氯对紫外线灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的协同作用

以枯草芽孢杆菌为研究对象,研究了紫外线和氯单独及联合作用时的灭菌效果.结果表明,单独氯消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很低,CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,灭活率仅为0.53个对数级;单独紫外线消毒对枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的灭活效果,紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²时,对其有3.3个对数级的灭活效果.紫外线和氯联合消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果大大增强,当紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²,氯的CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达6.2个对数级,远高于二者单独作用效果之和.紫外线与氯的作用顺序对消毒效果有明显影响,以先紫外线照射后再加氯的效果最好.通过Berenbaum公式计算可知,紫外线与氯联合灭菌是一种协同作用,并且随着紫外线剂量及氯投量的增加,协同作用增强.     

次氯酸钠、臭氧及其组合再生水消毒技术研究

以某城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,采用次氯酸钠、臭氧以及臭氧/次氯酸钠组合工艺,研究了不同消毒方式对总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和色度的去除规律,消毒副产物中三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量变化的规律。试验结果表明:在次氯酸钠消毒过程中,有效氯投加量为5 mg/L时,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.91%和99.99%,色度去除率为26.00%;臭氧消毒过程中,当臭氧剂量为2.6 mg/L时,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.70%和99.73%,色度去除率为71.65%;在组合工艺中,当臭氧剂量为2 mg/L、有效氯投加量为0.5 mg/L时,出水总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群总数去除率分别为99.94%和99.87%,色度去除率为70.60%;在相同有效氯投加量条件下,组合工艺较单独次氯酸钠消毒出水的总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群更低,三氯甲烷生成量降低36.67%,一氯二溴甲烷未检出。     

组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性

比较4种单独使用氯或组合氯化消毒工艺在较长管网停留时的卤代消毒副产物生成情况.4种工艺为单独游离氯消毒、氯胺消毒、清水池游离氯消毒后转氯胺的先氯后氨消毒、短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺.结果表明,游离氯消毒工艺在管网停留时间长时,卤代消毒副产物会持续大量的生成,而一氯胺消毒工艺生成的卤代消毒副产物量很低.目前使用较为普遍的先氯后氨消毒工艺与游离氯消毒相比,可以降低卤代消毒副产物的生成量,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量降低了9.6%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了42%.但是先氯后氨消毒工艺由于游离氯接触时间约为2 h,卤代消毒副产物已经大量生成.短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺,由于控制了游离氯的接触时间,可以在保障消毒工艺灭活微生物效果的同时更为有效地控制卤代消毒副产物,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量与单独游离氯消毒工艺相比降低了48%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了72%.因此,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以更好地控制卤代消毒副产物的生成,提高水质安全性.     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

臭氧氧化深度处理二级处理出水的研究

以某城市污水处理厂二级处理出水为原水,研究了臭氧氧化深度处理对水中残留有机物以及病原微生物的降解和去除效果.结果表明,臭氧投加量达到6mg/L时,DOC、UV254、色度的去除率分别为15.49%、36.36%、73.61%,环境激素类痕量有机物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的去除率分别为37.29%和14.6%,三维荧光光谱荧光峰的各区域有机物质平均去除率在80%以上,DBP出水浓度为2.64mg/L,DEHP出水浓度为1.4mg/L,满足《城市污水再生利用地下水回灌水质》(GB/T 19772-2005)的标准.臭氧投加量达到10mg/L时,出水中指示性微生物粪大肠菌群仍接近103CFU/L,5mg/L有效氯消毒后出水粪大肠菌群仍接近10CFU/L,6mg/L臭氧与5mg/L有效氯组合消毒出水的粪大肠菌群下降至3CFU/L,满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921-2002)的标准.三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加,臭氧与氯组合消毒过程与氯单独消毒过程相比,THMs生成量减少了78.08%.     

高藻期控制消毒副产物及其前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现在控制藻类的同时减少副产物生成量,比较了预氧化＋常规工艺、预氧化＋常规＋深度处理2类共7种组合工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.试验结果表明,藻类是重要的前体物,在本试验原水中,藻类贡献了20%左右的卤乙酸和三卤甲烷前体物.气浮工艺是高藻期除藻的核心工艺,同时也可以去除一部分消毒副产物前体物.臭氧、高锰酸钾也有很好的杀藻效果和前体物去除效果.采用臭氧或高锰酸钾预氧化＋常规＋臭氧-活性炭工艺的组合对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除效果最佳.顺序氯化工艺比游离氯消毒减少卤乙酸生成量42.0%～45.9%,减少三卤甲烷生成量22.5%～71.4%.     

UV和H2 O2联合消毒灭活饮用水中大肠杆菌研究

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,对单独紫外线(UV)、H2O2及两者不同组合方式的灭活效果进行了分析.结果表明,单独H2O2对大肠杆菌基本无灭活效果,加入浓度为20 mg·L-1的H2O2接触时间为30 min时,灭活率仅为0.02个对数级;单独UV工艺可在一定程度上灭活大肠杆菌,紫外线剂量为10 mJ·cm-2时,灭活率可达到4.51个对数级.紫外线和H2O2联合消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,且不同的组合方式对灭活效果有很大的影响.先UV后H2O2消毒效果优于先H2O2后UV,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2分别反应2.5、5、10、20 min后,两者的灭活率分别较单独UV消毒增加0.09、0.35、0.38、0.68和0.01、0.07、0.14、0.53个对数级.而UV与H2O2同时消毒效果优于UV与H2O2顺序消毒,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2反应20 min后,灭活率较UV-H2O2和H2O2-UV工艺分别增加了0.43和0.58个对数级.随着紫外线强度的增加,大肠杆菌的灭活效果不断提高.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

紫外线消毒对再生水中微生物生长分泌特性的影响

膜污堵是阻碍污水再生处理反渗透（RO）系统稳定、高效运行的突出问题。前期研究表明,RO系统常用的氯消毒预处理会导致微生物群落结构及代谢产物分泌特性发生显著改变,从而引起严重的生物污堵。为优化污水再生处理RO系统的预处理工艺选择,该研究全面考察了紫外线消毒对再生水中细菌的生长、群落结构和分泌特性的影响。结果表明:紫外线剂量为20,40,80 mJ/cm2时,对膜生物反应器出水中细菌的灭活率分别可达1log、3log、4log。紫外消毒后,存活细菌再培养时其生长迟滞期变长,稳定期细菌数量在紫外线剂量为40,80 mJ/cm2时分别比对照组降低18.6%和19.2%。高紫外线剂量下（40,80 mJ/cm2）,变形菌门、β-变形菌纲、詹森菌属相对丰度有所增加。分泌特性方面,细菌胞外多聚物含量随紫外线剂量升高先减少后增多,且其中大分子物质增多,并表现出更强的RO膜污堵潜势。     

膜生物反应器处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒研究

针对膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒,分别开展了不同氯的投加剂量对指示微生物（总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群）的灭活效果、消毒副产物（disinfection by-products,DBPs）生成量以及消毒后出水发光菌急性毒性研究.结果表明,在工程应用中MBR处理工...     

Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg·min) and R² of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg·min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg·min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse.     

污水厂二级出水中抗生素抗性细菌的紫外灭活与复活特性

抗生素抗性细菌(ARB)作为新兴污染物受到了广泛关注,但紫外线(UV)消毒对ARB去除效果的研究尚不够充分。以某城市污水处理厂过滤后的二级出水为研究对象,通过分析UV消毒前后水中四环素、氨苄西林、氯霉素及链霉素抗性细菌丰度的变化,探究了UV消毒对ARB的去除作用及ARB的光复活与暗修复潜能。结果表明:UV对过滤后二级出水中的4种ARB具有一定灭活能力,4种ARB对UV消毒的耐受能力由高到低分别为:氨苄西林抗性细菌>四环素抗性细菌>链霉素抗性细菌≈氯霉素抗性细菌。当UV消毒剂量为20 mJ/cm2时,氯霉素与链霉素抗性细菌可被完全灭活,消毒后24 h内,这2种ARB未出现光复活或暗修复现象,这一剂量的UV不能完全灭活氨苄西林与四环素抗性细菌,且被灭活后的ARB可实现部分光复活及暗修复。当UV消毒剂量达到80 mJ/cm2时,这4种ARB均被全部灭活,消毒后6 h内,氨苄西林抗性细菌出现了复活现象。不论是在光照还是避光的条件下,UV消毒24 h后水中的总异养菌群中有超过70.32%的细菌对氨苄西林具有抗性,因此,单独UV消毒并不能有效地控制ARB从污水处理厂向环境中的传播。     

再生水紫外线/二氧化氯联合消毒效果试验研究

紫外线及二氧化氯作为绿色消毒技术的代表,被越来越多地研究和使用,ClO_2消毒能够弥补UV不能提供持续消毒能力的不足,UV消毒作为ClO_2消毒的预处理工艺,能够降低后续消毒工艺的微生物负荷。通过试验对联合消毒效果进行了研究。试验表明,在试验水质条件下,当紫外线剂量为60 m J/cm~2,二氧化氯投加量2 mg/L,反应时间15min时即可达到较好的消毒效果且成本较低,消毒后粪大肠菌在48 h内几乎不发生光复活。     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.