活化过硫酸盐氧化地下水中苯酚的动力学研究

以柠檬酸(CA)络合亚铁离子CA-Fe(II)为活化剂,活化过硫酸盐(S2O82-,PS)产生强氧化剂硫酸根自由基(SO4·-),进而催化氧化苯酚.从CA/Fe(II)物质的量比、Fe(II)浓度、过硫酸盐(PS)投加量和苯酚初始浓度4个因素来考察络合亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的动力学.结果表明,随着PS投加量的增加,苯酚的去除率随之提高;但随着苯酚初始浓度的增加,去除率逐渐降低;CA/Fe(II)物质的量比为1/5时,能够保持水溶液中足量的亚铁离子,有利于苯酚的氧化去除;当PS/CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为100/10/50/1时,苯酚的去除率最高,反应15min后去除率达到98%,此时,苯酚的氧化反应速率k也达到最高值0.430min-1.活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的过程基本符合准一级动力学,在CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为10/50/1条件下,苯酚氧化反应速率与过硫酸盐投加量呈线性正相关(R2 = 0.953).     

浸渍热解法制备铁改性生物炭活化过硫酸盐去除2,4-二硝基甲苯

为探究并优化浸渍热解法制备铁改性生物炭（MBC）活化过硫酸盐（PS）对有机污染物去除的试验条件及影响因素,以2,4-二硝基甲苯（2,4-DNT）为目标污染物,考察了热解参数（热解温度、升温速率和停留时间）、FeCl₃浸渍浓度及初始pH值对2,4-DNT去除的影响,并采用电子自旋共振波谱技术及自由基猝灭试验鉴定了PS/MBC体系中生成的自由基。结果表明:1）热解温度对MBC活化PS去除2,4-DNT的影响最显著,其次为升温速率和停留时间;当热解温度、停留时间和升温速率分别为300℃、3 h和10℃/min时,热解制备的MBC对活化PS去除2,4-DNT的效果最佳;2）FeCl₃浸渍浓度是影响MBC活化性能的重要因素,随着FeCl₃浸渍浓度的升高,2,4-DNT的去除率先增后减,当FeCl₃的浸渍浓度为100 mmol/L时,5 h内2,4-DNT的去除率可达到100%,2,4-DNT去除的准一级动力学常数（k_obs）为1.373 min-1;3）当初始pH值为5.0~9.0时,2,4-DNT均具有较好的去除效果,其去除率为94.5%~83.6%,k_obs为0.606~0.345 min-1;4）PS/MBC体系中生成的·OH是2,4-DNT去除的主要原因,其强度随MBC的热解温度和FeCl₃浸渍浓度的不同差异较大。研究结果表明,浸渍热解法制备的MBC可有效活化PS实现污染物的高效去除,为PS化学氧化处理有机污染水体提供了新思路。     

零价铁-过二硫酸盐连续运行体系去除水中硝基苯

水中硝基苯(NB)的高毒性对人体健康具有极大的危害,因此,本文建立了零价铁-过二硫酸盐(Fe0-PS)连续运行体系以降解水中NB.研究结果表明,单独Fe0柱可还原降解NB,Fe0对不同浓度NB的还原效果均较好,随着流速的减慢及初始pH的降低,NB还原效果变好;但还原体系中总有机碳(TOC)基本没有去除,只是生成了中间产物苯胺(AN).Fe0-PS联合体系中,随着PS的投加,产生的Fe2+活化PS,发生了类Fenton反应,从而使还原产物AN得以氧化降解,TOC去除率可达54.8%;随着Fe0填充量的增加,氧化产物Fe2+随之增加,还原产物AN随之减少.可见,Fe0-PS连续运行体系,以Fe2+为媒介巧妙结合还原与氧化作用,能有效去除NB.     

Fe(Ⅱ)活化过硫酸钠深度处理工业园区污水处理厂出水

采用Fe(Ⅱ)活化过硫酸钠(PS)技术对工业园区污水处理厂出水进行深度处理,通过响应曲面法考察了PS/COD、Fe(Ⅱ)/PS和pH对COD和TOC去除率的单独和联合效应.利用紫外-可见扫描、凝胶色谱及三维荧光等手段表征深度处理前后的有机物特性变化.结果表明,PS/COD和Fe(Ⅱ)/PS对COD去除影响极显著;而PS/COD、Fe(Ⅱ)/PS和pH对TOC去除均有显著影响.PS/COD和pH联合效应对COD去除影响显著.最优工艺条件PS/COD比3.47、Fe(Ⅱ)/PS比3.32、pH 6.5时,COD和TOC去除率为50.7%和60.6%.Fe(Ⅱ)-PS氧化能将大分子有机物转化为小分子,削减类蛋白质、类富里酸和类腐殖酸的含量.     

Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.     

Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.     

Fenton法处理类长填龄渗滤液的氧化和絮凝作用

采用Fenton法对难降解的类长填龄渗滤液进行处理,考察其氧化和絮凝作用对有机物去除的贡献. 结果表明:以COD_Cr去除率最大为目标,试验在最优条件下,c(H₂O2)/c(Fe2+)为7.0,Fe2+投加量(c(Fe2+))为60　mmol/L,pH为3.0,此时COD_Cr总去除率为60%;其中氧化作用去除率为44%,氧化和絮凝作用的效率比为2.7. c(H₂O₂)/c(Fe2+),c(Fe2+)和pH的变化对氧化和絮凝作用有明显影响,氧化作用对COD_Cr去除率随H₂O₂投加量增大而增大.絮凝作用对COD_Cr的去除率不仅受Fe2+投加量直接影响,随其增加而增大;还间接受氧化作用去除率影响,氧化作用去除率越大,剩余有机物大分子所占比例降低,絮凝作用对有机物的去除率越低.      

EDDS螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐技术对TCE的降解效果

为解决传统Fe(Ⅱ)活化过硫酸盐过程中Fe有效性较低的问题,采用可生物降解的EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐处理水溶液中的TCE(三氯乙烯),考察c(过硫酸盐)、c〔Fe(Ⅲ)〕/c(EDDS)〔下称Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS〕、溶液初始pH以及阴离子浓度对TCE降解效果的影响,并研究体系中产生的活性氧自由基. 结果表明:c(过硫酸盐)为15.0 mmol/L、Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS为4时,60 min内TCE去除率达99.7%;提高c(过硫酸盐)、Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS均有利于TCE降解,但超过一定限值后对TCE去除效果增强不明显;溶液初始pH(3~11)越高,TCE去除率越低;加入Cl-、HCO₃-、SO₄2-和NO₃- 4种阴离子均会抑制TCE降解,抑制程度表现为HCO₃->Cl- >SO₄2->NO₃-;自由基清扫试验证实体系中存在SO₄-·、·OH和O₂-·等3种活性氧自由基,·OH对TCE的降解起主导作用. 因此,EDDS螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐技术能够产生以·OH为主的活性氧自由基,从而快速高效去除水溶液中TCE,但降解过程受水质参数影响.      

WS2强化Fe2+活化高碘酸盐降解酸性橙7的研究

构建无机还原剂硫化钨(WS₂)强化Fe²⁺活化高碘酸盐(PI)体系，以典型有机染料酸性橙7(AO7)为模拟污染物，探究了Fe²⁺浓度、PI浓度、WS₂浓度、p H值及水体常见共存阴离子对AO7去除过程的影响，并基于自由基淬灭与捕获实验(EPR)分析了体系中可能存在的活性氧化物种及其生成机制.结果表明：WS₂/Fe²⁺/PI体系氧化去除AO7的效率远高于同等条件下单一Fe²⁺/PI活化过程；在[Fe²⁺]₀=0.1 mmol·L^-1、[PI]₀=0.5mmol·L^-1、[WS₂]₀=0.3 g·L^-1、初始p H为2.6条件下，AO7去除率在12 min内达到93.0%.实验中Fe²⁺浓度、WS₂浓度与AO7去除率呈正相...     

零价铁PRB修复硝酸盐和铬复合污染地下水

通过连续流动试验研究了Fe0(零价铁)-PRB(渗透反应格栅)修复受NO₃--N、Cr(Ⅵ)以及NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)复合污染模拟地下水的反应特性,分析了Fe0对NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)的氧化还原产物,并且对NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)的相互影响进行了研究. 采用粒径为0.15～0.42 mm的Fe0和粒径为0.15 mm的活性炭作为PRB反应介质,二者的质量比为1∶1. 结果表明,Fe0单独与NO₃--N反应情况下,当进水中ρ(NO₃--N)为20 mg/L时,去除率达95%,NO₂-为还原过渡状态,NH₄+是主要产物,出水pH从原水的7.1升至9.0左右,出水中ρ(TFe)<0.60 mg/L. Fe0处理Cr(Ⅵ)情况下,对Cr(Ⅵ)有较高的去除效果,进水中ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10 mg/L时,去除率达96%,反应产物Fe3+和Cr(Ⅲ)可以形成沉淀附着在反应介质上,不会迁移到“下游”水体中,出水pH从原水的7.0升至8.0左右,出水中ρ(TFe)<0.30 mg/L. Fe0去除NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)复合污染时,共存的NO₃--N对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果没有影响,Cr(Ⅵ)的存在降低了NO₃--N的去除效果.      

2种MSW好氧生物反应器型填埋方式的对比实验

在系统分析现有MSW生物反应器型填埋方法优缺点基础上,对其改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机结合组成新的反应器(称之为反应器A) ,与只有强制通风好氧的反应器(称之为反应器B)作对比.实验过程中对2反应器中NH₃、CH₄、CO₂、pH、温度、电导率及沉降进行控制和监测,对渗滤液中Fe³⁺和NH₄⁺进行监测与分析,研究2种MSW好氧生物反应器对所填垃圾降解及所产生渗滤液中COD、Fe³⁺和NH₄⁺的去除效果,探讨两者对所填埋垃圾降解和渗滤液中所测参数去除机理,从而得出反应器A比反应器B对垃圾和渗滤液有更好的降解和去除效果.     

铁矿石和生物炭添加对潜流人工湿地污水处理效果和温室气体排放及微生物群落的影响

人工湿地中基质的种类和填充方式会影响人工湿地中微生物的多样性及丰度,进而影响污水处理效果.通过在温室内构建空白-人工湿地(CW0)、铁矿石-人工湿地(CW1)、生物炭-人工湿地(CW2)和铁矿石+生物炭-人工湿地(CW3)这4组湿地,研究不同填料人工湿地系统的污水处理效果和温室气体排放及微生物群落结构的差异.结果表明,...     

羟胺强化亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解对乙酰氨基酚的研究

采用羟胺(HA)强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐(PS)体系降解对乙酰氨基酚(ACT),考察了Fe~(2+)、PS、HA投加浓度以及反应初始pH值对ACT降解效果的影响.结果表明,在反应时间为30 min,亚铁浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1), PS浓度为0.8 mmol·L~(-1)和初始pH为3.0的条件下,0.5 mmol·L~(-1) HA可将ACT的去除率从13%提高到90%.适量增加Fe~(2+)或HA浓度可以提高ACT的降解率,但是过高的Fe~(2+)和HA浓度会抑制ACT的降解.ACT的降解率随着PS浓度升高而提升,当PS浓度达到1.2 mmol·L~(-1)时,30 min内ACT几乎可以完全降解.ACT的降解效果随着pH的升高而降低.EPR实验表明Fe~(2+)/PS/HA体系中主要的自由基是SO■和HO~·.Na_2SO_3、NaNO_2和Na_2S_2O_3等常见的还原剂均能够强化Fe~(2+)/PS体系对ACT的降解效果,但是其对Fe~(2+)/PS体系的强化效果均比HA低.     

UV强化草酸络合Fe3+活化过硫酸盐氧化降解苯胺

采用UV-草酸络合Fe~(3+)[UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3]活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解苯胺,研究了Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度,PS浓度,pH对PS活化效率及苯胺氧化降解效果的影响机制.结果表明,Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度和pH决定了UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3体系中Fe~(3+)向Fe2+的转化过程,并对活化PS氧化降解苯胺产生显著影响.随着Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度增加,PS的分解率不断提高,但当浓度高于0.75 mmol·L~(-1)时,草酸根离子(C2O_2-4)对硫酸根自由基(SO·-4)的竞争以及SO·-4之间的相互淬灭作用降低了苯胺的降解效果,降解速率大小顺序为5 mmol·L~(-1)0.25 mmol·L~(-1)0.5 mmol·L~(-1)1 mmol·L~(-1)0.75 mmol·L~(-1);中性和碱性条件不利于Fe(C_2O_4)3-3发生光化学反应生成Fe2+,但当初始pH为7和9时,由于PS活化分解过程降低反应体系pH,反应300min时PS的活化率可分别达到74%和67%,苯胺去除率分别高达91%和97%,均高于初始pH为酸性条件下的结果;苯胺降解率随初始PS浓度增加而增大,当PS浓度大于10 mmol·L~(-1)时,苯胺降解过程由二级反应变为准一级反应,但此时过量的PS因与SO·-4发生反应而显著降低PS用于氧化降解苯胺的利用率.     

Fe2+和零价铁活化过一硫酸盐降解酸性橙7

采用环境友好的Fe~(2+)和零价铁(ZVI)作活化剂,活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)来降解水中酸性橙7(AO7).结果表明,在Fe~(2+)-PMS体系中,AO7的降解效果不佳,但通过添加适量的络合剂,AO7的去除率会大幅提高.ZVI在PMS存在下被腐蚀,并能够缓慢、持续不断地释放Fe~(2+).ZVI-PMS体系可以在比较宽泛的pH范围(3～9)有效、快速地降解AO7,并且在酸性条件下降解速率较快.淬灭实验结果显示,硫酸根自由基(SO_4~(·-))对AO7的降解起主要作用.除了Cl~-和高浓度(50 mmol·L~(-1))的NO_3~-能够促进AO7的降解外,其他水中共存的阴离子对AO7在ZVI-PMS体系中的降解具有抑制作用,而腐殖酸(HA)则无明显影响.AO7在超纯水中的去除率高于其他实际水体,但反应90 min后,污水厂出水过滤水和胶体浓缩液中的AO7去除率也可高达98.6%和87.6%,说明ZVI-PMS可能可以有效地去除含有较高DOC含量的污水中的AO7.利用GC-MS检测到辐照后溶液中有3种中间产物,推测主要是通过AO7偶氮键断键后的中间产物进一步氧化形成.此外,TOC在一定程度上降低,说明部分AO7被矿化.     

Effects of ferrous and manganese ions on anammox process in sequencing batch biofilm reactors

Ferrous and manganese ions, as essential elements, significantly affect the synthesis of Haem-C, which participates in the energy metabolism and proliferation of anammox bacteria. In this study, two identical sequencing batch biofilm reactors were used to investigate the effects of ferrous and manganese ions on nitrogen removal efficiency and the potential of metal ions serving as electron donor/acceptors in the anammox process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to investigate the microbial growth. Results showed that the nitrogen removal increased at high concentrations of Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ and the maximum removal efficiency was nearly 95% at Fe2＋ 0.08 mmol/L and Mn2＋ 0.05 mmol/L, which is nearly 15% and 8% higher than at the lowest Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations （0.04 and 0.0125 mmol/L）. The stabilities of the anammox reactor and the anammox bacterial growth were also enhanced with the elevated Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations. The Fe2＋ and Mn2＋were consumed by anammox bacteria along with the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Stoichiometry analysis showed Fe2＋ could serve as an electron donor for NO3-N in the anammox process. Nitrate could be reduced with Fe2＋ serving as the electron donor in the anammox system, which causes the value of NO~-N/NH4-N to decrease with the increasing of N-removal efficiency.     

Heterotrophic ammonium removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium, Providencia rettgeri YL

Bacterium Providencia rettgeri YL was found to exhibit an unusual ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify various concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺-N). In order to further understand its removal ability, several experiments were conducted to identify the growth and ammonium removal response at different carbon to nitrogen (C/N) mass ratios, shaking speeds, temperatures, ammonium concentrations and to qualitatively verify the production of nitrogen gas using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that under optimum conditions (C/N 10, 30°C, 120 r/min), YL can significantly remove low and high concentrations of ammonium within 12 to 48 h of growth, respectively. The nitrification products hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) as well as the denitrification product, nitrogen gas (N₂), were detected under completely aerobic conditions.     

Integrated removal of NO and mercury from coal combustion flue gas using manganese oxides supported on TiO2

A catalyst composed of manganese oxides supported on titania(MnO_x/TiO_2) synthesized by a sol–gel method was selected to remove nitric oxide and mercury jointly at a relatively low temperature in simulated flue gas from coal-fired power plants. The physico-chemical characteristics of catalysts were investigated by X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses, etc. The effects of Mn loading,reaction temperature and individual flue gas components on denitration and Hg~0 removal were examined. The results indicated that the optimal Mn/Ti molar ratio was 0.8 and the best working temperature was 240°C for NO conversion. O_2 and a proper ratio of [NH_3]/[NO]are essential for the denitration reaction. Both NO conversion and Hg~0 removal efficiency could reach more than 80% when NO and Hg~0 were removed simultaneously using Mn0.8 Tiat 240°C.Hg~0 removal efficiency slightly declined as the Mn content increased in the catalysts. The reaction temperature had no significant effect on Hg~0 removal efficiency. O_2 and HCl had a promotional effect on Hg~0 removal. SO2 and NH_3were observed to weaken Hg~0 removal because of competitive adsorption. NO first facilitated Hg~0 removal and then had an inhibiting effect as NO concentration increased without O_2, and it exhibited weak inhibition of Hg~0 removal efficiency in the presence of O_2. The oxidation of Hg~0 on Mn O x/TiO_2 follows the Mars–Maessen and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms.     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.