Developing a new fuzzy inference system for pipeline risk assessment

The problem of less and/or even lack of information and uncertainty in modeling and decision making plays a key role in many engineering problems; so that, it results in designers and engineers could not reach to sure solutions for the problems under consideration. In this paper, an application of the fuzzy logic for modeling the uncertainty involved in the problem of pipeline risk assessment is developed. For achieving the aim, relative risk score (RRS) methodology, one of the most popular techniques in pipeline risk assessment, is integrated with fuzzy logic. The proposed model is performed on fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB^® using Mamdani algorithm based on experts' knowledge. A typical case study is implemented and a comparison between the classical risk assessment approach and the proposed model is made. The results demonstrate that the proposed model provides more accurate, precise, sure results; so that, it can be taken into account as an intelligent risk assessment tool in different engineering problems.     

Uncertainty aspects in process safety analysis

Uncertainties of input data as well as of simulation models used in process safety analysis (PSA) are key issues in the application of risk analysis results. Mostly, it is connected with an incomplete and uncertain identification of representative accident scenario (RAS) and other vague and ambiguous information required for the assessment of particular elements of risk, especially for determination of frequency as well as severity of the consequences of RAS. The authors discuss and present the sources and types of uncertainties encountered in PSA and also methods to deal with them. There are different approaches to improve such analysis including sensitivity analysis, expert method, statistics and fuzzy logic. Statistical approach uses probability distribution of the input data and fuzzy logic approach uses fuzzy sets. This paper undertakes the fuzzy approach and presents a proposal for fuzzy risk assessment. It consists of a combination of traditional part, where methods within the process hazard analysis (PHA) are used, and “fuzzy part”, applied quantitatively, where fuzzy logic system (FLS) is involved. It concerns frequency, severity of the consequences of RAS and risk evaluation. In addition, a new element called risk correction index (RCI) is introduced to take into account uncertainty concerned with the identification of RAS. The preliminary tests confirmed that the final results on risk index are more precisely and realistically determined.     

Fuzzy risk modeling of process operations in the oil and gas refineries

Operating several assets has resulted in more complexity and so occurrence of some major accidents in the refining industries. The process operations risk factors including failure frequency and the consequence components like employees' safety and environment impacts, operation downtime, direct and indirect cost of operations and maintenance, and mean time to repair should be considered in the analysis of these major accidents in any refinery. Considering all of these factors, the risk based maintenance (RBM) as a proper risk assessment methodology minimizes the risk resulting from asset failures. But, one of the main engineering problems in risk modeling of the complex industries like refineries is uncertainty due to the lack of information. This paper proposes a model for the risk of the process operations in the oil and gas refineries. The fuzzy logic system (FLS) was proposed for risk modeling. The merit of using fuzzy model is to overcome the uncertainty of the RBM components. This approach also can be accounted as a benchmark for future failures. A unified risk number would be obtained to show how the criticality of units is. The case study of a gas plant in an oil refinery is performed to illustrate the application of the proposed model and a comparison between the results of both traditional RBM and fuzzy method is made.For the case study, 26 asset failures were identified. The fuzzy risk results show that 3 failures have semi-critical level and other 23 failures are non-critical. In both traditional and fuzzy RBM methods, some condenser failures had the highest risk number and some pumps were prioritized to have the lowest risk level. The unit with unified risk number less than 40 is in the non-critical conditions. Proposed methodology is also applicable to other industries dealing with process operations risks.     

油气储运设施事故风险指数模糊逻辑评估方法

油气储运设施风险是其事故发生概率和事故后果的综合度量,而事故概率和后果的定量评估结果往往是具有不确定性的数据,以确定性风险评估准则为基础的传统风险矩阵法和风险值法显然难以评估油气储运设施风险。为此提出开展油气储运设施事故风险的模糊逻辑推理法,首先,对风险矩阵的概率语言等级和损失语言等级的边界进行定量划分;然后,建立油气储运设施风险矩阵模糊集和模糊逻辑推理规则;最后,通过风险模糊推理运算和模糊风险解模糊化以确定油气储运设施的风险水平。实例应用与分析表明,利用推荐方法可得到较为详尽的风险数据信息,不但风险指数更加清晰,而且其所属风险等级类别也更加明确,评估结果能更好地指导油气储运设施的风险管理。     

关联交叉口交通流模糊变权重组合预测方法

针对单一交通流预测方法存在的局限性和传统交通流组合预测模型中权重不能动态变化的问题,提出一种关联交叉口交通流模糊变权重组合预测方法。先对交叉口交通流的关联性进行分析,并给出关联交叉口的定义;再建立关联交叉口交通流模糊自适应变权重组合预测模型,该模型分别利用Kalman滤波器模型与SVM模型来预测关联交叉口交通流量,然后根据这2个模型预测的误差和交通量的变化趋势,采用模糊逻辑推理方法,对这2个预测模型分别赋予适当的权重。试验结果表明,组合预测模型的最大绝对误差、平均绝对误差和相关系数均明显好于单一的预测方法,分别为9.8%、4.63%和0.99。     

基于可能-概率测度转换的危险品运输风险分析

为解决不确定环境下的风险分析问题,针对危险货物运输中风险参数具有不确定性、随机性和模糊性的特点,建立基于概率测度-可能性测度转换原则和模糊逻辑的危险货物运输风险分析方法。首先对具有模糊性的参数直接建立模糊数,对具有随机性的参数建立随机数;接着依据概率测度向可能性测度转换的最优原则,将随机数转换为模糊数;然后根据模糊运算法则进行风险计算和分析。最后通过一个算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。结果表明,提出的方法能处理随机和模糊环境下的风险分析问题,能为风险分析尽可能多地保留不确定性信息,尽可能少地丢失有用信息。     

动态主逻辑图--一种改进的安全风险建模方法

用主逻辑图,可以比较直观地建立起复杂系统的安全风险模型,但是这种模型运用的是布尔代数理论,所以无法模拟具有动态行为的系统.动态主逻辑图就是在主逻辑图的基础上,运用模糊数学（逻辑）的理论,分析复杂系统中的动态行为.介绍了动态主逻辑图的8种基本形态,并以利用动态主逻辑图对系统进行全面诊断和描述系统的部分失效的行为为例,简要说明了动态主逻辑图的新特点.     

Fuzzy logic for piping risk assessment (pfLOPA)

This paper explores the application of the fuzzy logic for risk assessment of major hazards connected with transportation of flammable substances in long pipelines. As a basis for risk assessment, the framework of the fuzzy Layer of Protection Analysis (fLOPA) was used. fLOPA presents a new approach to risk assessment based on two assumptions: 1. different effects of the layer of protection functions on particular elements of the risks (frequency and severity of consequence), and 2. the application of fuzzy logic system (FLS) composed of three elements: fuzzification, inference process and defuzzification. A further calculation follows LOPA methodology with the use of fuzzy logic system where fuzzy risk matrix is used for risk assessment. A typical case study comprising section of a long pipeline failure is performed and a comparison between the classical LOPA approach and fuzzy approach is made.     

基于UHBs的输气管道高后果区泄漏燃爆事故分析

为探究输气管道高后果区中人的不安全行为（Unsafe Human Behaviors,UHBs）对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的影响,结合模糊Bow-tie模型和贝叶斯网络对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故进行分析。构建基于T-S模糊故障树的输气管道泄漏燃爆模糊Bow-tie模型,并转化为贝叶斯网络;从人的不安全行为发生的可能性出发,将不同等级高后果区划分为不同等级人口敏感区;利用专家经验评判法得到不同等级人口敏感区基本事件的先验概率和中间事件的条件概率表;运用贝叶斯网络双向推理算法求解模糊Bow-tie模型。结果表明:随着地区人口敏感等级的提高,输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的概率随之增大,发现导致输气管道失效泄漏事故发生的最主要原因为施工破坏,失效原因与EGIG分析的结果基本相符,验证该方法在高后果区输气管道泄漏燃爆事故分析上的可行性,可为输气管道高后果区的安全管理提供决策依据。     

Application of fuzzy logic to explosion risk assessment

Safety and health of workers potentially being at risk from explosive atmospheres are regulated by separate regulations (ANSI/AIHA in USA and ATEX in the European Union). The ANSI/AIHA does not require risk assessment whereas it is compulsory for ATEX. There is no standard method to do that assessment. For that purpose we have applied the explosion Layer of Protection Analysis (ExLOPA), which enables semi-quantitative risk assessment for process plants where explosive atmospheres occur. The ExLOPA is based on the original work of CCPS for LOPA taking into account an explosion accident scenario at workplace. That includes typical variables appropriate for workplace explosion like occurrence of the explosive atmosphere, the presence of effective ignition sources, activity of the explosion prevention and mitigation independent protection layers as well as the severity of consequences. All those variables are expressed in the form of qualitative linguistic categories and relations between them are presented using expert based engineering knowledge, expressed in the form of appropriate set of rules. In this way the category of explosion risk may be estimated by the semi-quantitative analysis. However, this simplified method is connected with essential uncertainties providing over or under estimation of the explosion risk and may not provide real output data.In order to overcome this problem and receive more detailed quantitative results, the fuzzy logic system was applied. In the first stage called fuzzification, all linguistic categories of the variables are mapped by fuzzy sets. In the second stage, the number of relation between all variables of analysis are determined by the enumerative combinatorics and the set of the 810 fuzzy rules “IF-THEN” is received. Each rule enables determination of the fuzzy risk level for a particular accident scenario. In the last stage, called defuzzification, the crisp value of final risk is obtained using a centroid method. The final result of the risk presents a contribution of each risk category represented by the fuzzy sets (A, TA, TNA and NA) and is therefore more precise and readable than the traditional approach producing one category of risk only. Fuzzy logic gives a possibility of better insights into hazards and safety phenomena for each explosion risk scenario. It is not possible to receive such conclusions from the traditional ExLOPA calculation results. However it requires the application of computer-aided analyses which may be partially in conflict with a simplicity of ExLOPA.The practical example provides a comparison between the traditional results obtained by ExLOPA and by fuzzy ExLOPA methods.     

重大危险设备的确定及其失效后果严重度分析

采用火灾、爆炸危险指数(F&EI)方法对石化设备的危险性进行评价,根据计算设备的危险指数值来确定其是否为重大危险设备;应用模糊综合评价方法对石化装置失效后果严重程度进行综合评价研究,建立了石化装置失效后果严重程度的综合评价指标体系;采用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法计算评价因素的权重,运用模糊综合评判理论,提出失效后果严重度的二级模糊综合评价方法,实现对其失效后果严重度的综合评判。实例表明:模糊综合评价方法可操作性强、效果较好,可在石化装置失效后果严重度评价中广泛应用。     

Fuzzy logic-based approach for identifying the risk importance of human error

In the system reliability and safety assessment, the focuses are not only the risks caused by hardware or software, but also the risks caused by “human error”. There are uncertainties in the traditional human error risk assessment (e.g. HECA) due to the uncertainties and imprecisions in Human Error Probability (HEP), Error-Effect Probability (EEP) and Error Consequence Severity (ECS). While fuzzy logic can deal with uncertainty and imprecision. It is an efficient tool for solving problems where knowledge uncertainty may occur. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new Fuzzy Human Error Risk Assessment Methodology (FHERAM) for determining Human Error Risk Importance (HERI) as a function of HEP, EEP and ECS. The modeling technique is based on the concept of fuzzy logic, which offers a convenient way of representing the relationships between the inputs (i.e. HEP, EEP, and ECS) and outputs (i.e. HERI) of a risk assessment system in the form of IF–THEN rules. It is implemented on fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB using Mamdani techniques. A case example is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. Results show that the method is more realistic than the traditional ones, and it is practicable and valuable.     

SPA–fuzzy method based real-time risk assessment for major hazard installations storing flammable gas

For monitoring and control of major hazard installations storing flammable gas, the risk based warning/early-warning is very important. A set-pair analysis (SPA) based fuzzy assessment method (SPA–fuzzy) is proposed for the real-time risk assessment in this paper. Based on principle of SPA and fuzzy logic theory, the likelihood of accident occurrence and the consequence of the accident can be assessed, and the risk value or risk degree can be evaluated. The method takes advantage of the data acquired from the real-time safety monitoring system, so that the varying of the risk can be revealed during an accident developing. The risk assessment simulation of VCE accident caused by gas leaked from LPG tank is performed. It is shown that SPA–fuzzy method has the same risk value as that assessed by normal fuzzy method.     

基于模糊推理的FRAM事故定量分析方法研究

为有效克服FRAM事故分析中无法进行定量分析的缺陷,提出结合模糊推理技术的Fuzzy FRAM模型。此改进模型基于FRAM识别系统运行状态;依据功能输出要素的时间/精度属性利用Matlab构建2阶模糊推理系统量化功能输出质量;根据通用性能条件(CPC)及功能输入耦合端口构建功能评价体系,针对评价体系中存在的不确定性信息融合及建模问题,采用模糊证据推理技术,通过模糊信度结构建立、数据处理、信息融合测度后获得功能的风险指数;以既有铁路危险品运输事故为例,验证方法的可行性。结果表明:Fuzzy FRAM模型的评估结果较为精确,是FRAM分析方法的有效补充。     

基于SPA-VFRM的城市要害系统综合应急能力研究

为反映城市要害系统综合应急能力的发展现状及过程,在分析城市要害设施系统构成与面临的主要灾害类型基础上,提出从充分性、精确性、抵御性和及时性4个维度评价应急能力的思路,建立城市要害系统综合应急能力评估指标体系,并应用层次分析法与变异系数法确定指标综合权重,结合集对分析（SPA）与可变模糊识别模型（VFRM）构建城市要害系统综合应急能力的评价模型;运用该模型实证分析某市要害系统综合应急能力发展现状。实证表明:该市要害系统综合应急能力呈现“波浪式升高”的动态发展趋势,灾害抵御能力是构成综合应急能力的主要方面;3种方法的评价结果排序基本一致,表明该模型的评估结果稳健、可靠,能够有效反映城市要害系统综合应急能力发展情况。     

A fuzzy logic and probabilistic hybrid approach to quantify the uncertainty in layer of protection analysis

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a widely used semi-quantitative risk assessment method. It provides a simplified and less precise method to assess the effectiveness of protection layers and the residual risk of an incident scenario. The outcome failure frequency and consequence of that residual risk are intended to be conservative by prudently selecting input data, given that design specification and component manufacturer's data are often overly optimistic. There are many influencing factors, including design deficiencies, lack of layer independence, availability, human factors, wear by testing and maintenance shortcomings, which are not quantified and are dependent on type of process and location. This makes the risk in LOPA usually overestimated. Therefore, to make decisions for a cost-effective system, different sources and types of uncertainty in the LOPA model need to be identified and quantified. In this study, a fuzzy logic and probabilistic hybrid approach was developed to determine the mean and to quantify the uncertainty of frequency of an initiating event and the probabilities of failure on demand (PFD) of independent protection layers (IPLs). It is based on the available data and expert judgment. The method was applied to a distillation system with a capacity to distill 40 tons of flammable n-hexane. The outcome risk of the new method has been proven to be more precise compared to results from the conventional LOPA approach.     

基于主逻辑图的安全风险建模研究

概率风险评估已成为研究复杂系统安全风险较为成熟的方法 ,其风险模型的建立是基于故障树/事件树的 ,风险分析具有众多的静态特性。然而 ,大的复杂系统往往存在诸多动态因素 ,在风险研究需要考虑这些动态因素的情况下 ,基于传统故障树 /事件树的模型则难以提供支持。笔者对此进行了分析 ,提出了基于主逻辑图的安全风险建模 ;主要介绍了主逻辑图的概念及其建模方法 ,并对模型进行了分析 ;在此基础上 ,基于主逻辑图分析事故场景 ,对场景风险的量化评估进行了简要介绍 ,并结合某核反应堆例子进行了分析。     

基于新型综合集成法的矿井通风系统安全评价

矿井通风系统是一个复杂的多因素非线性系统,具有多变、随机和模糊的特点。应用传统的单一评价方法,缺乏系统性和科学性,很难全面地进行安全评价,为了更好地对矿井通风系统安全进行较为客观的定量评价,需要将一种新的综合集成评价方法运用到评价中。通过深入研究德尔斐法、层次分析法、灰色关聚类法以及模糊综合评判法的基本理论,将它们有机地结合起来建立了新型综合集成评价法。在此方法中,应用德尔斐法建立矿井通风系统安全的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定各评价指标间的权重,灰色聚类法则用来处理专家评分,对于结果的分析采用模糊综合评判法进行。将不同的理论用于不同的阶段,可以更加全面的考虑矿井通风系统的各种因素,使结果更加准确直观,符合实际。工程实例表明该方法具有较强的逻辑性、实用性和可靠性,为矿井通风系统的安全性提供科学依据。     

应急预案建模方法及其在石油化工行业的应用研究

针对如何解决应急预案的结构化存储和应用问题,在基于本体论的基础上,提出引入静态和动态元模型方法,建立应急预案模型.首先,分析了当前主要应急预案知识表示方法,指出在处理多组织协同、应急过程受条件约束等问题,需要区分静态和动态模型,降低建模复杂度.基于本体论,将应急预案分解为静态和动态两个部分,各部分采用为多视图的形式进行描述;在此基础上,给出了构建应急预案模型的构建方法.最后,以加氢裂化装置的灭火预案为例,进行了建模.该方法的提出,有效地解决了对应急预案中事件、过程、动作等要素之间复杂逻辑约束关系的建模问题.应用该建模方法,有助于对应急预案的结构化管理,便于通过计算机实现预案的模拟演练.     

基于MDI综合赋权的军航空管模糊物元安全评价

为了保证军航空管系统的运行安全,防患于未然,根据模糊物元分析理论,结合军航空管系统安全评价指标体系,提出了基于综合赋权的军航空管系统模糊物元安全评价模型。在该模型中,引入最小鉴别信息(MDI)原理对层次分析法和熵值法所确定的权重进行组合,实现评价指标的综合赋权,进而将计算得到的综合权重用于模糊物元建模及评价。实例分析结果表明,该模型步骤简单,过程科学合理,并兼顾了主客观因素的影响,评价结果总体反映了军航空管系统的真实安全水平,也为军航空管安全的科学评价提供了新思路。