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1.
This paper looks at the rainfall and streamflow patterns over two distinct time periods, i.e., 1950–1970 and 1971–1991 within the two most prominent catchments in the Volta river system – White Volta and the Oti basins. The first period (1950–1970) represents relatively vegetated catchments and low population whilst the latter (1971–1990) represents intense land use practices resulting from increased population that have severely degraded the environment. These two catchments are among the most significant contributors to the Volta lake. The Volta lake, which was formed between 1962 and 1966 in Ghana and created primarily for hydroelectric power generation, will probably be one of the greatest man-made lakes for a long time. It produces 912MW of electricity at its maximum operating capacity. Recently, there have been declines in the lake levels resulting most probably from inadequate rainfall and/or runoff from the river catchments that feed the lake. Comparisons of runoffs for the two time periods show reductions in mean streamflows of 32.5% at Saboba on the Oti and 23.1% at Nawuni on the White Volta.  相似文献   

2.
The study focuses on evaluating factors that farmers consider relevant in adopting cassava production in five semi-arid zone of West African countries. The study is based on primary data randomly collected as part of collaborative study of cassava in semiarid zones of Africa (COSCASSA) village level survey from five West African countries namely: Nigeria, Ghana, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso. This study models effects of farm, farmer and technology specific factors on the decision of semi arid farmers to adopt cassava into their farming system. By way of threshold decision models—Probit and Logit models, the estimation of each country and the pooled data adoption models reveal different adoption models for the countries considered. For each country, different variables appeared as major adoption shifters. Comparatively, the adoption models for Nigeria and whole region appear to have the highest significance variables, being seven in number. This is followed by Chad (6), Ghana (4), and Burkina Faso and Niger with three each. For the variables considered, distance to nearby urban market appears a major adoption shifter in all the country, except for Niger. This is closely followed by contact with extension, variety, pest/disease resistance and livestock feeds, which appear significant in four of the countries. Membership of cooperative societies appears as the least adoption predictor, which is only significant in Chad republic. The study therefore recognizes the importance of varietial characteristics and farmers’ characteristics in acceptance of cassava as a major root tuber crop in the semi arid region of West Africa. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.  相似文献   

3.
全球气候变化背景下,由于降水时间序列存在非平稳性,导致利用传统的标准化降水指数(SSPI)估计的干旱可能存在较大偏差。文章基于GAMLSS模型,以气候指数作为解释变量进行参数拟合,建立一种基于可变参数的非平稳伽玛模型,计算非平稳标准化降水指数(NSPI),并与SSPI指数对比分析长江流域1962~2016年干旱时空变化特征,结果表明:(1)NSPI与SSPI变化基本一致,但非平稳伽玛模型比平稳伽玛模型更好地重现降水量以捕获当前全球气候变化背景下的降水变化。(2)长江流域1962~2016年干旱有加重趋势。上游干旱烈度、干旱历时、干旱强度和烈度峰值的变化速率分别为每10年上升0.064、0.041、0.023和0.027,而中下游则分别为0.151、0.089、0.021和0.030;干旱强度以轻至中旱为主。长江源头和四川盆地西南部干旱较严重,而金沙江和雅砻江上游及鄱阳湖南部的干旱相对轻微。(3)与SSPI相比,NSPI估计的相同干旱烈度和干旱历时的重现期较大,且估计的干旱事件相对集中。NSPI的干旱风险表明长江源头、金沙江下游和洞庭湖流域中部是高风险集中区,而川江上游和鄱阳湖东南部是低风险集中区。(4)构建的非平稳伽玛模型估计的NSPI能较好的预测各干旱特征,且对干旱烈度和干旱历时的预测性能更好。  相似文献   

4.
Vegetation changes in Sahelian West Africa have been increasingly investigated since 1970 due to the catastrophic droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s and the following decades with below average precipitation. In most cases this was done by remote sensing and vegetation studies. In recent years, local knowledge of farmers and pastoralists about vegetation changes has been increasingly investigated. In this paper, information from different case studies in three West African countries (Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal) was used to analyse and evaluate vegetation changes in the Sahel. In total, data were analysed from 25 villages, where the local people were asked to mention plant species and qualify their present occurrence compared to the past. In total, 111 woody species were mentioned as having changed compared to the past, of which 79% were classified as having decreased or disappeared. For each single location 8–59 different woody species were mentioned. In most cases, these are valuable species of socio-economic importance. Only 11% of the species was classified as increasing or new (0–12 were mentioned per location), the later being mainly exotic species. Ten percent were categorised differently among villages. A comparison of local knowledge from different locations provide regional scale information on endangered species and thereby crucial information for making insightful priorities for assisted regeneration, reforestation and conservation strategies.  相似文献   

5.
基于汉江流域13个站点1960~2017年的逐月降水和平均气温资料,计算不同时间尺度下的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析汉江流域气象干旱时空特征,并结合大气环流指数讨论该流域气象干旱成因.结果表明:(1)汉江流域SPEI数值具有3~4年的主周期,表现出干湿交替的状态.(2)年尺度下,轻旱和中旱发生频率在5%~24%,且西部地区较高.春季,多轻旱和中旱发生且频率在6%~19%;夏季,轻旱频率中部高于四周,最高地区频率在20%~28%;秋季,中部地区干旱频率较高;冬季干旱频率普遍高于10%但以轻旱和中旱为主.(3)年尺度下,汉江流域SPEI值以0.0021/a的速度降低,说明全球变暖对流域年际干旱情况影响很小;春季和秋季SPEI值与MEI、SOI显著相关,相关系数绝对值在0.271~0.422之间;夏季SPEI值与EASM显著相关,相关系数绝对值在0.261~0.498之间;冬季SPEI值与AO、NAO显著相关,相关系数绝对值在0.220~0.281之间.  相似文献   

6.
量化研究干旱的时空变化特征,对区域干旱监测与抗旱减灾有重要的意义.基于鄱阳湖流域1961~2017年26个气象站点的观测数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了该流域干旱的时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果 表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域南湿北干,且四季差异明显.(2)鄱阳湖流域呈现显著湿润化趋势(p<0.05),四季均存在变湿趋势,且夏季、冬季变湿显著(p<0.05).从空间格局上看,所有站点年尺度均存在变湿趋势,变湿幅度较大的站点分布在流域中北部;在季节尺度上,除春季赣江流域的西北部、饶河流域和信江流域东部部分站点,以及秋季个别站点(德兴、遂川和龙南)呈现干旱化趋势外,其余站点各季节均呈湿润化趋势,只是在变湿的幅度和显著水平上存在一定差异.(3)鄱阳湖流域不同等级干旱的发生存在明显的年代际差异.除20世纪90年代及最近10年干旱发生的频率较低外,其他年代干旱发生的频率均相对较高,尤其是20世纪60年代.(4)鄱阳湖流域SPEI指数与降水呈正相关,与气温呈负相关,且与降水的相关性较气温的相关性高.在全球尺度的海气作用的驱动下,该流域的干湿变化与厄尔尼诺现象/拉尼娜事件之间存在着一定的相关性,且具有半年的滞后效应.  相似文献   

7.
土壤湿度在水文循环和气候系统中起着至关重要的作用,对农业干旱监测和预测非常重要。选择ESA CCI主动、被动、主被动合成土壤湿度数据和站点实测土壤湿度数据,运用皮尔逊相关系数检验CCI产品的准确性;运用标准化土壤湿度指数方法划分农业干旱等级,运用小波分析、Mann-Kendall和森斜率趋势检验研究长江流域农业干旱的历史时空演变规律。结果表明:长江流域农业干旱面积呈先增加后减少的趋势,在季节尺度上以春旱和冬旱为主;农业干旱发生的周期为28、12、22、32 a;严重干旱中心具有向低纬度和东经度转移的趋势;金沙江流域南部、岷江沱江流域和嘉陵江流域北部、汉水流域、长江上游、乌江流域、洞庭湖流域西部具有明显干旱趋势,长江源头、洞庭湖流域东部、鄱阳湖流域、长江中游和下游、太湖流域具有明显变湿润趋势,其余地区保持相对稳定。从长时序土壤湿度角度出发,探索了历史上农业干旱的时空演变规律,为农业干旱精准监测和预警提供了新的监测方法。  相似文献   

8.
Agricultural practices have constantly changed in West Africa, and understanding the factors that have driven the changes may help guide strategies to promote sustainable agriculture in the region. To contribute to such efforts, this paper analyzes drivers of change in farming practices in the region using data obtained from surveys of 700 farming households in five countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger and Senegal). The results showed that farmers have adopted various practices in response to the challenges they have faced during the last decade. A series of logit models showed that most changes farmers made to their practices are undertaken for multiple reasons. Land use and management changes including expanding farmed areas and using mineral fertilization and manure are positively related to perceived changes in the climate, such as more erratic rainfall. Planting new varieties, introducing new crops, crop rotation, expanding farmed area and using pesticides are positively associated with new market opportunities. Farm practices that require relatively high financial investment such as use of pesticides, drought-tolerant varieties and improved seeds were positively associated with the provision of technical and financial support for farmers through development projects and policies. Changes in markets and climate are both helping to promote needed changes in farming practices in West Africa. Therefore, policies that foster the development of markets for agricultural products, and improved weather- and climate-related information linked to knowledge of appropriate agricultural innovations in different environments are needed.  相似文献   

9.
基于洞庭湖流域2000~2017年97个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数(CI)和MODIS增强型植被指数(EVI)资料,结合植被类型数据,采用最大值合成、相关分析等方法,分析了近18年来洞庭湖流域生长季(4~10月)植被(自然和人工植被)EVI与特旱强度的时空变化特征,探讨了自然植被和人工植被对特旱响应的敏感性。结果表明:在年际变化上,自然植被和人工植被区域的特旱强度最大值和EVI的最小值均出现在2011年;在季节变化上,生长季特旱强度分布为秋夏春季,自然植被EVI值明显高于人工植被,季节分布均为夏春秋季;比较而言,人工植被对特旱的敏感性高于自然植被,但两类植被对特旱的敏感性均随植被生长阶段而变化,其中两种植被EVI与特旱强度之间的最显著相关性均出现在8月;特旱强度和EVI能够很好地反映2011年春旱和夏秋连旱的时空变化过程。  相似文献   

10.
11.
This study determined the social vulnerability index (SoVI) of households to climate change impacts for three identified locations (upper, mid and lower) in the Vea catchment, semi-arid Ghana. This study adapted the social, economic and demographic indicator approach. The data used were obtained from a survey of 186 randomly sampled farm households and direct field measurements of 738 farm plots belonging to the same sampled farm households. Information from the literature, expert judgement and principal component analysis were useful for computing and analysing the SoVI. The variables were normalized, weighted and subsequently recombined to determine the index of the three locations towards climate change. Although the SoVI to climate change was highest (0.77) for the upper part of the catchment, the mid- and lower parts of the catchment show a high SoVI of 0.72 each. The overall SoVI for the catchment is 0.73. The study re-emphasizes the high vulnerability level of dry areas to climate change. Moreover, it shows there is variability at micro-scale. There is a need to put appropriate measures to address the vulnerability of households to climate change in the semi-arid areas of West Africa. Factors aggravating dry land’s vulnerability towards climate change should be prevented with implementable policies. Furthermore, it is important to identify conditions that have made some areas less vulnerable to climate change, and then, we can work out the possibility of adapting such to the vulnerable places.  相似文献   

12.
Traditional ecological knowledge and local experience of resource management and the usefulness of plant species can make important contributions to attempts to understand forest ecosystems and to develop effective sustainable management strategies for them. Therefore, the utilization of tree species by local people, their perceptions of changes in the surrounding forests, and suggested solutions for associated problems, were studied in the Sissili province of southern Burkina Faso. Information was collected through a combination of participatory rural appraisals, household interviews, and observational methods. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the consumptive values of woody species and their respective parts. A total of 82 species were identified, 90% of them were used for medicinal purposes, 78% for fodder, 73% for food, 67% for house construction, and 58% for wood carving. This suggests that forests play a key role in sustaining the rural livelihood and contributing to poverty reduction. The various stakeholders perceived that vegetation clearing for cultivation of cash crops (agribusiness) was the main driver of the change in forest cover. Species reported to be declining in the area included Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Afzelia africana, Bombax costatum, Tamarindus indica, and Diospyros mespiliformis. Thus, a concerted effort should be made to manage the remaining natural forests in the country. Appropriate management strategies should be developed jointly by the local communities and external support groups to integrate the valuable local knowledge about forest species with the stakeholders’ suggestions in order to promote sustainable management of the region’s forest ecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
干旱灾害是对我国农业生产和生态环境影响最为严重的自然灾害之一,研究干旱的时空变化特征对干旱的评估、预测有重要的指导意义。研究基于VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)模型模拟的50km分辨率的逐日土壤含水量数据,计算土壤含水量距平指数(SMAPI)并分析了长江流域上游1953~2013年历史干旱事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)VIC模型能较好的模拟出1980~2000年长江流域上游出口宜昌断面的流量过程;(2)SMAPI指数能够反映长江流域上游实际干旱的发生、发展过程和严重程度,能够较好地再现历史干旱情形;(3)通过研究长江流域上游的干旱历时 面积 强度关系发现,干旱历时一定时,随着干旱面积的增加,干旱强度总体呈增强的趋势。研究结果对于深入认识长江流域上游历史干旱长期演变特征和增强区域防旱抗旱能力具有一定的理论和实用价值。 关键词: VIC模型;土壤含水量距平指数;时空特征;长江上游  相似文献   

14.
汉江流域1961~2018年多尺度气象干旱时空演变特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
干旱是一种最常见的自然灾害,随着人类活动和气候变化的加剧,干旱事件的发生愈发频繁,对人类的生产生活产生了巨大影响.基于1961~2018年汉江流域0.25°×0.25°格点降水资料,选用标准化降水指数(SPI)定量分析了汉江流域的月尺度、季尺度、年尺度气象干旱的干旱趋势、干旱频率及干旱强度,揭示了汉江流域气象干旱发生的时空演变特征.结果表明:(1)SPI值能较好的反映汉江流域气象干旱变化特征,随着时间尺度的增加,SPI值波动幅度减小,稳定性增强.月、季、年尺度SPI序列的突变年份分别为1980、1988、1994年,季尺度和年尺度SPI序列分别表现出2和4年的显著周期性特征.(2)汉江流域自20世纪90年代以来呈现中部地区干旱化、东部和西部地区湿润化的趋势,干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,干旱强度呈现中部高,东西低的特征.其中丹江口水库附近区域和唐白河下游段呈显著干旱化趋势,丹江口以上区域干旱频率最高,干旱强度最大,轻旱、中旱事件频发.(3)各地区的季节性气象干旱特征具有一定差异性.丹江口以下地区秋旱趋势最显著,唐白河地区夏旱发生频率最高,且以轻旱、中旱事件为主,丹江口以上地区秋旱强度最高.  相似文献   

15.
通过收集和整理1644~1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害历史文献资料,利用受灾县次划分旱涝等级法重建268a来的旱涝等级序列。并运用滑动平均、累积距平、EEMD、IDW等方法分析旱涝序列的时空特征。结果表明:清代1644~1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害频发,且涝灾的频次略多于旱灾,可以将1644~1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害划分为3个偏旱期和2个偏涝期,旱涝变化存在年际(准2 a、准5 a)、年代际(准10 a、准24 a和准54 a)和准世纪际(准134 a)上的3类变化周期。清代珠江流域旱涝灾害的受灾县次比在空间上存在明显的差异性,总体上洪涝灾害多于干旱灾害。珠江流域各府(州)的干旱灾害空间分布不均匀,整体上由东向西递减,洪涝灾害的频次空间分布上具有区域相连性,主要集中广东、江西两省以及云南省中部地区。  相似文献   

16.
Transhumant pastoralism is one of the dominant livestock production systems in West Africa, and it is characterized by seasonal and cyclical movement of varying degrees between complementary ecological areas. The common pattern of transhumance is moving herds from areas with pasture and water scarcity such as the Sahelian zone to areas where the forage and water are found, often in the sub-humid zone. Whereas the transhumant herds from the Sahel are mainly Zebu breeds, endemic ruminant livestock (ERL) are the dominant breeds in sub-humid zone of West Africa because of their tolerance to tsetse-borne trypanosomosis disease. These livestock fulfill different functions in the livelihood of rural communities in the region. To identify potential areas of interventions for sustainable natural resource management to improve ERL productivity, a desk study that included spatial mapping was performed to review and document the existing knowledge on transhumance in West Africa. Additionally, group discussions were held to analyze the (actual or potential) effects of transhumant herds on natural resource management and ERL in the sub-humid zone. This study covered sub-humid zone in The Gambia, Guinea, Mali and Senegal. The key question we addressed in this study was as follows: What are the key trends and changes in transhumant pastoralism and how do these impact sustainable management of natural resources including endemic livestock? The results of the desk study and group discussions showed that there have been more southerly movements by transhumant pastoralists into the sub-humid zone over the past three decades and this has contributed to growing competition for grazing resources. The presence of transhumant herds in the sub-humid zone has a potential impact on management and conservation of ERL through crossbreeding with transhumant Zebu breeds from the Sahel but only study sites in Mali showed a high risk.  相似文献   

17.
基于MODIS-EVI和CI的洞庭湖流域植被指数对气象干旱的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于洞庭湖流域2000~2012年98个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数(CI)和MODIS增强型植被指数(EVI)数据,对研究时段内生长季干旱强度和EVI时空变化特征,典型春、夏、秋季干旱年月和湿润年月干旱强度和EVI的空间分布及相关性进行分析,旨在研究EVI指数能否反映大范围气象干旱事件,探讨该指数作为流域干湿状况度量标准的潜力。结果表明:(1)在年际变化上,EVI在2001、2005、2009年出现低谷值,与其对应年份的干旱强度出现高峰值;在季节变化上,干旱强度的高值段主要集中在夏秋季,低值段主要集中在冬春季;夏季EVI值最大,冬季EVI值最小;(2)去除年际变化和季节性影响的生长季干旱强度、EVI和森林覆盖率年际波动变化明显,并且干旱强度高峰值的年份对应EVI和森林覆盖率出现低值的年份;(3)典型干旱年月干旱强度高值区的空间分布与EVI距平低值区的空间分布存在高度一致性,其中夏、秋季干旱年月的干旱强度和EVI的相关系数分别通过了0.01、0.1的显著性水平检验;(4)除部分地区外,典型春夏秋季湿润年月的干旱强度空间分布与EVI距平的空间分布对应较差,两者的相关系数未通过显著性检验。上述结果表明,在典型干旱年月,流域植被的生长状况能够响应大范围的区域气象干旱情况。  相似文献   

18.
This study compared the use of different land use classes and major foraging activities of pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock in the southern Sahelian, northern and southern Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso by monitoring three herds each of cattle, goats and sheep in three village territories during a 1-year cycle. Grazing routes were tracked using a Global Positioning System; coordinates logged every 10 s were overlaid on maps from where time and activity allocated to different land use classes were derived. Results indicate that daily distance travelled by cattle and goat herds was similar across agro-ecological zones (AEZs; p ≥ 0.05), whereas sheep travelled shorter distances in the southern Sudanian zone than in the two more northern zones (p ≤ 0.05). Daily pasturing time of cattle and sheep was longer (p ≤ 0.05) in the southern Sahelian and northern Sudanian zone than in the southern Sudanian zone. For goats, no significant difference was found between the two Sudanian zones, where their pasturing time was shorter than in the southern Sahelian zone. Except resting for cattle, browsing for goats and walking for sheep, time spent on different foraging activities by each species was similar across AEZs. Main areas for feeding across AEZs and species were degraded lands, fallows and harvested crop fields, as well as shrub and tree savannahs in the two Sudanian zones. To safeguard the nutrition of grazing livestock herds, interventions should focus on conserving still-existing pasture lands and regional livestock migration corridors to enable use of the remaining, often highly dispersed, pasture resources.  相似文献   

19.
水资源脆弱性分析是确立区域水资源问题和调控水安全的重要环节。雅鲁藏布江流域水资源丰富,但时空分布不均,洪旱灾害频发、经济欠发达,导致水资源脆弱性明显。基于1965~2014年的气象月尺度数据,分析流域降水分布特征、确定其干湿分区;采用标准化降水指数认识流域洪旱灾害时空分布状况,并从洪旱灾害及沙漠化、供用水及用水效益、调控能力3个方面构建流域水资源脆弱性指标评价体系,运用熵权法分析时空差异特征。结果表明:(1)流域多年平均降水量458 mm,空间上从西北向东南方向递增,上游日喀则市大部、中游拉萨市和山南地区属于中等干旱区,下游林芝市为湿润区;(2)流域内4区/市均易发生春旱和盛夏洪涝,干旱灾害发生率高于洪涝灾害发生率,拉萨市和林芝市易发生干旱重灾,山南地区易发生洪涝重灾;(3)流域及4区/市在2005~2014年间水资源脆弱性均呈下降趋势,山南地区、林芝市的降幅大于日喀则市、拉萨市;(4)流域水资源脆弱性的主导因子为干旱、洪涝、用水效益、管理能力、地区生产总值。流域水资源脆弱性特征为由洪旱灾害主导、调控能力弱、水资源利用效率低。  相似文献   

20.
Environment, Development and Sustainability - Mangroves are one of the most threatened ecosystems globally. Likewise, they benefit many restoration efforts. However, these efforts have often...  相似文献   

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