中国农田土壤重金属污染分析与评价

为掌握中国农田土壤八大重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的污染现状,探究其时空变化和在不同耕地类型之间的差异,通过中国知网和Web of Science收集并整理了2005~2021年449篇相关文献数据,采用基于“样点数”、“研究区面积”和“标准差”的加权方式进行Meta分析.结果显示,中国农田土壤八大重金属的含量平均值为：ω（As）11.00 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cd）0.350 2 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cr）62.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cu）28.87 mg·kg^-1、ω（Hg）0.135 1 mg·kg^-1、ω（Ni）28.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Pb）34.67 mg·kg^-1和ω（Zn）90.24 mg·kg^-1.与土壤背景值相比,中国农田土壤中各重金属元素（除As外）均存在一定累积,其中Cd和Hg的累积量最大,分别超过对应土壤背景值177.9%和340.3%.污染评价结果表明,我国农田土壤重金属污染以Cd和Hg为主,人类活动是造成其在土壤中累积的主要影响因子;从时空变化上看,云贵高原和东部沿海是污染案例最集中的区域,污染重心随时间变化由长江中游向西南地区偏移;不同耕地类型之间土壤重金属含量存在差异,蔬菜地和水田中重金属的累积量明显大于其他耕地类型.     

基于PMF模型的县域尺度土壤重金属来源分析及风险评价

为探究小尺度空间区域土壤重金属的污染特征、风险和来源,以广东省揭阳市榕城区为例,运用富集系数、污染负荷指数、生态风险评价模型、健康风险评价模型进行风险评价,结合相关性分析、空间分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型进行来源解析.结果表明,土壤中ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）、ω（As）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cu）和ω（Zn）的均值分别为54.87、0.25、8.35、56.00、15.38、0.35、30.56和124.23 mg ·kg^-1,均超过广东省土壤背景值;Cr、As、Pb和Ni无富集,Zn和Cu轻微富集,Hg和Cd中等富集;污染负荷指数的均值为2.37,总体上属于重度污染水平,8种元素处于不同的污染水平.研究区土壤重金属整体处于重度生态风险,其中Hg和Cd属于强烈生态风险,其他元素属于轻微生态风险.不同元素在3种暴露途径下产生的非致癌风险处于可接受范围;成人和儿童的致癌风险分别为9.81E-05和5.59E-04,Cr和As是致癌风险的主要贡献者,需重点关注.研究区土壤重金属共有4种主要来源：交通来源（37.02%）、成土母质来源（18.53%）、大气沉降来源（26.49%）和工业来源（17.96%）.     

湘西地区土壤重金属污染溯源分析及环境质量评价

为探究湘西地区土壤重金属污染状况及环境质量综合情况,选择凤凰县相关区域作为研究区,于2022年6~8月在研究区采集440件表层土壤样品,分析土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属元素以及测定土壤pH值.采用PMF模型进行溯源分析,并结合GIS技术开展土壤环境质量地球化学评价.结果表明,研究区土壤以弱酸性为主,重金属ω（Zn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（As）、ω（Cd）和ω（Hg）平均值依次为：81.02、64.67、31.63、29.27、25.52、9.93、0.28和0.13 mg·kg^-1,Cd和Hg元素相对全国土壤背景值较高,且呈高度变异,林地中的Hg和Cd元素含量高于其他土地利用.PMF模型结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染来源贡献率依次为矿区开采源（37.4%）、大气沉降源（7.7%）、自然源（41.1%）和农业活动源（13.8%）,并根据4类污染源空间分布提供了污染管控措施建议,通过土壤环境地球化学综合评价将研究区分为3类地块,分别为无风险地区（94.27 km²）,占比为76.38%;风险可控区（27.45 km²）,占比为22.24%;风险较高区（1.7 km²）,占比为1.38%.为该研究区土地污染的防治措施和防治范围划区等提供数据支撑.     

湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属分布特征、来源解析及潜在生态风险评价

水源地土壤环境质量状况关乎其流域内居民生命健康安全,是生态环境保护研究中的热点科学问题.选择湘东北典型河源区,采集表层土壤样品共87件,通过GIS技术和潜在生态风险指数法研究了土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As）的空间分布特征和潜在生态风险,并采用多元统计分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型解释了其可能来源和贡献率.结果表明：①湘东北典型河源区土壤呈酸性,土壤重金属ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）和ω（As）平均值分别为0.20、41.07、130.51、0.29和11.63mg ·kg^-1,对标背景值,除As外均有富集;②土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险为中等风险等级,其中Cr、Pb和As为轻微风险等级,Cd和Hg均为强风险等级;③土壤Cd和Pb具有同源性,主要来源于农业活动,Cr和As受生活垃圾排放和自然母质的双重影响,Hg主要来源于化石燃烧及交通运输;④生活垃圾排放源、自然母质源、化石燃烧及交通运输源和农业活动源对湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属的贡献率分别为21.36%、35.92%、19.30%和23.42%,人为源贡献率大于自然源.研究结果对湘东北典型河源区的污染防治、生态修复和美丽乡村建设具有参考价值.     

基于PMF模型的农田土壤重金属源暴露风险综合评价:以浙江省某电子垃圾拆解区为例

为探究农田土壤重金属污染特征、来源及其人体健康风险,为农田污染治理提供重要科学依据,采集了浙江省典型电子垃圾拆解区周边农田133个表层（0~20 cm）土壤样本,测定了土壤Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As和Hg含量,运用多种方法评价重金属污染程度及生态风险,采用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）融合地统计学,解译污染来源及定量各个污染源的贡献度,将源解析结果和人体健康风险评价模型相结合,从来源暴露角度评价了各个污染源对人体健康的风险.结果表明,ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Ni）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）平均值：0.76、65.22、92.02、103.92、198.49、36.65、5.97和0.20 mg ·kg^-1,Cd和Cu含量平均值均高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,点位污染占比分别为85.71%和96.24%.Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni含量平均值超过浙江省温黄平原土壤背景值,As和Hg在限值内.污染评价结果表明,土壤综合潜在生态风险以轻-中度为主,占比达90.98%,较高和高度风险占比都为4.51%,Cd为主要潜在生态风险元素.研究区重金属污染来源主要为电子垃圾拆解工序污染源（26.82%）、燃煤及交通排放混合源（34.50%）、自然母质及农业投入混合源（25.59%）和电子垃圾酸洗径流及固废淋溶来源（13.09%）.儿童重金属暴露健康风险显著大于成年人,自然母质和农业投入混合源对人体健康风险贡献最多,Cr是对人体健康风险影响最大的元素.     

白洋淀及周边土壤重金属的分布特征及生态风险评估

为了解白洋淀土壤重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险,采集白洋淀区域表层土壤样本55个并检测锰（Mn）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和镍（Ni）等8种重金属的含量.采用地统计学方法（莫兰指数和半方差函数）分析其空间变异结构和分布格局,运用地累积指数（I_geo）和潜在生态风险指数（E_rⁱ和RI）评估了重金属污染的程度及其风险.结果表明,研究区土壤重金属ω（Mn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（As）、ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）和ω（Ni）平均值分别为467.75、43.59、28.57、89.04、12.32、0.18、19.26和30.56 mg ·kg^-1,均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但Cu、Zn和Cd明显高于背景值,其中,Cu （48.65%）和Cd （37.52%）为高度变异元素.莫兰指数显示Mn、Cu、Cd和Pb空间自相关不显著,半方差函数模型拟合显示Cd和Pb的块金系数均为100%,说明其空间变异由随机变异主导,受人为因素影响较大.重金属高值区主要分布在白洋淀的西南部地区,并且元素之间均有显著的相关性,表现为复合污染.重金属污染程度I_geo从高到低依次为：Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>As>Pb>Mn>Cr,其中,Cd污染最为普遍,67.27%的样本为轻度污染.风险评估（E_rⁱ）显示,Cd的E_rⁱ平均值为58.81,属于中等程度生态风险;其他重金属均为轻微生态风险.研究区土壤重金属污染RI为轻微生态风险（87.81）,其中,Cd对RI的贡献率最高（66.39%）.因此,未来需要加强对白洋淀西南部重点区域重金属Cd污染的监测和治理.     

基于源导向和蒙特卡洛模型的广东省某城市土壤重金属健康风险评估

以广东省某市为研究区域,通过研究其表层土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征,明确土壤重金属污染情况和优先控制因子,为该市土壤重金属污染防治提供基础数据.对该市221个土壤样品中的重金属含量特征进行分析,并通过潜在健康风险评估（HRA）模型、PMF受体模型和蒙特卡洛模型进行潜在健康风险评估、来源解析和主控因子分析.结果发现,该市土壤重金属ω（As）、ω（Hg）、ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Ni）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为18.16、0.43、1.46、68.57、98.34、64.19、26.53和257.32 mg·kg^-1,变异程度为中高度变异.除Ni元素以外,土壤其余重金属元素含量均已一定程度超过广东省土壤背景值,且Cd和Zn的含量已超过国家二级标准,重金属污染已较为严重;重金属来源主要为工业源,自然母质、铅蓄电池制造、交通、人为耕作和农药化肥投入也对土壤重金属累积有不可忽视的影响;土壤重金属对儿童和成人均存在一定程度的可耐受致癌健康风险,非致癌风险可以忽略不计;儿童的潜在健康风险大于成人,主要暴露途径均为经口摄入;农药化肥投入源和As应该作为该市土壤重金属影响健康风险的主控因子,其次为混合源和Cr;重金属空间分布特征及相对污染程度存在差异,应深化分区监测管控,加强土壤的污染防治,减少土壤重金属的人为输入.     

株洲城郊农田土壤重金属污染特征与Pb同位素示踪

通过采集湖南株洲城郊农田区表层土壤（A层）,并分析其Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,研究了土壤中重金属元素的污染特征.为示踪这些金属元素的来源,选择农田区典型土壤样品及湘江沉积物、污染源区土壤样品,进行重金属元素含量和Pb同位素组成测定.结果表明,农田区A层土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量最高,分别为21.71、24.52、261.49、577.94 mg·kg^-1,且Cd、Pb、Zn元素之间显著相关,而研究区附近湘江水体和沉积物中这些元素含量没有增高,说明这些重金属不是来自湘江,而是可能主要来自冶炼厂;铅同位素显示,冶炼厂附近A层土壤²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值（1.150~1.164）低于周边区域A层土壤（1.164~1.169）,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb值（2.108~2.122）高于周边地区（2.106~2.119）,说明受到人为污染的影响.从污染区分布空间位置和铅同位素源解析的结果看,农田区土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属的主要污染源是冶炼厂的冶炼烟气粉尘及与农耕活动有关的其他人为污染.     

梯级拦河堰对典型山地城市河流重金属元素的滞留效应:以重庆市梁滩河为例

梯级拦河堰通过改变水力条件的方式将大量重金属元素滞留到河底沉积物中,滞留在沉积物中的重金属会长期影响地表水质和水生态.在2020年5月采集位于重庆市主城区、布设有梯级拦河堰的典型山地城市河流——梁滩河干流河底沉积物,并监测各河段内沉积物累积量和样品中重金属元素含量以及其它基本理化指标.结果表明,梁滩河干流沉积物ω（As）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cu）、ω（Hg）、ω（Ni）和ω（Pb）均值分别为（4.66±4.78）、（0.361±0.256）、（32.30±14.38）、（0.069±0.039）、（33.47±15.37）和（26.34±11.52） mg·kg^-1,由于污染源空间分布不均和梯级拦河堰对河流连通性的破坏,各点位沉积物重金属含量有着较大的空间变异系数.改进的地累积指数（I_m）显示,Cd是沉积物中污染水平最高的重金属元素;有12.50%的监测点位处于偏中度或中度污染水平,污染主要分布于建设用地集中的上下游区域.潜在生态风险评价指数法（RI）和沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）显示,除污染水平较高、毒性强的Cd和Hg外,流域内背景值含量较高的Ni也对地表水生态风险形成威胁.在梯级拦河堰的影响下,干流沉积物中滞留As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb总量分别为446.10、47.28、4997.80、10.81、5135.68和4048.16 kg,其中Cd、Ni和Pb会长期威胁地表水生态安全.由于较高的重金属滞留总量和更易形成厌氧环境,各级拦河堰上游附近河段也是重金属内源释放所需关注的重点区域.利用主成分分析和聚类分析解析沉积物中重金属元素来源：Cd、Cu和Pb主要源于居民/工业点源污染;Hg主要源于农业面源污染;As和Ni主要源于自然土壤侵蚀.     

青藏高原重要交通国道路侧土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

为了阐明交通对青藏高原敏感脆弱生态系统和主要生态安全屏障功能的影响,在G214、 G213、 G345、 G109、 G316和G317等国道部分路段,采集路边0~25 m范围内土壤样品,分析6种土壤重金属含量及分布特征,运用单因子污染指数法（P_i）、内梅罗综合指数法（P_N）及潜在生态风险指数法（RI）对路侧土壤重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行综合评价.结果表明,青藏高原重要交通国道路侧土壤重金属ω（As）、 ω（Cd）、 ω（Hg）、 ω（Ni）、 ω（Pb）和ω（Zn）分别介于5.65~176.00、 0.04~0.27、 0.01~0.14、 9.52~113.00、 9.16~54.50和24.70~109.00 mg·kg^-1,呈高度变异,部分采样路段存在As、 Cd和Hg元素高于当地土壤背景值.路侧土壤重金属单因子污染指数大小为：P_i （As） > P_i （Hg） > P_i（Cd） > P_i （Pb） > P_i （Ni） > P_i （Zn）,内梅罗综合污染指数在0.41~9.20,平均值为1.53,属于清洁或轻度污染,局部处于中度或重度污染.研究路段综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为106.2,土壤总体处于无污染和轻度污染,仅有两个路段的土壤重金属富集达到中等及强度生态危害,其G213a土壤综合潜在风险指数显示为中度至重度生态危害,主要受到Hg、 As和Cd的影响,G317土壤综合潜在风险指数显示为轻度至中度生态危害,主要受到Hg和Cd的影响.青藏高原路侧土壤重金属含量与路侧距离及土壤深度没有显著相关性,与年均气温呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）.青藏高原道路建设人为活动剧烈、交通流量较大的区域有土壤重金属富集趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.