液液萃取-气质联用法测定水中20种农药类有机物

采用液液萃取-气质联用法同时测定水中20种农药类有机物。对前处理过程中萃取剂的选择、用量,萃取时间,盐析剂用量,有机改进剂的加入等条件进行了优化,使得各组分在0．500μg/L～50．0μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0．02μg/L～0．19μg/L;平行测定7次混合标准溶液,RSD为0．3％～9．1％;对20种农药类有机物混合标准溶液进行加标回收试验,回收率为90．5％～110％。该方法优化了《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（ GB 5750-2006）中农药类有机污染物的检测方法,满足常规测定的要求。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中硝基苯类化合物

采用液液萃取－气相色谱法测定饮用水中10种硝基苯类化合物,通过萃取条件优化试验,选择正己烷为萃取剂,使目标物在0μg／L～38.5μg／L之间线性良好,检出限为0.002μg／L ～0．005μg／L。实际饮用水样的加标回收率为80.8％～104％,RSD＜3％。用该方法测定桂林市4个水厂饮用水,结果硝基苯、间－二硝基苯、2,4－二硝基氯苯未检出,其余7种硝基苯类化合物虽有检出,但检出值均低于标准规定的限值。     

固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法快速同步分析水中硝基苯类及氯苯类化合物

固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩进样于一体的样品前处理技术,具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点。文章用固相微萃取富集水中9种硝基苯类及5种氯苯类化合物,毛细管气相色谱ECD检测器分离分析,整个分析过程只需25min,检出限可达0.0002~0.02μg/L,已用于地表水、海水与工厂废水中硝基苯类及氯苯类化合物含量的测定。     

在线液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定生活饮用水中卤代乙腈

优化建立了在线液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中7种卤代乙腈的方法。通过多功能在线进样装置,研究设计了在线液液萃取的技术流程,优化了液液萃取关键参数,并建立了气相色谱-质谱检测方法。该方法对氯乙腈、二氯乙腈、三氯乙腈、溴乙腈、二溴乙腈、溴氯乙腈和碘乙腈等7种卤代乙腈都有较好的检测灵敏度,方法检测限为0.1~0.8 μg/L,纯水中高浓度加标回收率为72.0%~91.4%,精密度为1.8%~3.9%。经技术对比和应用验证,该方法具有高效灵敏、简便快速等特点,样品检测无干扰,自动化程度高,适用于饮用水中卤代乙腈类消毒副产物的检测。     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定白洋淀水中PAEs

以四氯化碳为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂,采用分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己酯）和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯,优化了萃取条件。6种邻苯二甲酸酯在1.00μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.18μg/L～2.5μg/L,标准溶液测定的RSD≤6.1%,白洋淀水样的加标回收率为70.9%～119%。     

液液萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中四乙基铅

采用高效液相色谱紫外检测器测定水中四乙基铅,用二氯甲烷液液萃取,以甲醇/水混合溶液(体积比为95:5)为流动相,Z0RBAX Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱分离,选择测定波长为280 nm.方法在0.100mg/L～1.00mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限和测定下限分别为0.01μg/L和0.04μg/L,水样平行...     

SPE-GC-ECD法测定水体中五种硝基苯类化合物

建立了固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测水中硝基苯类的方法。5种硝基苯类化合物的测定在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,在高、中、低3种浓度水平下,被测物的回收率在71.6%～87.8%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差在1.6%～9.3%之间。5种硝基苯类的方法检出限分别为0.15μg/L和0.015μg/L。结果表明,该方法适用于实际水样中硝基苯类的测定。     

小体积液液萃取-GC/MS法测定地表水中有机磷农药

采用小体积液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中有机磷农药,以1.2 mL正己烷为萃取剂,磷酸三苯酯为内标,对8种目标化合物的富集倍数达156～436.方法在1.00 μg/L～20.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,8种有机磷农药的检出限均为0.2 μg/L,实际水样平行测定的RSD为2.1%～9.7%,平均加标回收率...     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取,用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明,方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好;检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间;空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％,平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％;测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样,未检出目标化合物,加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

衍生化-液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸的技术关键

测定水中苦味酸的国标方法——衍生化-液液萃取-气相色谱法采用的提取溶剂苯毒性较大,杂质较多,苦味酸在衍生过程中有部分损失。在国标方法的基础上,改用环己烷为提取溶剂,以溶剂液封加盖的方式,降低了衍生化产物损耗。选用中口径毛细管色谱柱,优化了色谱条件,有效地将衍生化产物与杂质分离。方法在0.500μg/L～40.0μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.083μg/L,标准溶液平行测定6次的RSD≤5.3%,实际样品加标回收率为93.9%～104%。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.