生态伦理:可持续发展的伦理基础

可持续发展是始源于人类所面面临的生态危机、以人与自然关系的协调发展为基本内容的一种生态化发展模式,它所面对和需要处理的是人类发展需求无限性与自然资源有限性这一矛盾,即人类对自然的价值取向、开发强度是否符合自然规律的问题.目前学界对它的研究已突破"经济-科技-政治"等实践层面,开始深入到"观念-价值-文化"等认识论、价值论领域.生态伦理是对人与自然关系的哲学反思中应运而生的一种革命性的伦理思想,本质上属于人类社会的"观念-价值-文化"领域,其理论构成、研究对象正契合人类的可持续发展.生态伦理作为可持续发展伦理基础是可持续发展的客观要求和必然选择:①生态伦理突破传统的道德定义,将伦理关怀的对象扩展到人与自然界关系的领域,为可持续发展奠定了坚实的思想基础,提供可靠的伦理前提;②生态伦理肯定自然价值和自然权利,直接回应了在可持续发展中人为何要尊重自然价值与权利这一理论课题,为人类对大自然的价值认同寻到理论根基,使可持续发展寻找到坚实的价值支点;③生态伦理在反思和批判传统道德评价标准的基础上,提出全新的道德评价标准,为现实的可持续发展战略的设计与安排提供伦理支持和辩护.     

生态危机的社会伦理根源

从人与自然的关系实际上是人与人之间的利益关系的论点出发,揭示了生态危机发生实质是人类为了获取自身利益的最大化,对自然资源无止境的索取和争夺而导致的;论证了生态危机发生的社会伦理根源是技术理性的扩张导致科学技术的异化、消费主义的盛行加重了对自然的消耗与污染、功利主义的漫延导致代际自然资源分配不公;提出了要缓解人与自然日趋紧张的关系,解决生态危机,不仅要依靠科技、经济手段,最根本的还是要从改变人们的社会伦理观出发,用价值理性自觉地调适技术理性的非理性倾向、改变物质主义的生活方式、摒弃发展理念的功利主义,从而调节好人与人之间的利益冲突,处理好人与自然的＂物质变换＂关系。     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理对策研究

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游 ,目前已得到国内外的共识 ,但旅游开发对自然保护区的影响问题同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在分析我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状的基础上 ,针对旅游开发中存在的问题 ,就如何正确处理自然保护和旅游开发的矛盾进行了探讨 ,并提出了我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的战略和管理对策。     

The role of water in the development of The Netherlands— a historical perspective

In this paper an overview is presented of the landscape development of the low-lying parts of The Netherlands. It is shown that water has played an important role in this development. Since prehistoric times, but especially since about 800 AD, man has gradually occupied the low lands along the sea and the main rivers. Through these settlements a chain of actions and reactions of man and his physical environment was set into motion. This chain of events is briefly outlined. It is stated and also illustrated that not only the characteristics of the landscape of the western part of The Netherlands, but also the organization of the Dutch society has been influenced strongly by manÕs need to cope with the omnipresence of water and the threats and opportunities posed by that. It is concluded that the outlined events can only be understood properly if interdisciplinary research takes a more prominent role than it does now.     

Moving policy and regulation forward for single-use plastic alternatives

Single-use plastics are often used once or cannot be reused for extended periods. They are widely consumed with the rapid development of social economy. The waste generated by single-use plastics threatens ecosystem health by entering the environment and ultimately restricts sustainable human development. The innovation of sustainable and environmentally friendly single-use plastic alternative materials and the joint participation of governments, enterprises and the public are promising technologies and management approaches that can solve the problem of single-use plastics wastes. The development of single-use plastic alternative products can be promoted fundamentally only by improving relevant legislation and standards, providing differentiated industrial policies, encouraging scientific and technological innovation and expanding public participation.     

Hormonaktive Xenobiotika

Developmental and reproductive processes are most sensitive to the toxic effects of environmental chemicals. Especially alarming is the fact that many groups of industrial chemicals and pesticides are capable of disrupting the endocrine system in man and animals. Of great concern is the reduction in the sperm count in Europe, but also the worldwide increase in a great number of reproductive and developmental disturbances observed in both man and wildlife. A correlation to a high chemical burden has been demonstrated for many different animal species as well as for women. An important consideration in assessing the potential effects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine system is the time at which such an exposure occurs. In the adult organism, hormones initiate functional processes; these effects are usually transient. In early life, hormones control developmental processes and are capable of producing permanent changes in organ structure and function (organizational effects). Therefore, chemical disruption of hormonal functions during development can result in permanent functional changes of the afflicted organ.     

重视生态策略在建筑设计中的运用

建筑既作用于生态环境，也作用于人类，它始终持续地影响着周围的环境和使用者的生活，特别是对于我国高速发展的城市来说，其影响更是巨大。生态建筑将成为21世纪建筑设计的主流。建筑与可持续发展的三个重要方面(环境保护、经济发展和社会进步)密切相关，生态建筑应是可持续发展的一个组成部分。文章针对我国生态环境与建筑设计中存在的主要问题，提出在建筑设计中要注重生态策略的运用，推动生态建筑设计要依靠全社会生态意识的提高，增强人与自然环境的沟通，完善生态建筑设计的法律规范。     

林业的社会与自然协调发展--林业社会化发展方式

我国林业发展没有取得令人满意效果的主要原因是社会系统与自然系统不能协调发展.土地所有者虚位、国家投入不足、急功近利等都是人组成的社会系统这一控制主体自以为是的结果.树立人与自然是"伙伴关系"的观念,针对社会系统出现的与自然系统不协调的问题采取对策,采取林业社会化发展方式,必将实现林业的社会与自然协调发展.     

论近年来畜禽疫病的特点及其预防对策

随着畜牧业的快速发展,大规模、高密度、集约化的饲养和频繁的调运等,使畜禽更易发生流行性、群发性的疫病.畜禽疫病造成的损失影响了人类的生活需要,而且某些人畜共患的疫病还给人类健康带来了严重的威胁.要保证畜牧业可持续发展和保护人类健康,控制畜禽疫病就是关健措施.由于近年畜禽疫病的变化,我们的防治对策应发生相应变化.     

资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究述评

通过对国内外关于资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究的文献回顾,认为在资源环境问题日益严峻的现代社会,深入分析和探寻人与自然和谐共处的居民消费行为,客观上要求我国必须从伦理学、社会学、生态学和法学等多学科领域进行探讨和研究,而不能仅局限于经济学学科研究领域。加快构建生态文明型消费模式,不仅是目前消费理论创新研究的重要方向,而且也是我国贯彻落实科学发展观,实现人口消费与社会、经济、资源和环境全面协调可持续发展的必然选择。     

实现传统经济向生态经济的转变

认为生态环境危机的出现，归根结蒂，在于人类社会的价值观存在着重大的错误以及由此而采取的经济发展模式存在着重大的错误；要缓解生态环境危机，人类社会必须改变价值观，改变经济发展模式，实现传统经济向生态经济的转变，走可持续发展的道路；为了实现这种转变，人类在经济活动中，必须遵循生态经济规律，建立企业生态经济管理模式，合理利用资源，优化产业结构，重视经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的协调和统一。文章还认为，为了实现这种转变，从联合国到个人，各国政府、各种组织、各行各业，都必须行动起来，参与生态经济建设。最后提出和讨论了生态经济学今后应该加强研究的几个问题。     

Environment,mining and the Lesser Developed Countries

Mineral activities are a potential source of environmental damage, but the traditional role of minerals and metals in material well-being of man is too easily forgotten in the rigmarole of environmental protective response especially among the inhabitants of the Industrially Developed Nations (IDN). It is imperative that the needs and interests of both the mining industry and the environmentalists converge to a common point of understanding for the continued economic development of the world.People of the Lesser Developed Countries (LDC) on the other hand, are caught in a vicious struggle of basic existence and any talk of environmental damage/protection is, therefore, extraneous to their way of life. But the modern tools of progress so eagerly sought by the LDC for the development of their resources including minerals could destroy their environment, very likely beyond repair, if their public policy objectives do not include any timely preventive measures for the protection of their environment.     

高校预算编制的研究

《预算法》对高校推行了新的预算管理方法,对高校教育事业的发展推进起了一定的作用,同时也暴露出一些存在的问题.预算管理改革是财政改革的一项重大任务,高校作为教育部门的基层单位,国家预算管理制度的改革必然会对高校的工作产生重大影响.本文拟根据我国预算管理的改革内容,深入分析其对高校产生的影响,阐述高校部门预算编制应注意的要点.     

人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状

本文综合介绍了人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状．其构建方式包括泡沫板栽培、人工蛭石袋栽培等；栽培植物多达八十余种；对TN、TP、COD、SS以及重金属等都取得了良好的去除效果；但对人工生物浮床治理富营养化水体的机理研究尚不够深入．文章认为人工生物浮床的良好综合效益使之可能成为治理富营养化水体技术的一个重要发展方向．     

Characterization of airborne particulate matter in thessaloniki,Greece

TSP samples, collected at two stations in the area of Thessaloniki during the period July 1987‐June 1988, were analysed for heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni and V). Flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal determinations. Metals determined were characterized with respect to their origin from natural or man‐made emission sources. Source identification was attempted by relation of metal concentrations to wind direction, and interelement correlations.

Results obtained showed that Pb, Zn and Cu are emitted from man‐made sources (traffic, domestic heating, industry), V, Ni and Co are derived partially from natural and man‐made sources, while Cr is mainly soil‐derived.     

Coastal changes in the Ebro delta: Natural and human factors

The development of the delta of the River Ebro (Ebre) has, during recent centuries, been controlled by both natural and man-induced factors. Deforestation by man of the Ebro drainage basin favoured a fast progradation of the deltaic system until this century, when many dams were constructed along the river Ebro and its tributaries. As the sediment load of the river has been retained behind the dams, the river sediment discharge has been drastically reduced and erosive processes have become dominant in the Ebro delta coastal area, changing it from a river-wave to a sea-wave-dominated coast. This situation leads to a reshaping of the nearshore delta area and a redistribution of the pre-existing beach sediment, and significant erosion has already occurred in some zones. If these conditions continue in the future, severe changes will take place in the Ebro delta, in addition to the effects of a relative sea level rise. The future development of this delta may be similar to that of abandoned deltaic lobes, but faster. The present study shows, how coastal changes generated by anthropogenic factors can be faster and more drastic than those induced only by natural factors.     

软约束机制下的生态预算理论的问题及对策

在分权体制框架下,约束机制软化导致地方政府放大其自利性偏好,在一定程度上成为可持续发展的减项。表现为：在当前政府绩效考核的经济指标压力下扩大自然资源的投入;与资源消耗主体博弈的经济人行为导致不规范的环境资源分配,使环境目标和环境管理目标的实现呈现高成本特征;与中央政府相较的信息优势导致全局性的非理性资源的浪费等。生态预算是ICLEI参照财政预算的程序创建的促进环境资源有效配置和可持续管理的政府工具,其以强可持续发展为目标,采用实物指标度量环境资源在社会经济活动中的实际流量,强调约束支出控制,以保持环境资源全部价值在代内和代际间的平衡。我国在引进生态预算监督制约机制的路径选择及模式设计上,可能会出现因现实文化的惯性、双重代理机制、体制内监督等问题导致的生态预算约束软化,改进方向在于重视环境-经济-社会一体化考核的作用、确定合理的激励方式、由社会审计评价和监督生态预算执行,从而逐步走向制度完善的进程。     

基于生态足迹模型的区域可持续发展定量评估——以东江流域东源县为例

可持续发展定量评价方法研究是当前可持续发展研究的前沿和热点.生态足迹分析模型是通过对区域人口对自然利用程度的测度,确定区域的发展是否处于生态承载力范围之内.运用生态足迹理论和计算方法,采用2004-2007年东源县统计年鉴、历年年初土地面积、2002世界粮农组织(FAO)和世界自然基金会(WWF)的相关数据,对重点饮用水源地--东源县14 a(1994-2007年)来人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力进行实证计算和分析.结果表明:2007年的东源县人均生态足迹需求为0.856 1 hm~2·cap~(-1),而实际人均生态空间面积(均衡承载力面积)为1.641 8 hm~2·cap~(-1),人均生态盈余为0.588 7hm~2·cap~(-1).14 a来东源县的生态承载力总体上几乎都是大于生态需求(除了1995年、1996年生态需求略大于生态供给外),处于生态盈余状态且生态盈余呈现稳中增长的趋势,区域生态系统处于一种相对可持续状态.其中,林地生态承载量最大,生态盈余最多,呈现逐年减少的态势;耕地生态承载量次之,生态足迹最大,生态赤字大,生态压力严重;水域和草地的生态压力逐年增大.     

温州市荒山资源开发利用研究

运用区域系统分析法,着重分析了温州市两种类型荒山资源开发利用的优势和劣势;通过土地适宜性评价,得出了该市荒山资源以宜林地为主的结论;提出了荒山资源开发利用的原则、模式和措施。     

Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing

Cities can be modeled as if they were superorganisms with a range of metabolic processes. Research on this urban metabolism can contribute to solving urban environmental problems by revealing details of the metabolic throughput of the system. A key issue is how to find a common basis for measuring the environmental and economic values. By providing a single unified unit, emergy theory integrates the natural and socioeconomic systems and thoroughly evaluates a system's metabolism. We analyzed Beijing's urban metabolic system using emergy synthesis to evaluate its environmental resources, economy, and environmental and economic relations with the regions outside the city during 14 years of development. We compared Beijing's emergy indices with those of five other Chinese cities and of China as a whole to assess Beijing's relative development status. These indices are the emergy self-support ratio (metabolic dependence), the environmental load ratio (metabolic loading), empower density (metabolic pressure), emergy used per person (metabolic intensity per capita), and the monetary equivalent of emergy (emdollars; metabolic intensity). Based on our emergy analysis, Beijing's socioeconomic system is not self-sufficient, and depends greatly on external environmental resources. Its GDP is supported by a high percentage of emergy purchased from outside the city. During the study period, Beijing's urban system showed an increasing dependence on external resources for its economic development. Beijing's loading and pressure on the ecological environment is continuously increasing, accompanied by continuously increasing human emergy consumption. In the future, it will become increasingly necessary to improve Beijing's metabolic efficiency.