优越性,表明用特征分析法监测一个地区环境辐射平均水平的优化布点是十分理想的.     

Comparative research on NIMBY risk acceptability between Chinese and Japanese college students

Along with the progressive acceleration of urbanization, the need to identify potentially troublesome “Not In My Back Yard” (NIMBY) facilities in the city is inevitable. To resolve NIMBY conflict, it is important to know people’s NIMBY risk acceptability for these facilities. A questionnaire survey was used among Chinese and Japanese college students to identify NIMBY risk acceptability. LISREL was used to construct a structural equation model to analyze the difference in NIMBY risk acceptability between the Chinese and Japanese college students. Factors that may affect NIMBY risk acceptability were analyzed: “perceiving utility,” “perceiving risk,” “trust in government,” “reasonable compensation,” and “procedural justice.” The findings show that Japanese students’ concerns were greater than Chinese students’ concerns. Perceiving utility and perceiving risk were the most important factors that affect people’s NIMBY risk acceptability, followed by procedural justice, trust in government, and reasonable compensation. There is a difference between the different cultural backgrounds in confronting the risk: Chinese students focus more on the reputation and value of real estate, while Japanese students pay more attention to environmental pollution and damage to health. Furthermore, cultural influences play a role in students’ risk perception. To improve the risk acceptability for NIMBY facilities and provide a basis for resolving NIMBY conflicts, it is necessary to ensure the benefits of the NIMBY facility while reducing environmental pollution. The findings of this study may be of interest for policy makers and practitioners to devise future NIMBY strategies.     

Calibrating and monitoring the western gray whale mitigation zone and estimating acoustic transmission during a 3D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

A 3D marine seismic survey of the Odoptu license area off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, was conducted by DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of Exxon Neftegas Limited and the Sakhalin-1 consortium during mid-August through early September 2001. The key environmental issue identified in an environmental impact assessment was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which spends the summer–fall open water period feeding off northeast Sakhalin Island in close proximity to the seismic survey area. Seismic mitigation and monitoring guidelines and recommendations were developed and implemented to reduce impacts on the feeding activity of western gray whales. Results of the acoustic monitoring program indicated that the noise monitoring and mitigation program was successful in reducing exposure of feeding western gray whales to seismic noise.     

Linking Ecological Science to Decision-Making: Delivering Environmental Monitoring Information as Societal Feedback

The paper describes the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network's (EMAN) operational and program response to certain challenges of environmental monitoring in Canada, in particular, efforts to improve the ability of the network to deliver relevant information to decision makers. In addition to its familiar roles, environmental monitoring should deliver feedback to society on environmental changes associated with development patterns, trends, processes and interventions. In order for such feedback to be effective, it must be relevant, timely, useful and accessible: all characteristics that are defined by the user, not the provider. Demand driven environmental monitoring is explored through EMAN's experiences with Canada's Biosphere Reserves, the NatureWatch Program and the Canadian Community Monitoring Network.     

Coupling climate and economic models in a cost-benefit framework: A convex optimisation approach

In this paper, we present a general method, based on a convex optimisation technique, that facilitates the coupling of climate and economic models in a cost-benefit framework. As a demonstration of the method, we couple an economic growth model à la Ramsey adapted from DICE-99 with an efficient intermediate complexity climate model, C-GOLDSTEIN, which has highly simplified physics, but fully 3-D ocean dynamics. As in DICE-99, we assume that an economic cost is associated with global temperature change: this change is obtained from the climate model, which is driven by the GHG concentrations computed from the economic growth path. The work extends a previous paper in which these models were coupled in cost-effectiveness mode. Here we consider the more intricate cost-benefit coupling in which the climate impact is not fixed a priori. We implement the coupled model using an oracle-based optimisation technique. Each model is contained in an oracle, which supplies model output and information on its sensitivity to a master program. The algorithm Proximal-ACCPM guarantees the convergence of the procedure under sufficient convexity assumptions. Our results demonstrate the possibility of a consistent, cost-benefit, climate-damage optimisation analysis with a 3-D climate model.     

Canada's Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network: Where we are at and Where we are Going

Canada has established a National Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN). The Network's operating objective is to understand what changes are occurring in the ecosystems and why. Each site is designed to have long-term multidisciplinary monitoring programs in place with supporting research and manipulation experiments. About 85 sites have been incorporated into the network. A Directory of EMAN Sites is available and a list of the Goals, Objectives and Deliverables (GODs) for many sites is also available. Information can be obtained on the EMAN's website at http://www.cciw.ca/eman/. The network is operated in conjunction with a program of developing national environmental indicators, with increasing emphasis on indicators of sustainable development. A series of environmental assessments are being produced that are issue and/or area focused. The assessment are designed as support for policy decisions. The national coordinating office supports the overall program of data gathering, reporting environmental indicators and produce assessments.     

Low-impact hiking in natural areas: A study of nature park hikers' negative impacts and on-site leave-no-trace educational program in Taiwan

Outdoor recreation participation has increased over time and has led to environmental degradation. In Taiwan, significant increases in the number of hikers have resulted in negative effects on the natural forest environment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the possible environmental impacts caused by hikers and to improve hikers' Leave-No-Trace (LNT) knowledge through an on-site educational program. This study adopted a two-stage approach. In the first stage, on-site observations, a questionnaire survey, and interviews were used to assess the impacts of hikers on the natural environment. Then, an LNT educational program was implemented and evaluated. The results indicate that hikers regard air quality and wild animal issues as the factors most affected by hiking. The results of the second stage revealed that the individual and total scores for the knowledge of the seven LNT principles significantly increased between the pretest and the post-test. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are proposed on the basis of the obtained results.