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楼霄 《环境监测管理与技术》1991,(4)
当进入水体的工业废水和毒物对水生生物仅产生并致死效应时,以大型(氵蚤)死亡率为依据建立的急性毒性试验评价指标,其灵敏度难以满足实际监测工作的要求.而慢性毒性试验指标灵敏度高,但较繁琐且试验周期长.为了探讨简单、灵敏的监测方法,近年来利用大型(氵蚤)行为和生理变化指标监测分析污染物的工作日益受到重视.Burky等首先采用聚乙稀甲苯悬浮微粒.建立了定量测定小型无脊椎动物滤食率的微量分析方法; 相似文献
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一种利用明亮发光杆菌快速测定石油污染土壤生物毒性的方法 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
在美国材料与实验协会(ASTM)固相样品发光菌毒性测试方法(D 5660-96)和我国《水质-急性毒性的测定-发光细菌法》(GB/T15441-1995)的基础上,通过正交试验和单因素实验建立了一种利用明亮发光杆菌快速测定石油污染土壤生物毒性的方法。所建方法前处理条件为土壤过20目筛、泥水比为1 ∶10、室温(18℃~25℃)振荡2h、静置或离心后再过滤,土壤样品平行样测试结果的相对偏差0.5%~12.1%,比ASTM提出的前处理方法减少了14h。采用上述快速前处理方法所测不同土壤生物毒性结果与ASTM方法所测结果无显著性差异。 相似文献
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蔡忠林 《环境监测管理与技术》2002,14(3):44-46
对有毒有害物质的正确监测 ,在化学事故应急救援中十分重要 ,采取有效的技术手段查明泄漏毒物的状况 ,可为控制化学事故的态势提供决策依据。1 化学事故应急监测中的任务和要求1 .1 化学事故应急监测中的任务及时查明造成化学事故的有毒有害物质的种类 ,即定性检测。测定有毒有害物质的扩散和浓度分布情况 ,有条件时可查明导致化学事故的客观条件。根据有毒有害物质的浓度分布情况 ,确定不同程度污染区的边界 ,并进行标志。1 .2 化学事故应急监测中的要求1 .2 .1 准确准确查明造成化学事故的有毒有害物质的种类 ,对未知毒物和已知毒物在… 相似文献
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发光细菌法监测废水综合毒性研究 总被引:13,自引:2,他引:11
运用发光细菌法对 2 6个污染源废水样的毒性进行测定。并以毒性较为稳定的 Hg Cl2 作参比毒物 ,使此法所测得的毒性定量化。据水质毒性分级标准 ,对水样毒性的测定结果进行评价 ,属 级低毒的 1 1个 , 级中毒 4个 , 级重毒1个 , 级高毒 3个 , 级剧毒 7个。另从辽阳化纤厂五个废水样可以看出距离污染源越近毒性越强。这一结果既与实际情况相符又与鱼的毒性试验结果一致 ,证明发光菌监测工业废水是可行的。 相似文献
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SOS显色法测定水体中遗传毒性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用菌株细胞受遗传毒物处理后所出现的一系列SOS反应原理,建立了测定各类水体遗传毒性的监测方法。此方法快速,简便,灵敏,准确,可应用于水环境监测。 相似文献
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BOD_5是一项技术并不复杂而试验条件要求却很严的生物化学测定方法.由于该方法系建立在水体中微生物对有机物降解的生物化学反应的基础之上,因而化学的.物理的诸多因素,均将对测定产生影响.本文将对水体中的化学因素、实验环境中的物理因素以及测定结果的质量控制等三个方面进行讨论. 相似文献
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为了研究生物急性监测方法对监测典型化工污水处理厂废水的适用性,选择2家常州市典型的化工园区污水处理厂("常A"和"常B"),进行了发光细菌、藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵4种不同层次受试生物的急性毒性检测。研究表明,发光细菌急性毒性、藻类叶绿素荧光毒性在2个污水处理厂中均被检测到,发光细菌急性毒性通常进水大于出水,但在投放大量氧化消毒剂时,出水表现出剧毒。藻类叶绿素荧光毒性最高值出现在常B进水中。大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性仅在常B进出水样中有检出,受纳河道下游水样虽未表现出急性毒性,但可观察到斑马鱼卵各类发育畸形。4种生物急性毒性检测方法中,发光细菌适用范围最广,藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性方法可根据监测目的和工业园区特点相应选择。实验结论可为化工污水处理厂尾水排放过程中生物毒性监测的常态化提供方法选择,为管理部门制定排放标准提供依据。 相似文献
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双层管用于发光细菌检测水样毒性时的色度修正 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述了应用发光细菌检测有色水样毒性时,水样色度会引起附加发光抑制的原因,提出应用同心双层检测玻管,可以对有色水样色度引起的附加发光抑制加以修正.通过比较单层管和双层管测定标准曲线间的差异、设置阴性对照和阳性对照评价该方法的可靠性,以及用该方法检测有色水样活性黑KN-B溶液的急性毒性实验,结果表明,用同心双层检测玻管可以有效修正由水样色度引起的附加发光抑制. 相似文献
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Necessity of Toxicity Assessment in Turkish Industrial Discharges (Examples from Metal and Textile Industry Effluents) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sponza DT 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,73(1):41-66
Toxicity of some organic and inorganic chemicals to microorganisms is an important consideration in assessingtheir environmental impact against their economic benefits.Microorganisms play an important role in several environmentalprocesses, both natural and engineered. Some organic and inorganics at toxic levels have been detected in industrial discharges resulting in plant upsets and discharge permit violations. In addition to this, even though in some cases the effluent wastewater does not exceed the discharge limits,the results of toxicity tests show potential toxicity. Toxicityknowledge of effluents can benefit treatment plant operators inoptimising plant operation, setting pre-treatment standards, and protecting receiving water quality and in establishing sewer discharge permits to safeguard the plant. In the Turkish regulations only toxicity dilution factor (TDF) with fish is part of the toxicity monitoring program of permissible wastewater discharge. In various countries, laboratory studiesinvolving the use of different organisms and protocol for toxicity assessment was conducted involving a number of discharges.In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of textile and metal industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasize the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications and give anidea whether there is potential toxicity or growth limiting and stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used suchas bacteria (Floc and Coliform bacteria) algae (Chlorella sp.), fish (Lepistes sp.) and protozoan (Vorticella sp.) to represent four tropic levels. The textile industry results showed acute toxicity for at least one organism in 8 out of 23 effluent samples. Acute toxicity for at least two organisms in 7 out of 23 effluent sampling was observed for the metal industry. The toxicity test results were assessed with chemical analyses such as COD, BOD, color and heavy metals. It was observed that the toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in 5 cases for metal and 4 cases for the textile industries. The results clearly showed that the useof bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents. 相似文献
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为了准确评估厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2/O)处理工艺对废水毒性的削减效率,采用斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性实验、发光细菌急性毒性实验和小鼠L929细胞毒性实验进行测试,结合理化指标,通过毒性当量(TU)法、平均毒性(Av Tx)法、毒性指数(Tx Pr)法、最敏感测试(MST)法和潜在生态毒性效应(PEEP)法对常州市6家污水处理厂(生活污水、综合废水、化工废水、制药废水)进水和出水的生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明,斑马鱼胚胎的毒性敏感程度最高,3种受试生物的毒性评价结果具有较好的一致性。理化达标的污水处理厂出水仍存在一定的生物毒性效应,出水毒性较大的是综合污水处理厂,排入受纳水体后可能会对周围的生态环境产生潜在的生态风险。A2/O处理工艺对各污水处理厂进水的毒性削减较好,其中对制药废水的毒性削减最高,Av Tx、Tx Pr、MST和PEEP的毒性削减率分别为99.45%、99.64%、99.48%和69.66%。与Av Tx、Tx Pr、MST法相比,PEEP法能够更综合地评价废水毒性。 相似文献
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以常州市典型城市黑臭水体神童浜为对象,采用小球藻和大型溞作为急性毒性测试手段,对整治前、后神童浜4个点位的上覆水和孔隙水的毒性效应进行了对比和评价。结果表明,整治后神童浜上覆水水质明显改善;上覆水在整治前、后对小球藻生长均无抑制作用,反而呈促进作用;对黑臭水体的整治降低了上覆水和孔隙水的生物毒性,但整治后的上覆水仍存在富营养化问题,且孔隙水对水生生物仍具有一定的毒性风险。提出,利用生物毒性测试能反映出黑臭水体整治前、后的毒性变化,可应用于对黑臭水体整治效果的评价。 相似文献
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A ten year summary of concurrent ambient water column and sediment toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990-1999 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The goal of this study was to identify the relative toxicity ofambient areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by using a suiteof concurrent water column and sediment toxicity tests at seventy-five ambient stations in 20 Chesapeake Bay rivers from1990 through 1999. Spatial and temporal variability was examinedat selected locations throughout the 10 yr study. Inorganicand organic contaminants were evaluated in ambient water andsediment concurrently with water column and sediment tests toassess possible causes of toxicity although absolute causalitycan not be established. Multivariate statistical analysis wasused to develop a multiple endpoint toxicity index (TOX-INDEX) at each station for both water column and sediment toxicity data. Water column tests from the 10 yr testing period showed that49% of the time, some degree of toxicity was reported. The mosttoxic sites based on water column results were located inurbanized areas such as the Anacostia River, Elizabeth River andthe Middle River. Water quality criteria for copper, lead,mercury, nickel and zinc were exceeded at one or more of thesesites. Water column toxicity was also reported in localizedareas of the South and Chester Rivers. Both spatial and temporalvariability was reported from the suite of water column toxicitytests. Some degree of sediment toxicity was reported from 62% of the tests conducted during the ten year period. The ElizabethRiver and Baltimore Harbor stations were reported as the most toxic areas based on sediment results.Sediment toxicity guidelines were exceeded for one or more of thefollowing metals at these two locations: arsenic, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. At the Elizabeth Riverstations nine of sixteen semi-volatile organics and two of sevenpesticides measured exceeded the ER-M values in 1990. Ambientsediment toxicity tests in the Elizabeth River in 1996 showedreduced toxicity. Various semi-volatile organics exceeded the ER-M values at a number of Baltimore Harbor sites; pyrene anddibenzo(a,h)anthracene were particularly high at one of thestations (Northwest Harbor). Localized sediment toxicity was alsoreported in the Chester, James, Magothy, Rappahannock, andPotomac Rivers but the link with contaminants was not determined.Both spatial and temporal variability was less for sedimenttoxicity data when compared with water column toxicity data. Acomparison of water column and sediment toxicity data for thevarious stations over the 10 yr study showed that approximatelyhalf the time agreement occurred (either both suite of testsshowed toxicity or neither suite of tests showed toxicity). 相似文献
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The continuous monitoring of field water samples with a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Toxicity monitoring of field water samples was performed using a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system and genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteria for the continuous monitoring and classification of the toxicity present in the samples. The toxicity of various samples spiked with known endocrine disrupting chemicals and phenol was also investigated for system characterization. The field samples used in this study were obtained from two different sites on a monthly basis--from a drinking water treatment plant, referred to as site N, and from a stream near a dam which is currently being constructed, referred to as site T. These samples were either pumped or injected into the second mini-bioreactors to initiate the toxicity test. Most of the samples did not show any specific toxicity. However, one sample showed to have, based upon the detection results, and was deemed toxic. The samples spiked with phenol showed possible responses in the DPD2540 and TV1061 channels, indicating the occurrence of both membrane and protein damage due to phenol. In the tests using an endocrine disrupting chemical, bisphenol A, DNA damage was detected in the DPD2794 channel with a concentration of 2 ppm. Finally, a simple but novel early warning protocol that can be used in a drinking water reservoir and a suspected place where effluents of toxic materials enter the water sourse was suggested with a schematic diagram. In conclusion, this system showed good feasibility for use as a toxicity monitoring system in the field and as an early warning system, indicating if effluents are toxic. 相似文献