新型TCAS吸附树脂对水中Cd^2＋的吸附去除研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃（TCAS）与树脂结合的产物——新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd^2＋的吸附去除性能,并初步探讨了吸附机理。试验研究结果表明,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd^2＋的饱和吸附量为14．45mg/g。当温度为20℃,0．5gTCAS吸附树脂对10mL浓度为5113g／L的Cd^2＋溶液吸附60min时,Cd^2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素,在pH=5—9时,Cd^2＋的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。在试验范围内,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd^2＋吸附符合Freundlich方程。吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd^2＋可洗脱回收,TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用。TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd^2＋的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd^2＋的络合作用。     

新型TCAS吸附树脂对水中Cd2+的吸附去除研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃（TCAS）与树脂结合的产物——新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附去除性能,并初步探讨了吸附机理。试验研究结果表明,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd²⁺的饱和吸附量为14.45 mg/g。当温度为20℃,0.5 g TCAS吸附树脂对10 mL浓度为5 mg/L的Cd²⁺溶液吸附60 min时, Cd²⁺的去除率可达到99%以上。pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素,在pH=5～9时,Cd²⁺的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。在试验范围内,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd²⁺吸附符合Freundlich方程。吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd²⁺可洗脱回收,TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用。 TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd²⁺的络合作用。     

原位帽封材料对水体中Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)静态吸附

用无纺布包裹珊瑚和丙烯酸树脂制成帽封材料,将底泥中重金属离子原位固定的同时吸附水体中的重金属离子pb2和Cd2.通过红外光谱,电镜扫描和火焰原子吸收仪器来分析该帽封材料的吸附性能.通过改变pH值,吸附剂投放量来检测其吸附效果.结果表明,该帽封材料在pH等于5的时候,Cd2最大吸附量达到434.67 mg/g,pb2+最大吸附量达到524.27 mg/g.pH和吸附剂量保持不变,随着底物浓度增加吸附量也增加;电镜扫描图和红外光谱图表明,该材料能很好地吸附重金属离子.     

4A沸石对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的去除

采用静态吸附法以4A沸石为吸附剂研究其对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附特性,并探讨了影响吸附的环境因素。实验表明,在室温条件下,溶液pH5～6,4A沸石15 mg对10 mL复合污染溶液(Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+浓度分别为100 mg/L)吸附20 min时,对溶液中3种重金属的吸附去除率均可达99.8%以上。反应过程中4A沸石对3种重金属的吸附速率大小为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+。复合污染水体中4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Fre-undlich等温吸附方程,相关系数分别为0.9981、0.9901、0.9916和0.9638、0.9194、0.9689。经计算,4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的饱和吸附量分别为129.9 mg/g、107.5 mg/g和99.0 mg/g。4A沸石吸附重金属离子达到吸附平衡的时间较短,对溶液pH值的适应性较好。吸附后的4A沸石可以再生利用,对铅离子洗脱重复利用性较铜离子和镉离子强。     

一株抗Cd2+菌株的筛选及其吸附性能

Cd2+为一种毒性金属元素,为了实际解决污水中低浓度重金属污染,实现污水达标排放,通过12C6+重离子束辐照诱变技术筛选到一株耐受Cd2+的菌株C2,研究其对Cd2+的抗性和低浓度Cd2+的吸附性能表明,Cd2+浓度≤100 mg/L时,C2菌株可以生长繁殖,但随Cd2+浓度升高受到抑制;SEM分析表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,C2产生大量胞外产物与Cd2+形成络合物;吸附过程中菌粉表面空隙得到填充,形成凸起;红外光谱分析表明,吸附过程中的主要作用基团为醇羟基O—H键、氨基和酰胺基团;C2菌粉和固定化菌球都对Cd2+有较好的吸附能力,菌粉吸附效果比固定化菌球稍好;菌粉和固定化吸附剂的最佳吸附初始pH值为5~6.0,最佳投加量分别为1.0 g/L和10 g/L(实际含菌量为1.0 g/L);Cd2+浓度在2~20mg/L时,在最佳吸附条件下,菌粉和固定化吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附率均在90%左右;2种吸附剂吸附过程与Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型拟合最佳;热力学研究表明吸附反应均能自发进行。以上研究结果表明,C2菌粉和固定化吸附剂均可用于污水中低浓度Cd2+的去除。     

7种改性硅藻土对Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的吸附性能对比

首次系统地研究了硅藻土经热活化、锰氧化物、Mg(OH)2改性、聚丙烯酰胺、氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、微乳液和Cu2等7种方法改性后,在不同pH下对Cd2+、pb2+、Cu2+的吸附效果及其主要机理.在实验条件下,重金属吸附效果最佳的是锰氧化物和Mg(OH)2改性硅藻土.对于pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附,前者的最大吸附量分别为98、84和78 mg/g,后者是79、76和91 mg/g.SEM、BET、XRD、FTIR结果显示,这2种改性硅藻土的比表面积大大增加,且拥有更多能提高其吸附性能的Si-O-H基团.Mg(OH)2改性硅藻土对Cd2+吸附等温线研究表明,其符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.提供的改性方法和实验结果,为硅藻土处理水体重金属污染提供了新的技术手段和理论依据.     

表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上吸附行为的影响

以Cd2+为重金属代表,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TX-100)为表面活性剂代表,用实验模拟法研究了3种类型的表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,不同种类的表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上的吸附影响不同,SDBS对Cd2+的吸附影响可分为2个阶段,当SDBS初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加到2 600 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量从1.52 mg/g增至1.88 mg/g,增加了23.7%,随着SDBS初始浓度继续增加,Cd2+的吸附量开始下降,当SDBS初始质量浓度增至16 000 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量降低至0.34 mg/g;CPC主要通过在溶液中电离出CP+,CP+与Cd2+竞争沉积物表面的吸附位从而抑制Cd2+的吸附,当CPC初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加至16 000 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量从1.50 mg/g降低至0.52 mg/g;TX-100能轻微抑制Cd2+在沉积物上的吸附,当TX-100初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加到16 000 mg/L时,Cd2+吸附量从1.52 mg/g减少至1.35 mg/g.     

牛粪生物炭对Cd2+的吸附影响因素及特性

为了考察以牛粪为原料制备的生物炭对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附效果,进行了吸附影响因素、吸附等温线和动力学研究。结果表明,当热解温度为700℃、投加量为20 g/L、溶液初始pH为5、水溶液Cd2+初始浓度为10 mg/L、吸附平衡时间为60 min和溶液温度为25℃时,对Cd2+的吸附效果最佳,Cd2+去除率可达99%以上。提高溶液温度有利于吸附。降低生物炭热解温度和投加量对吸附效果影响不大。Langmuir方程能更好地拟合生物炭对Cd2+的吸附等温过程,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。牛粪生物炭是性能优良、价格经济的水溶液中Cd2+的吸附剂。     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂对Cd2+吸附性能研究

制备了一种聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂,重点考察了吸附剂对Cd2+吸附的pH依赖性、吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,Cd2+溶液pH值对吸附容量有较大影响.在pH=8、吸附时间30 min、Cd2+溶液初始浓度0.02 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,吸附剂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量可达294.7 mg/g.与膨润土相比,三维网络凝胶吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率.     

胺基树脂的合成及对水中重金属离子的吸附特征

研究了使用氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体与二乙烯三胺经回流反应合成胺基树脂及其对水中Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附特征。结果表明,胺基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,胺基含量为5.6 mmol/g。胺基树脂对Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附等温线表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,且吸附等温线都符合Langmuir模型。pH值对吸附的影响较大,最佳吸附pH值范围为4~6。2种金属离子在胺基树脂上的吸附都符合准二级动力学方程。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.