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1.
A state-of-the-art characterization of a hazardous waste site provides significant benefits over a conventional program because it defines the hydrogeologic framework that governs contaminant transport, rather than merely confirming the existence of contamination State-of-the-art programs are commonly believed to be substantially more expensive than conventional programs. Such is not the case, however, for properly planned investigations Indeed, a state-of-the-art program can be substantially cheaper than a conventional one in some circumstances Costs remain comparable even under conditions unfavorable to the comparison These conclusions are illustrated by examples of field activities conducted at a variety of study sites.Publication No. 3360, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL.Operated by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under contract DE-AC05-840R21400 with the US Department of Energy. 相似文献
2.
Illinois has been operating an ambient water quality network of almost 600 stations for several years. In 1977 changes in program emphasis toward intensive monitoring, the need for improved procedures and quality control in monitoring operations, and the desire to create a single data base of all Illinois State monitoring data, resulted in a redesign of the ambient monitoring program.A unique cooperative program between the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and the US Geological Survey provides for their monitoring a portion of the network. The Survey provides flow data at most network stations as well as extensive manpower training, equipment, data processing, and program quality control. Informal agreements with other agencies have permitted a great reduction in the monitoring effort required by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
3.
George R. Holdren Jr. Timothy C. Strickland Bernard J. Cosby David Marmorek David Bernard Robert Santore Charles T. Driscoll Linda Pardo Carolyn Hunsaker Robert S. Turner John Aber 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):355-363
The critical loads approach is emerging as an attractive means for evaluating the effects of atmospheric deposition on sensitive
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Various approaches are available for modeling ecosystem responses to deposition and for
estimating critical load values. These approaches include empirical and statistical relationships, steady-state and simple
process models, and integrated-effects models. For any given ecosystem, the most technically sophisticated approach will not
necessarily be the most appropriate for all applications; identification of the most useful approach depends upon the degree
of accuracy needed and upon data and computational requirements, biogeochemical processes being modeled, approaches used for
representing model results on regional bases, and desired degree of spatial and temporal resolution. Different approaches
are characterized by different levels of uncertainty. If the limitations of individual approaches are known, the user can
determine whether an approach provides a reasonable basis for decision making. Several options, including point maps, grid
maps, and ecoregional maps, are available for presenting model results in a regional context. These are discussed using hypothetical
examples for choosing populations and damage limits.
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the U.S. Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3904. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
4.
Malcolm J. R. Clark Paul H. Whitfield 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(1):119-130
ABSTRACT: A model of comprehensive environmental monitoring process with integral quality assurance is presented. This model views the monitoring process as iterative cycles of a series of elements: design, plan, protocols, preparation, field liaison, sample collection, sample handling, laboratory analysis, data transmission, data validation, data approval, data provision, statistical analysis, and reporting. Quality assurance is linked to each element, not just to laboratory analysis. The program of quality assurance ensures that environmental monitoring data are compatible with the project goals, are comparable between various sampling agencies, and maintain a high degree of scientific credibility. The key characteristics of the overall quality assurance process are detailed documentation, timely resolution of problems, regular reporting, and routine independent audits. 相似文献
5.
Peterson MJ 《Environmental management》2011,47(6):1005-1009
This paper provides an introduction to a long-term biological monitoring program and the Environmental Management special
issue titled Long-term Biological Monitoring of an Impaired Stream: Implications for Environmental Management. The Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program, or BMAP, was implemented to assess biological impairment downstream of
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, beginning in 1985. Several of the unique aspects of the
program include its long-term consistent sampling, a focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific facility abatement
and remedial actions, and the use of quantitative sampling protocols using a multidisciplinary approach. This paper describes
the need and importance of long-term watershed-based biological monitoring strategies, in particular for addressing long-term
stewardship goals at DOE sites, and provides a summary of the BMAP’s objectives, spatial and temporal extent, and overall
focus. The primary components of the biological monitoring program for East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee are
introduced, as are the additional 9 papers in this Environmental Management special issue. 相似文献
6.
David Alexander Frances Sharples Annetta Watson Fred J. Brenner 《Environmental management》1990,14(3):411-414
Frances Sharples is a terrestrial ecologist in the Environmental Sciences Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, operated by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with the US Department
of Energy. Publication No. 3413, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL. 相似文献
7.
Frances Sharples Fred J. Brenner Bruce Piasecki Arthur J. Stewart Helga Van Miegroet 《Environmental management》1990,14(2):279-285
Frances Sharples is a terrestrial ecologist in the Environmental Science Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, operated by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with the US Department
of Energy. Publication No. 3413, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL. 相似文献
8.
Carolyn Hunsaker Robin Graham Robert S. Turner Paul L. Ringold George R. Holdren Jr. Timothy C. Strickland 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):335-341
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, with support from the US Department of Energy and the National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration, has been evaluating the feasibility of an effects-based (critical loads) approach to atmospheric
pollutant regulation and abatement. The rationale used to develop three of the six steps in a flexible assessment framework
(Strickland and others, 1992) is presented along with a discussion of a variety of implementation approaches and their ramifications.
The rationale proposes that it is necessary to provide an explicit statement of the condition of the resource that is considered
valuable (assessment end point) because: (1) individual ecosystem components may be more or less sensitive to deposition,
(2) it is necessary to select indicators of ecosystem condition that can be objectively measured and that reflect changes
in the quality of the assessment end point, and (3) acceptable status (i.e., value of indicator and quality of assessment
end point at critical load) must be defined. The rationale also stresses the importance of defining the assessment regions
and subregions to improve the analysis and understanding of the indicator response to deposition. Subregional definition can
be based on a variety of criteria, including informed judgment or quantitative procedures. It also depends on the geographic
scale at which exposure and effects models are accurate and on data availability, resolution, and quality.
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the US Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3903. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
9.
Richard B. Mclean John J. Beauchamp Victor E. Kane Paul T. Singley 《Environmental management》1982,6(5):431-439
A model is presented that allows testing of hypotheses concerning the effects of temperature and change in temperature on impingement. The model is evaluated using data from the Tennessee Valley Authority's Kingston Steam Plant, Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee, USA for two fish species impinged in large numbers in the United States: threadfin and gizzard shad,Dorosoma petenense andD. cepedianum. Hydrographic characteristics near the intake screens were mapped to help explain the possible role of hydrography in distributing fish across the screens. Understanding the role of temperature and hydrography in impingement of fish provides a basis for new intake designs that may reduce impingement and helps in the development of methods to reduce impingement at existing facilities. The temperature modeling approach and conclusions about hydrographic effects might be applied to other systems in which cold-stressed schooling fish are impinged.Research sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-26 with Union Carbide Corporation.Publication No. 1872, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL. 相似文献
10.
Bruce Hicks Robert McMillen Robert S. Turner George R. Holdren Jr Timothy C. Strickland 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):343-353
Methods are discussed for describing patterns of current wet and dry deposition under various scenarios. It is proposed that
total deposition data across an area of interest are the most relevant in the context of critical loads of acidic deposition,
and that the total (i.e., wet plus dry) deposition will vary greatly with the location, the season, and the characteristics
of individual subregions. Wet and dry deposition are proposed to differ in such fundamental ways that they must be considered
separately. Both wet and dry deposition rates are controlled by the presence of the chemical species in question in the air
(at altitudes of typically several kilometers in the case of wet deposition, and in air near the surface for dry). The great
differences in the processes involved lead to the conclusion that it is better to measure wet and dry deposition separately
and combine these quantifications to produce “total deposition” estimates than to attempt to derive total deposition directly.
A number of options for making estimates of total deposition to be used in critical loads assessment scenarios are discussed
for wet deposition (buckets and source receptor models) and for dry deposition (throughfall, micrometeorology, surrogate surfaces
and collection vessels, inference from concentrations, dry-wet ratios, and source-receptor models).
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the U.S. Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3905. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
11.
The long-term ecological recovery of an impaired stream in response to an industrial facility’s pollution abatement actions
and the implications of the biological monitoring effort to environmental management is the subject of this special issue
of Environmental Management. This final article focuses on the synthesis of the biological monitoring program’s components and methods, the efficacy
of various biological monitoring techniques to environmental management, and the lessons learned from the program that might
be applicable to the design and application of other programs. The focus of the 25-year program has been on East Fork Poplar
Creek, an ecologically impaired stream in Oak Ridge, Tennessee with varied and complex stressors from a Department of Energy
facility in its headwaters. Major components of the long-term program included testing and monitoring of invertebrate and
fish toxicity, bioindicators of fish health, fish contaminant accumulation, and instream communities (including periphyton,
benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish). Key parallel components of the program include water chemistry sampling and data management.
Multiple lines of evidence suggested positive ecological responses during three major pollution abatement periods. Based on
this case study and the related literature, effective environmental management of impaired streams starts with program design
that is consistent across space and time, but also adaptable to changing conditions. The biological monitoring approaches
used for the program provided a strong basis for assessments of recovery from remedial actions, and the likely causes of impairment.
This case study provides a unique application of multidisciplinary and quantitative techniques to address multiple and complex
regulatory and programmatic goals, environmental stressors, and remedial actions. 相似文献
12.
Fridtjof Unander 《Natural resources forum》2005,29(4):377-391
The International Energy Agency (IEA), together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN‐DESA, Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency, has recently published a comprehensive joint‐agency overview of energy indicators for sustainable development. The IEA's contribution to this publication is based on the IEA energy indicator approach. This approach has been developed and used by the IEA over a number of years. The indicators advocated by the IEA are relatively disaggregated to allow for meaningful analysis of sustainability issues in the energy sector. Using a decomposition approach helps reveal the causal links between human/economic driving forces, energy use and emissions. This article presents examples of IEA's work with indicators and an overview of the methodology used, including an explanation of the link to sustainable development. It also provides an example of a simplified indicator analysis of India, to illustrate the importance of improved data systems in developing indicators that can provide meaningful policy analysis. 相似文献
13.
J. B. Harcum Jim C. Loftis Robert C. Ward 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(3):469-478
ABSTRACT: The use of nonparametric tests for monotonic trend has flourished in recent years to support routine water quality data analyses. The validity of an assumption of independent, identically distributed error terms is an important concern in selecting the appropriate nonparametric test, as is the presence of missing values. Decision rules are needed for choosing between alternative tests and for deciding whether and how to pre-process data before trend testing. Several data pre-processing procedures in conjunction with the Mann-Kendall tau and the Seasonal Kendall test (with and without serial correlation correction) are evaluated using synthetic time series with generated serial correlation and missing data. A composite test (pre-testing for serial correlation followed by one of two trend tests) is evaluated and was found to perform satisfactorily. 相似文献
14.
Charles R. Malone 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):25-32
The US Department of Energy (DOE) plans to conduct site characterization studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, to determine if
the location is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. In lieu of traditional environmental review in accordance
with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the DOE is relying on an environmental assessment (EA) mandated by the
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 as the cornerstone of its environmental program for the Yucca Mountain Project. Because of
statutory restrictions, the EA is not based on comprehensive baseline information. Neither does it address fundamentals of
environmental analysis such as ecological integrity and assessment of cumulative impacts. Consequently, the present environmental
program for Yucca Mountain reflects decisions made without complete information and integrated environmental review. The shortcomings
of the program risk compromising the natural integrity of Yucca Mountain and invalidating future assessment of the ability
of a nuclear waste repository located at the site to protect the environment. Significant improvements are needed in the repository
siting program before it can serve as a model of how society can evaluate the long-term environmental consequences of advanced
technologies, as has been suggested. 相似文献
15.
Over the past decade the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states have partnered in developing a web-based
information sharing initiative that provides state environmental agencies easy access to federal environmental monitoring
data and to the environmental data of other states, and gives the EPA access to data from state sources. The Environmental
Information Exchange Network (EIEN) has established basic data exchange nodes in each of the states. Using multiple regression
analysis we investigate the factors that account for the number and development stage of the data exchanges in which the states
participate as of 2009. Overall, we find that administrative factors, especially the EPA’s grant program, are more important
than political or environmental conditions. Participation in the exchanges is important not only as a way to reduce costs
for data reporting and communication, but also as a precursor to greater eventual interstate environmental collaboration.
Though clear evidence of a transition to collaboration is not yet seen here, there are some indications it may emerge in time. 相似文献
16.
Cláudia Andrade Maria Luísa Lima Ferdinando Fornara Marino Bonaiuto 《Journal of environmental psychology》2012
Environmental Quality Perception (EQP) is an important construct used to help to understand the relationship between people and the hospital environment. From a patient-centered care perspective, it is important that hospital design take into account the patients' (and other users') point of view. This paper presents the adaptation and validation of a measure of hospital EQP, the Perceived Hospital Environment Quality Indicators (PHEQIs; Fornara, Bonaiuto, & Bonnes, 2006), and seeks to confirm the factor structure of this construct in a different cultural context. Three scales, two focusing on physical environments and one evaluating the social environment, were completed by 562 users of four orthopedic units in Portuguese hospitals, two older and two recently built or renovated. To assess criterion validity, hospital physical environments were also objectively evaluated by two architects. Using a confirmatory factor analysis the three validation procedures produced acceptable fit indices in the final measurement models. Overall reliability values were satisfactory, as was the evidence for criterion validity. PHEQIs scales and factors correlated with global evaluation of the environment, supporting concurrent criterion validity; and predictive criterion validity was demonstrated given that users of older and newer hospitals differed significantly on the perception of quality of hospital EQP, and that high congruence between users' and experts' evaluations was found. Discriminant construct validity was supported, and some difficulties in showing convergent validity are discussed in terms of item formulation adequacy. Implications for research and practice are described. 相似文献
17.
我国环境污染日益严重,政府加大环境保护力度势在必行,科学、有效的环境管理对保护环境、提高环境质量起着重要的作用。环境技术进步是环境管理有效且持久的驱动力,但是,环境技术进步的测度方法一直未能实现普适性。本文首先综述了技术进步对改善环境质量的重要性,在此基础上,阐述了各学者对技术进步和偏向型技术进步测量方法的探究。然后介绍了大数据在环境管理中的应用,在其应用经验的基础上,将其引入环境技术测度领域。大数据在该领域的应用为环境偏向型技术进步的测度提供了新的契机,同时,大数据的应用也增加了研究的困难性。最后,基于偏向型技术进步之间的矛盾,提出最优环境技术的理念。通过利用大数据,可以合理测度偏向型技术进步,实现生产偏向型技术进步和环境偏向型技术进步的合理配比,找出可以兼顾高产出和低污染物排放量的最优偏向型技术进步模式。并进一步结合各区域的差异性和关联性,能够测算出区域最优偏向型技术进步模式,找到有效的环境管理方式,为环境管理者与政策制定者提供合理参考。 相似文献
18.
Charles A. Whitehurst Elvin J. Dantin Donald Harang 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1975,11(4):734-750
ABSTRACT: The Louisiana Environmental Management System (LEMS) is a data processing program developed to aid the Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Environmental Quality in decisions leading to resources legislation. Serving as a central data collection and retrieval point for various agencies, the LEMS will maintain assembled information on the location of monitoring stations and coordinate the files of user agencies with data on: land use; air and water quality; meteorological, climatological, and hydrological phenomena; vegetation; fish and wildlife conservation; population; and economics. This data is geographically stored in relation to the state plane coordinate system. For decision making, all pertinent hydrologic, topographic, engineering, cadastral, and other information from separate sources can be automatically mapped as a combined overlay to one of three chosen scales. Land-use patterns are the input data for iterative analyses of present conditions and simulated future human activities for assessing the environmental impact of proposed multiple-purpose water resource developments. 相似文献
19.
Recent studies have questioned the ability of the Department of Energy to successfully construct and operate a high-level
nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, consistent with current Environmental Protection Agency standards
and Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations. Questions focus on whether demonstration of compliance with the agency's standards
is based too much on numerical calculations and analyses that the Department of Energy must conduct to project the long-term
performance of the repository. Unless these questions are resolved, the licensing of the repository could be withheld or delayed
by litigation. This article reviews the extent to which laws that govern the siting of high-level nuclear waste repositories
require scientific certainty in any findings about the environmental consequences of locating a repository. 相似文献
20.
Penelope Hansen 《环境质量管理》2001,11(2):15-28
The Environmental Technology Verification Program (ETV) was started by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in October 1995 to generate independent and credible data on the performance of innovative technologies that have the potential to improve protection of public health and the environment. The purpose of this program is to help organizations, industries, businesses, states, communities, and individuals make better‐informed decisions when selecting new environmental technologies. The program has now been in existence for six years and the following article presents, for the first time, the results achieved to date and the program's future operating plans. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献