废活性炭微波再生新工艺的研究

提出用微波加热-二氧化碳活化法再生乙酸乙烯合成用触媒载体废活性炭工艺.采用条件实验法研究了活化时间、二氧化碳流量和微波功率对活性炭碘吸附值,亚甲基蓝吸附值和再生得率的影响,得到微波辐射加热二氧化碳活化再生乙酸乙烯用触媒载体废活性炭的最佳工艺条件为活化时间25 min,二氧化碳流量0.2 L/min,微波功率700 W.在此条件下制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1158.02 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为240 mg/g、得率为74.19%.并对活性炭进行了比表面积的测定和孔结构的分析,活性炭的比表面积为1308.13 m2/g,总孔容为0.76 mL/g.     

微波法对吸附扑热息痛废水活性炭的再生

通过微波加热的方式对用于扑热息痛废水的吸附的活性炭进行再生处理。考察了再生温度和再生时间两个因素对活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响。在最佳微波再生条件(温度为600℃,微波再生时间为15 min)下结果表明,活性炭在的亚甲基蓝吸附值和得率分别为187.5 mg/g和41.82%。对最佳条件下再生得到的活性炭进行孔结构表征,结果为,比表面积达947.9 m2/g,总孔体积为0.97 m L/g。中孔的比例占到71.18%说明活性炭主要以中孔为主。同时对废活性炭和再生活性炭进行了扫描电镜分析,结果表明,通过微波再生后的活性炭表面杂质明显减少。     

微波活化法制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及其性能表征

利用入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,采用在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,选择KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备活性炭.研究了不同的KOH/C比值、微波功率及活化时间对活性炭吸附量及产率的影响.结果表明,最优活化条件为碱碳比2g/g、微波功率700w及微波辐射6 min,此时活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、...     

微波加热再生废弃的净化石油化工废水活性炭

为了对石油化工废水净化处理后的废弃活性炭实现循环利用,提出了在无保护气体和活化气体条件下进行微波加热的方法。主要评估了再生温度和再生时间对再生活性炭的吸附性能和得率的影响。结果表明,在再生温度为600℃,再生时间为15 min时,活性炭的碘吸附能力达到最大值971 mg/g,得率为82.36%。再生活性炭比表面积高达1 028m2/g,总孔体积为1.23 m L/g,平均孔径为4.89 nm。通过废弃活性炭和再生活性炭进行了SEM对比分析,再生活性炭表面杂质减少,孔隙数量明显增多。     

味精生产过程中产生的废弃活性炭的再生

为了实现味精生产过程中产生的废活性炭的循环利用,提出了在通保护气体(氮气)的情况下管式电阻炉加热的方法。本研究考察了物料的质量,再生温度和再生时间对再生活性炭的吸附性能和得率的影响。结果表明,在物料质量为10 g、再生温度为800℃、再生时间为15 min时,再生活性炭的亚甲基蓝的值为180 mg/g,得率为67.23%。再生活性炭的比表面积1 015 m2/g,总孔体积1.05 m L/g,平均孔径4.47 nm。考察了再生次数对活性炭吸附性能的影响。对废活性炭和再生活性炭进行扫描电镜分析,再生活性炭的表面杂质明显减少,孔隙数量明显增多。     

稻壳基活性炭的制备及其对亚甲基蓝吸附的研究

以稻壳为原料,采用K2CO3活化法和H3P04活化法制备了比表面积为1312m^2／g和682m^2／g的活性炭,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）对样品进行了表征,并将孔隙发达的活性炭样品用于对亚甲基蓝的吸附,结果表明,K2CO3活化法制备的活性炭样品具有更多的微孔结构;随着亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度的增加、活性炭吸附时间的延长,亚甲基蓝的去除率呈现逐渐降低和逐渐增大的变化规律,当pH值为6时,活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果最佳;稻壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,Qm最高可达476．2mg／g;热力学参数△G^0△H^0和△S^0均为负值,表明稻壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附是一个自发的放热反应。     

磷酸低温活化蔗渣基中孔生物炭及其影响因素

以甘蔗渣为原料,磷酸为活化剂,采用低温活化法制备蔗渣基中孔生物质炭.采用L9(34)4因素3水平正交实验,探讨制备蔗渣基中孔生物质炭的实验方案与工艺条件;分析了浸渍比、烘干时间、活化温度、活化时间在3个不同水平下,对蔗渣基生物质炭碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响.结果表明,对蔗渣基生物质炭孔结构和得率影响最大的因素是活化温度,影响最小的因素是烘干时间;实验范围内,提高活化温度有利于材料中孔结构的形成;最佳条件下制备的蔗渣基生物质炭其低温氮气等温吸附线有明显的回滞环,BET比表面积和总孔容分别为939 m2/g和1.35 mL/g,中孔占总孔容比例为89％,亚甲基蓝吸附值高达240 mg/g,远高于木质净水用活性炭国家一级标准(135 mg/g),属于典型的中孔炭.     

微波辐射回用活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2＋去除效果的研究

考察了微波-活性炭联合处理技术对模拟染料废水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2＋的去除效果。对于100 mL浓度为1 000 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液、活性炭用量为10 g时,新活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.99%;采用700 W微波对吸附亚甲基蓝的活性炭辐射10 min进行再生并回用,经微波辐射再生10次后活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.68%,未经微波作用反复使用10次的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为85.41%。结果表明：微波处理有效地减缓了活性炭吸附能力的下降速率,实现了活性炭再生和反复使用。在吸附过程中,Cd2＋使活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力略有下降,而共存的亚甲基蓝则促进了活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附,对新炭和再生后活性炭物理化学特性的表征证明了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附为物理吸附,对Cd2＋的吸附为化学吸附。     

微波辐射回用活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝和Cd~(2+)去除效果的研究

考察了微波-活性炭联合处理技术对模拟染料废水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2+的去除效果。对于100 mL浓度为1 000 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液、活性炭用量为10 g时,新活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.99%;采用700 W微波对吸附亚甲基蓝的活性炭辐射10 min进行再生并回用,经微波辐射再生10次后活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.68%,未经微波作用反复使用10次的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为85.41%。结果表明:微波处理有效地减缓了活性炭吸附能力的下降速率,实现了活性炭再生和反复使用。在吸附过程中,Cd2+使活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力略有下降,而共存的亚甲基蓝则促进了活性炭对Cd2+的吸附,对新炭和再生后活性炭物理化学特性的表征证明了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附为物理吸附,对Cd2+的吸附为化学吸附。     

草酸钾活化法制备榴莲壳活性炭及其表征

以榴莲壳为原料,选择K2C2O4为活化剂,在自制氛围气中进行化学活化制备活性炭。考察了活化剂/原料浸渍比、活化温度与活化时间对活性炭的碘和亚甲基蓝吸附值及得率的影响。结果表明,制备榴莲壳活性炭的理想条件为:活化剂/原料浸渍比1.5∶1、活化温度800℃和活化时间120 min;此时活性炭的SBET(BET比表面积)、总孔容和微孔孔容分别为1 195 m2/g、0.60 cm3/g和0.41 cm3/g。利用比表面和孔隙度分析仪、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和傅立叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)对活性炭的孔结构特征、微观形貌和表面官能团进行了表征。FE-SEM观测结果显示榴莲壳活性炭孔隙结构发达,且含有丰富的中孔。     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil

Organic pollutants (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) strongly sorb to carbonaceous sorbents such as black carbon and activated carbon (BC and AC, respectively). For a creosote-contaminated soil (Sigma15PAH 5500 mg kg(dry weight(dw))(-1)) and an urban soil with moderate PAH content (Sigma15PAH 38 mg kg(dw)(-1)), total organic carbon-water distribution coefficients (K(TOC)) were up to a factor of 100 above values for amorphous (humic) organic carbon obtained by a frequently used Linear-Free-Energy Relationship. This increase could be explained by inclusion of BC (urban soil) or oil (creosote-contaminated soil) into the sorption model. AC is a manufactured sorbent for organic pollutants with similar strong sorption properties as the combustion by-product BC. AC has the potential to be used for in situ remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The addition of small amounts of powdered AC (2%) to the moderately contaminated urban soil reduced the freely dissolved aqueous concentration of native PAH in soil/water suspensions up to 99%. For granulated AC amended to the urban soil, the reduction in freely dissolved concentrations was not as strong (median 64%), especially for the heavier PAH. This is probably due to blockage of the pore system of granulated AC resulting in AC deactivation by soil components. For powdered and granulated AC amended to the heavily contaminated creosote soil, median reductions were 63% and 4%, respectively, probably due to saturation of AC sorption sites by the high PAH concentrations and/or blockage of sorption sites and pores by oil.     

全球低碳发展评估及中国低碳发展的实现路径

低碳发展日益成为国际关注的热点问题,中国正处在快速工业化和城镇化进程当中,通过低碳发展实现经济社会转型尤为迫切。在全球大背景下正确判断中国的低碳发展水平,汲取各国有益的低碳发展经验,寻求适合中国的低碳发展路径尤为重要。从低碳发展特征指标变动出发,通过统计分析,得出全球低碳发展历史和现状水平,以及中国所处的位置。研究表明,近20年来全球碳生产力水平不断提高,近年来中国的碳生产力水平飞速提升,但是中国的碳生产力仍然远远低于全球平均水平,离先进国家的差距更大,不足法国的1/10,人均二氧化碳排放增速位居世界前列,减排压力巨大。因此,结合国内外实践经验,总结了中国低碳发展的5个实现路径,分别是调整能源结构、发展低碳产业、倡导低碳消费、建设低碳城市和加强碳汇建设。     

An evaluation of measurement methods for organic, elemental and black carbon in ambient air monitoring sites

The carbonaceous components of Particulate Matter samples form a substantial fraction of their total mass, but their quantification depends strongly on the instruments and methods used. United Kingdom monitoring networks have provided many relevant data sets that are already in the public domain. Specifically, hourly organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were determined at four sites between 2003 and 2007 using Rupprecht and Pattashnik (R & P) 5400 automatic instruments. Since 2007, daily OC/EC measurements have been made by manual thermo-optical analysis of filter samples using a Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Analysis instrument. In parallel, long term daily measurements of Black Smoke, a quantity directly linked to black carbon (measured by aethalometers) and indirectly related to elemental carbon, have been made at many sites. The measurement issues associated with these techniques are evaluated in the context of UK measurements, making use of several sets of parallel data, with the aim of aiding the interpretation of network results. From the results available, the main conclusions are that the R & P 5400 instruments greatly under-read EC and total carbon (TC = OC + EC) at kerbside sites, probably due to the fact that the smaller particles are not sampled by the instrument; the R & P 5400 instrument is inherently difficult to characterise, so that all quantitative results need to be treated with caution; both aethalometer and Black Smoke (converted to black carbon) measurements can show reasonable agreement with elemental carbon results; and manual thermo-optical OC/EC results may under-read EC (and hence over-read OC), whether either transmittance or reflectance is used for the pyrolysis correction, and this effect is significant at rural sites.     

活性炭纤维对染料的吸附性能研究

研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（P－ACF）、粘胶活性炭纤维（R－ACF）和颗粒活性炭（GAC）对5种红色染料的吸附能力,通过简单的模型,算出5种染料在两种活性炭纤维上的吸附速率常数。结果表明,尽管吸附能力随染料种类不同而有一定的差别,但总体上,聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维的吸附能力略低于颗粒活性炭,而粘胶活性炭纤维的吸附能力则远远优于前两种,对染料有着较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率。     

抗氧化性活性炭的制造及表征

活性炭是一种应用广泛的吸附催化剂,具有发达的空隙结构和巨大的比表面积,在环境污染治理方面具有广泛的应用。但是,活性炭较低的抗氧化性能限制了其在工业上的广泛应用。针对提高活性炭抗氧化性能的问题进行了初步的研究,提供了一种新型的增强活性炭抗氧化性的实验方法,经过实验验证,在温度为200℃时,与原始活性炭相比,改性活性炭的重量损失降低了28.9％。且通过氮气和亚甲基蓝吸附实验证明其孔大小和吸附量并没有显著改变,是一种较为可行的新方法,在工业生产中具有极大的经济意义。     

Quantification of activated carbon contents in soils and sediments using chemothermal and wet oxidation methods

Activated carbon (AC) strongly sorbs organic pollutants and can be used for remediation of soils and sediments. A method for AC quantification is essential to monitor AC (re)distribution. Since AC is black carbon (BC), two methods for BC quantification were tested for AC mixed in different soils and sediments: i) chemothermal oxidation (CTO) at a range of temperatures and ii) wet-chemical oxidation with a potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution. For three soils, the amount of AC was accurately determined by CTO at 375 °C. For two sediments, however, much of the AC disappeared during combustion at 375 °C, which could probably be explained by catalytic effects by sediment constituents. CTO at lower temperatures (325-350 °C) was a feasible alternative for one of the sediments. Wet oxidation effectively functioned for AC quantification in sediments, with almost complete AC recovery (81-92%) and low remaining amounts of native organic carbon (5-16%).     

电吸附活性炭电极制备及电吸附特性

电极的材料和制备是电吸附技术的核心。本研究进行了活性炭电极的制备、改性和表征,并分析其电吸附特性。结果表明,物理化学改性活性炭电极比表面积可达748.54 m2/g,分别是物理改性、化学改性活性炭电极的1.22和12.16倍,电吸附效果最佳。其对Na Cl紊态电吸附效果是物理改性活性炭电极的1.28倍,化学改性活性炭电极的3.75倍。对Na Cl紊态电吸附单位吸附量为7.19 mg/g,是静态吸附的8.78倍。对Na Cl、Na2SO4和Na3PO4紊态电吸附单位吸附量依次为5.94、11.83和21.47 mg/g,单位吸附量和吸附平衡时间随着被吸附离子的负电荷增加而增加。紊态电吸附过程符合一级动力学,吸附过程是由扩散机制控制的、伴随着电场作用的慢吸附过程。     

Sorption of atrazine and phenanthrene by organic matter fractions in soil and sediment

Atrazine and phenanthrene (Phen) sorption by nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC), black carbon (BC), humic acid (HA) and whole sediment and soil samples was examined. Atrazine sorption isotherms were nearly linear. The single-point organic carbon (OC)-normalized distribution coefficients (K_OC) of atrazine for the isolated HA1, NHC1 and BC1 from sediment 1 (ST1) were 36, 550, and 1470 times greater than that of ST1, respectively, indicating the importance of sediment organic matter, particularly the condensed fractions (NHC and BC). Similar sorption capacity of atrazine and Phen by NHC but different isotherm nonlinearity indicated different sorption domains due to their different structure and hydrophobicity. The positive relationship between (O + N)/C ratios of NHC and atrazine log K_OC at low concentration suggests H-bonding interactions. This study shows that sediment is probably a less effective sorbent for atrazine than Phen, implying that atrazine applied in sediments or soils may be likely to leach into groundwater.