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1.
中国土壤资源特点与粮食安全问题   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5  
土壤资源是粮食生产的基础,也是粮食安全的核心。文章在研究我国土壤资源特点的基础上,系统阐述我国粮食安全正面临着耕地减少、粮食减产的挑战。提出要解决我国耕地土壤和粮食安全问题,必须实施“藏粮于土”的行动计划,全面提高我国土壤资源的综合生产能力,其主要内容是:稳定耕地面积和粮食播种面积,实施基本农田严格保护机制;开发土壤潜力,提高粮食综合生产能力;加强生态环境建设,建立有弹性有应变能力的种植制度;防治土壤污染,保障粮食安全;适度开荒复垦,充分利用非耕地资源。  相似文献   

2.
对有机食品的基本概念和有机食品所必需具备的条件作了概要的介绍,并对国内外有机食品的发展概况、我国发展有机食品的有利条件作了较全面的论述和分析。在此基础上,提出了我国有机食品开发的原则、策略和开发中值得注意的一些问题和建议。  相似文献   

3.
以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践 ,展示人类面向 2 1世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点 ,并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议  相似文献   

4.
    
The US corn ethanol industry has grown from virtually nothing in the early 1980s to over 14 billion gallons in 2011. Subsidies have been an important impetus for the industry, and they have existed in one form or another throughout the life of the industry. This paper provides (1) a brief look at the history of the linkages between energy and agriculture and how they have changed with biofuels; (2) a review of some of the major impacts of the US corn ethanol program; and (3) analysis of prospective impacts of cellulosic biofuels. There is no doubt that biofuels have brought about a new era for global agriculture. Historically, the prices of agricultural and energy products moved in response to supply and demand factors relevant to each market, but moved largely independent of one another. Corn ethanol has changed that, and today there is a link between crude oil and corn that is driven by the demand side. Since agricultural commodity prices are linked both on the demand and supply sides, the corn–crude oil link spills over to other agricultural commodities as well. Development of cellulosic biofuels has been much slower than hoped. The feedstocks are more expensive than initially believed. Conversion technologies remain uncertain and expensive. There are many uncertainties through the cellulosic supply chain, and government policy remains uncertain as well. Thus, the future of the cellulosic biofuels industry is, at this point, an open question.  相似文献   

5.
重庆主城餐厨垃圾理化性质及产甲烷潜能分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
何琴  李蕾  何清明  彭绪亚 《环境化学》2014,33(12):2191-2197
以重庆市主城区的餐厨垃圾为研究对象,调查分析其组成成分及粒径、含水率、挥发性固体(VS)含量等理化性质,并通过半连续式单相厌氧消化试验,进一步研究餐厨垃圾在中温条件下37±2 ℃的产甲烷性能.结果表明,重庆市主城区餐厨垃圾的主要成分为食物残渣、厨余废物等易消化物质,并具有含水率、含油率和VS含量较高等特性;半连续式厌氧消化试验所得实际产甲烷潜能为0.363—0.713 L CH4·g-1 VS,占理论产甲烷潜能的45.77%—89.93%,稳定运行时VS去除率达到88.87%—93.85%.中温厌氧消化技术能有效地处理重庆市餐厨垃圾并同时从中高效地回收清洁能源沼气.  相似文献   

6.
本文通过广泛的实地调查和监测,研究了我国乡镇工业印染行业生产与污染物排放。提出了棉印染、毛印染、针织印染、化纤、毛巾、袜子等各类印染的排污系数。为全国乡镇工业污染源调查提供一种简便、易操作、准确的统计办法。  相似文献   

7.
城市生活垃圾治理过程的能源化技术   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
论述了垃圾多种治理技术以及这些技术中的能源化的关键。这些技术涉及垃圾卫生填埋、垃圾梦烧、垃圾衍生燃料技术、垃圾厌氧发酵和垃圾的热解气化等。针对中国垃圾的具体特点,对中国垃圾能源化提出一些初步方案和建议。  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate of how the concept of ‘integrated food and energy systems’ or IFES production networks could be applied – within the specific context of Eastern Cuba’s agricultural and agro-industrial sectors – as an innovative approach to improve food and energy security. The Province of Santiago de Cuba in southeast Cuba was the focus of this study; its existing operations, infrastructure, resource flows and scarcities, and actor relationships provide the basis of the data used for the evaluation.

The authors investigated the regional context, identify potential members of an agricultural and agro-industrial network in three municipalities of the province, and identify the main residuals and by-products of key facilities. Potential avenues for by-product valorization are investigated along with the possible influence/impacts on the sustainability of the surrounding systems and actors. A conceptual model for a regional network for integrated food and energy production is then provided based upon the development of three agricultural/agro-industrial scenarios: influence at the farm level, regional agro-industrial networks, and ‘anchor tenant’ eco-industrial systems. The main challenges and opportunities for the development of the networks are described with recommendations for addressing such where possible.  相似文献   

9.
将西柏店村畜禽养殖规模折合为1.5万头猪场当量污染负荷,并将整个园区生产工艺分为养殖、废弃物处理和种植3个阶段,不考虑隐藏流的情况下,以1年为系统边界,通过数据调查、已有资料研究和小区种植试验,采用物质流分析方法分析了西柏店村养殖种植园区在整个生产工艺的碳素流动,以期为村级养殖种植园区大力发展低碳经济提供新的方法和视角,为村级区域循环经济及可持续发展提供减少环境压力解决方案的科学依据。通过园区养殖种植过程的C素分析表明,养殖阶段年输入C素总量为112.52×10^4 kg,其中猪身总固碳量为40.04×10^4 kg,粪碳和尿碳总量为49.29×10^4 kg,以CO2形式代谢排出的C为23.19×10^4 kg。废弃物处理阶段输入的碳主要为粪碳和尿碳,其总量为49.29×10^4 kg,其中9.79×10^4 kg尿碳直接进入种植阶段,39.50×10^4 kg粪碳进入沼气站处理,沼气转化出的碳为11.02×10^4 kg,其中CH4为8.43×10^4 kg,CO2为2.59×10^4 kg,养殖污水中通过CH4排放再加上其他途径释放的碳约有23.66×10^4 kg,占粪碳量的59.89%。进入种植阶段的碳素主要为尿碳、沼渣和沼液的碳素,合计为14.61×10^4 kg,假设该村43 hm^2耕地能全部施用沼肥,不计其他作物种植,1季玉米种植土壤可库存有机碳为60.50×10^4 kg,为进入种植阶段碳素14.61×10^4 kg的4倍,还可增加植物有机碳27.31×10^4 kg。由C素流动分析可知,西柏店村具有可容纳该村养殖废弃物的环境容量,有较好实现养殖废弃物循环利用的条件,但需大力加强畜禽废弃物的管理和处理,提高园区养殖废弃物循环利用效率。  相似文献   

10.
本研究应用生命周期分析(lifecycleanalysis)的方法,对瑞典某金属表面处理工厂采用闭路循环工艺后的环境影响进行了分析。分析证明:闭路循环确可降低重金属对空气和水的污染,但增加了对不可再生能源的消耗,因而在采用该工艺时应特别关注能源问题.以期得到最好的环境效益。  相似文献   

11.
生物制氢最新研究进展与发展趋势   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
氢能具有清洁、高效、可再生的特点,是一种最具发展潜力的化石燃料替代能源.与传统的热化学和电化学制氢技术相比,生物制氢具有低能耗、少污染等优势.近年来,生物制氢技术在发酵菌株筛选、产氢机制、制氢工艺等方面取得了较大进展.暗发酵和光发酵结合制氢技术是一种新技术,具有较高的氢气产量.以厌氧细菌和光合细菌为发酵菌种,以富含碳水化合物的工农业废弃物为原料,进行暗发酵和光发酵结合制氢,具有广阔发展前途前景.本文综述了国内外生物制氢技术研究进展,展望了未来发展趋势.  相似文献   

12.
邓琪  陈吉宁 《生态环境》2012,21(2):298-302
运用物质流分析法定量比较原生水泥与再生水泥生产过程中的物能代谢和环境负荷,并采用生命周期分析进行环境影响评价。结果表明:生产1 t原生水泥需要的直接物质投入是1.637 t;消耗原煤0.086 t/标准煤,消耗电力0.067 t/标准煤。利用钢铁工业固废生产功能单位再生水泥,可减少资源投入0.16 t;减少能源消耗0.036 t;环境排放SO2减排0.000 2 t;粉尘减排0.001 t;烟尘减排0.000 12 t;NOx减排0.000 34 t;CO2减排0.231 t。水泥生产潜在的各类环境影响中以废气排放引起的温室效应最大;其次依次是酸化效应和不可再生资源消耗;光化学烟雾和人体健康损害在水泥生产过程中的影响都相对较小。与原生水泥相比,再生水泥各环境负荷均呈下降趋势,两者总体环境负荷差值为6.93E-15。研究结果充分说明钢铁工业固废资源化可以明显的降低水泥生产的总体环境负荷,是促进水泥行业循环经济发展的有效手段。  相似文献   

13.
餐厨垃圾中淀粉类组分的性质是影响产氢效率的重要因素.为探究淀粉类代表组分——大米在生、熟性状下(RR、CR)的产氢效能,本文通过中温批式小瓶试验,研究不同接种比条件下生、熟大米的厌氧发酵混合体系(RR-F、CR-F)产氢及底物变化情况.结果表明,无论RR-F或CR-F产氢效能均随基质与种泥比(S/I)比的增大而增大,最佳S/I比为1∶1;CR产氢效能更佳,RR-F和CR-F的最大累积产氢量分别为59.62 mL·g-1VS和166.97 mL·g-1VS.发酵副产物以乙酸和正丁酸为主,属于丁酸型发酵;正丁酸/乙酸比值越大,累积产氢量越大.发酵过程中,可溶糖、可溶蛋白浓度和pH快速降低,总挥发酸(TVFA)浓度快速增加并逐趋于稳定. Pearson相关性分析表明,累积产氢量主要受可溶糖降解量、乙酸浓度的影响.蒸煮使CR的可溶糖析出更多,导致CR-F产氢效能明显高于RR-F.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract:  The "botanist effect" is thought to be the reason for higher plant species richness in areas where botanists are disproportionately present as an artefactual consequence of a more thorough sampling. We examined whether this was the case for U.S. counties. We collated the number of species of vascular plants, human population size, and the area of U.S. counties. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation and county area, plant species richness increased with human population size and density in counties with and without universities and/or botanical gardens, with no significant differences in the relation between the two subsets. This is consistent with previous findings and further evidence of a broad-scale positive correlation between species richness and human population presence, which has important consequences for the experience of nature by inhabitants of densely populated regions. Combined with the many reports of a negative correlation between the two variables at a local scale, the positive relation between plant species richness in U.S. counties and human population presence stresses the need for the conservation of seminatural areas in urbanized ecosystems and for the containment of urban and suburban sprawl.  相似文献   

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