大气污染及其防治

X512(X)3《1)779济南市大气燃煤污染诊断/王愕一(中科院大气物理研究所)…//环境科学研究/中国环科院一2(X)2,15(4)一16一19环图X一6x510.22的3(X)780生物质和煤混合燃烧污染物排放特性研究/刘豪…(华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室)//环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心一2(X)2,22(4)一484一488环图X一9 在试样的质量以及其他的试验条件基本相同的情况下,在恒温下对一种典型的煤和两种典型的生物质以及它们以一定的比例所得的混合燃料进行污染物排放特性分析。结果表明,在试验用煤中加人生物质(质量比为l:l)后,燃料Nox转变率降低了2…     

生物质固体成型燃料燃烧的NO和CO排放研究

针对国内固体生物质成型燃料燃烧过程中排放NO、CO分析不清晰,影响因素研究不足等问题,在生物质燃烧试验平台上,采用Testo350烟气分析仪,对木质、棉杆和玉米秸秆3种固体生物质成型燃料分别展开了燃烧的气态排放物研究,重点研究了3种生物质成型燃料在不同燃烧器负荷和进气量下的NO和CO的排放情况。试验结果表明:3种燃料的NO排放量均在0.05%以下,CO也不高于1%。3种燃料的气态排放物总体趋势为随着燃烧器负荷的增大,NO和CO的排放量增多,随着进气量的增加,气态排放物的含量减少。该研究可以为指导燃用生物质成型燃料锅炉的实际运行,以优化生物质成型燃料的燃烧和排放提供参考。     

环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

X382.1X820.6200602693含氧生物质燃料的生命周期评价/易红宏(清华大学环境科学与工程系)…∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2005,26(6).-28~32环图X-5为公正评价汽车代用燃料的能耗与环境效益,运用生命周期评价方法,研究了在燃料中分别添加不同比例的乙醇和甲酯2种生物质,带来的生命周期能耗和污染物排放变化,并对含氧生物质燃料的未来情景进行了预测分析。结果表明:乙醇代用燃料未降低化石燃料消耗,甲酯代用燃料可降低约20%的化石燃料消耗;几种配比的代用燃料均可降低石油消耗,甲酯代用燃料降低的趋势更加明显;各种代用燃料的温室气…     

天津市典型生物质固体燃料锅炉NO、CO排放研究

针对实际运行条件下,国内生物质固体燃料燃烧过程中NO、CO排放研究不足,排放现状不清晰等问题,在天津地区选择了6台具有代表性的生物质固体燃料锅炉,在测试中燃烧其常用燃料,采用烟气分析仪Testo350对锅炉展开了气态排放研究,重点研究了其中5台生物质固体成型燃料锅炉在不同燃烧负荷下,NO和CO的排放情况,以及另1台捆烧式锅炉在正常工况下的排放情况。测试结果表明:6台生物质锅炉的NO排放浓度均在180 mg/m~3以上,CO排放浓度均高于500 mg/m~3。其中,3台炉型的固体成型燃料锅炉随着燃烧负荷的增大,NO排放浓度降低CO浓度升高,燃烧负荷控制在75%~80%可相对减少气态污染物NO、CO的排放,其余2台炉型NO、CO排放浓度随燃烧负荷的增大变化趋势与前3台相反,且燃烧负荷控制在95%左右为优;捆烧式锅炉NO排放浓度最低为182.9 mg/m~3,但CO排放浓度却高达2 243.6 mg/m~3。研究结果可为用生物质固体燃料锅炉的实际运行提供参考,从而优化生物质固态燃料的燃烧和排放。     

各地要闻

<正>吉林全省各批次抽查生物质成型燃料产品全部合格12月3日,吉林省市场监督管理厅官网公布2019年生物质成型燃料产品质量监督抽查结果。依据《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、《产品质量监督抽查管理办法》的规定,2019年3季度,吉林省市场监督管理厅组织开展了全省生物质成型燃料产品质量监督抽查,抽查了吉林、辽源、通化、白山、松原市和延边州18家企业生产的18批次生物质成型燃料产品,不合格0批次,不合格发现率为0%。     

含氧生物质燃料的生命周期评价

为公正评价汽车代用燃料的能耗与环境效益,运用生命周期评价方法,研究了在燃料中分别添加不同比例的乙醇和甲酯2种生物质,带来的生命周期能耗和污染物排放变化,并对含氧生物质燃料的未来情景进行了预测分析.结果表明:乙醇代用燃料未降低化石燃料消耗,甲酯代用燃料可降低约20%的化石燃料消耗;几种配比的代用燃料均可降低石油消耗,甲酯代用燃料降低的趋势更加明显;各种代用燃料的温室气体排放都比较严重;乙醇代用燃料增加了NO_x排放,而甲酯代用燃料可降低约50%的NO_x排放;乙醇和甲酯的加入均能降低车用阶段的PM₁₀排放;燃料生产阶段的SO₂排放在整个生命周期中约占80%,必须严格控制;甲酯代用燃料可降低VOC排放.     

污泥深度机械脱水的优化研究

降低污泥含水率是污泥处置的关键点。论文自制了高压恒压污泥过滤脱水装置,在2 MPa压力条件下10 min可快速将污泥含水率降低至75.30%;添加3%氯化铁化学调理后,可进一步降低至63.38%。添加氯化铝调理也可降至71.98%;生物质添加剂也有较好的效果,污泥分别与木屑和秸秆按质量比2∶1调理后,压滤后污泥的含水率分别为60.22%和63.75%,木屑的效果优于秸秆;生物质还具有极强的吸水性,生物质与污泥混合泥饼压滤后表观含水率仅分别为43.83%与45.90%;此外,生物质调理后有助于提升污泥热值,可用于制备生物质污泥燃料。化学调理与生物质调理具有协同作用,优化后的污泥实际含水率及泥饼表观含水率低至55.23%与39.16%,污泥减量效果相当明显。     

燃煤流化床钙基脱硫剂对NO转变率的影响及机理

在φ150mm×1000mm流化床试验台上,温度区间840℃～960℃,研究了钙基脱硫剂品种、粒径和Ca/S比对NO转变率的影响.阐述了钙基脱硫剂使NO转变率增加机理试验发现,同等质量钙基脱硫剂使NO增加的次序为氧化钙、石灰石、方解石;Ca/S比越大,NO转变率越高;粒径为1～2mm时NO转变率最大,2～3mm时次之,0.2～1mm时最小.加入脱硫剂降低了HCl、HF、SO₂的浓度,导致O、H、HO₂浓度升高,CO的氧化反应加速,在床料、燃料灰催化作用下CO与NO的反应减慢,最终导致NO浓度升高.     

太湖流域废弃生物质能源资源化利用方案

文章在对常州市武进区礼嘉镇进行面源生物质废弃物调研的基础上详细比较了生物质废弃物发酵制备燃料乙醇技术、生物质废弃物发酵制沼气技术、生物质废弃物气化炉技术以及生物质废弃物焚烧发电技术,从技术、经济、应用前景等多方面考量并最终筛选出适合于礼嘉镇试点区域的生物质废弃物利用技术。在对所选技术的应用实例进行调查研究的基础上建立了太湖流域废弃生物质能源资源化的总体方案:本方案拟定在试点区域结合实际情况将部分不适宜用于发酵制备燃料乙醇的农作物秸秆以及禽畜粪便、生活污水污泥等各类生物质废弃物用于生物质发酵制沼气项目,以满足当地部分居民的日常生活所需,同时收集剩余适宜制备燃料乙醇的生物质秸秆用于建设具有广阔应用前景的生物质发酵制备乙醇项目,对体系中产生的污水污泥等废弃物以污泥亚临界水热处理技术予以预处理后用于发酵制备沼气项目。总体方案每年生产燃料乙醇1 875.7 t,生产沼气259.2万m3,副产有机肥1 874.8 t,产生经济效益1 608万元,10年运行期的净收益现值为12 555.4万元,是具有广阔前景且行之有效的循环经济方案,是推动自然生态和人类社会和谐发展的绿色经济方案。     

民用固体燃料源的IVOCs排放特征及燃烧温度的影响

中等挥发性有机物(intermediate-volatility organic compounds,IVOCs)是近年备受关注的二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物,但目前急需包括民用固体燃料燃烧在内的源排放数据.本文选择两种成熟度不同的烟煤(灵武煤和徐州煤)和两种生物质(稻秆和松木)为研究对象,结合石英管式炉和稀释通道开展7个温度点(300～900℃,以100℃为间隔)的燃烧实验,采集和分析烟气中的IVOCs,探讨煤和生物质燃烧的IVOCs排放因子、组成以及燃烧温度的影响.结果表明,生物质燃烧的IVOCs平均排放因子[(483±182) mg·kg-1]比烟煤[(190±108) mg·kg-1]高2. 5倍;组成方面,生物质和煤的IVOCs均以剩余UCM占主导[分别为(81±11)%和(68±6)%],而生物质排放的正构及支链烷烃占比明显低于烟煤,但芳香烃略高;燃烧温度对两类燃料的影响存在显著区别:烟煤(以灵武煤为例)的IVOCs在500℃[(340±113) mg·kg-1]比900℃[(63±15)mg·kg-1]高5. 4倍,而生物质在400～500℃和800～900℃时呈现两个含量相当的峰值;随着燃烧温度提升,松木IVOCs中芳香烃的占比从1%增加到29%,剩余UCM则从92%降低到61%,烟煤的变化幅度则很小.进一步结合校正燃烧效率对两类燃料和燃烧温度影响IVOCs排放的机理进行了解释.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.