不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

海上船舶溢油事故模糊评估与决策分析

随着海洋运输业的高速发展,通航环境日趋复杂,船舶溢油事故风险不断加大,溢油事故对环境的破坏已经引起社会各界的高度关注。以青岛市附近海域为研究对象,采用层次分析法确定水文气象情况、清污情况、油污染情况和溢油地点情况评价指标各因子权重,并通过Arc GIS的Model Builder环境建立自动化数据处理流程对研究区域做出了模糊综合评估,得到了溢油区域的事故危害评估结果,为划定事故区域隔离带、规划清污船只航行路径以及降低海上溢油事故影响提供了指导性的依据。     

糎T] "7.16"大连新港石油管道爆炸事故中的热红外溢油监测

利用有效的监测手段、降低溢油事故的风险是海洋环境保护和社会经济节约的关键问题。"7.16"事故中使用3.0～5.0μm红外热像仪作为机载监测的一种手段,对事故海域进行常规监测,识别海面油膜,利用热红外油膜厚度模式分析油膜的相对厚度,并且结合其他遥感数据,在GIS系统中绘制每日的事故海域溢油分布图,为清污指挥部门提供决策依据。     

溢油清除水面机器人在海洋石油污染处理中的应用

为解决现有清除溢油技术存在的效率低、自动化程度低、成本高等问题,针对其无法适应海面油污清理的机械化、智能化的需求,自主研发了一种超疏水亲油材料,即泡沫金属基浮油收集材料,设计并制作了溢油回收装置,结合自主水面机器人平台,研制出溢油清除水面机器人系统,该系统具有自主持续性吸油、自主巡航、自动识别油污等功能。实验表明,该超疏水亲油材料吸油效果良好,效率高,且吸油材料能够循环利用。通过水面机器人模拟测试分析可知,该溢油清除水面机器人系统能够实现海面油污清除的智能化、自动化,且具有较好的发展前景和应用前景。     

分散剂在溢油污染控制中的应用

使用分散剂来控制海上溢油污染是常用的应急措施之一。本文介绍了油分散剂的发展历史、作用机理及其优越性 ,列出了分散剂用于溢油污染控制的实例。针对分散剂使用中存在的问题 ,指出施加分散剂时应综合考虑多种因素 ,并做环境风险评价。最后根据我国的实际情况 ,提出应加强与分散剂有关的科学研究     

分散剂在溢油污染控制中的应用

使用分散剂来控制海上溢油污染是常用的应急措施之一。本文介绍了油分散剂的发展历史、作用机理及其优越性，列出了分散剂用于溢油污染控制的实例。针对分散剂使用中存在的问题，指出施加分散剂时应综合考虑多种因素，并做环境风险评价。最后根据我国的实际情况，提出应加强与分散剂有关的科学研究。     

围油栏在急流溢油应用中存在的问题与应对措施研究

分析了围油栏在急流溢油应用中存在的四种典型问题:溢油逃溢、溢油泄漏、溢油飞溅、围油栏不稳定性,研究讨论了四种相应的围油栏的应对措施,包括围油栏与水流成一定角度布放、围油栏以一定速度相对水流运动、采用急流分流器系统、实行多级重叠布放围油栏、优选围油栏以及围油栏顶部底部设置绳索,为急流条件下溢油污染的防治提供参考与借鉴。     

三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱快速溢油鉴别技术研究

通过一个具体溢油事例的研究,提出了通过三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)进行海面溢油鉴别的方法。采用三维荧光指纹信息(谱图形状、荧光特征峰位置、荧光特征峰强度)对14个可疑溢油源样品进行筛选,排除了13个可疑溢油源样品后,再利用GC/MS方法对溢油样品以及剩余可疑溢油源样品中难降解的生物标志化合物(饱和链烷烃、萜烷、甾烷、多环芳烃)进行分析,计算相应的诊断比值并采用"重复性限"方法进行溢油样品和可疑溢油源样品的鉴别分析。结果表明,溢油样品与其中的一个可疑溢油源样品一致,为同一来源;采用三维荧光联合GC/MS进行海面溢油鉴别,既可保证鉴别的准确性,又可大幅度减少检测工作量,缩短鉴定周期。     

基于径向基函数网络的溢油预测模型

为了提高溢油预测的准确性,建立和优化溢油预测模型,提出了基于径向基函数网络模型的溢油预测方法,实现溢油预测功能。径向基函数网络模型解决了模拟预测过程中样本库巨大、函数模型收敛速度慢的问题。通过选择有效的输入参数和样本数据,建立局部逼近网络;通过径向基函数训练样本数据,利用输出值与实际值之间的误差作为约束条件调整权重因子、径向基中心和宽度,加快函数模型的收敛速度。该模型模拟了溢油的漂移、扩散过程,达到预测的目的。利用该模型,建立了溢油预测模块,并针对一次溢油事故进行预测模拟,验证了该模型的可行性,能够为应急决策提供一定的支持。     

原油及油制品中多环芳烃化学指纹的分布规律研究

利用原油及油制品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)化学指纹特征进行溢油鉴别是确定海上溢油事故污染源的重要技术.使用气相色谱一质谱联用方法测定了汽油E90#、汽油E93#、润滑油150SN、轻柴油-10#、柴油5#、重柴油180#、重柴油380#、俄罗斯原油及大庆原油的PAHs化学指纹图谱.结果表明,在各种PAHs中,萘(Nap)、2-甲基萘(2-MN)和1-甲基萘(1-MN)的含量最高,三者总和占52%～86%(质量分数,下同).轻质油(汽油、轻柴油、柴油和润滑油)和重质油(原油和重柴油)的化学指纹图谱存在明显差异:重质油中2-MN平均为28%,轻质油中Nap平均为42%.Nap/2-MN(Nap与2-MN质量比,以下各物质表述意义同)和Nap/1-MN的比值关系区分的趋势类似,并且存在典型的线性相关性(R=0.92,p<0.01).表明原油及油制品中的Nap、1-MN和2=MN的含量相对固定,使用Nap/2-MN和Nap/1-MN比值方法鉴别油类品种具有较高的可靠性.应用主成分分析方法对9种油样的PAHs化学指纹特征进行了分析,结果表明该方法是一种有效和有潜力的溢油鉴别方法.     

14C-dimethoate residues in olive oil during oil processing

An olive tree was treated twice in the field with 14C-dimethoate (237.7 muCi, 2.4 g) and 14C residues were determined in the olive fruits at harvest. The fruits were crushed and pressed to extract the crude oil, then refined by neutralization, bleaching and deodorization. The crude oil contained 14.1% of the total 14C in the olive fruits. Neutralization resulted in a reduction of 14C by about 50% of the total 14C residues in oil. Bleaching and deodorization processes further reduced the 14C residues and the refined oil contained 31.6% (which corresponds to 4.4% of 14C residues of the total 14C in olive fruits) of the total 14C in the crude oil. Industrially extracted crude oil was fortified with 14C-dimethoate at 1.8 mg kg-1 (0.02 muCi) level and subjected to the same refining process. A sharp decrease in the amount of 14C was observed by neutralization and the amount of 14C remaining in the refined oil was about 7.3% of the total 14C in the crude fortified oil. The data suggest that the 14C residues in the aged and the fortified oil amples were not of the same nature. The terminal 14C residue in the refined oil obtained from the field experiment did not contain dimethoate and/or its oxon.     

14C‐dimethoate residues in olive oil during oil processing

Abstract

An olive tree was treated twice in the field with ¹⁴C‐dimethoate (237.7 (μCi, 2.4 g) and ¹⁴C residues were determined in the olive fruits at harvest. The fruits were crushed and pressed to extract the crude oil, then refined by neutralization, bleaching and deodorization. The crude oil contained 14.1% of the total ¹⁴C in the olive fruits. Neutralization resulted in a reduction of ¹⁴C by about 50% of the total ¹⁴C residues in oil. Bleaching and deodorization processes further reduced the ¹⁴C residues and the refined oil contained 31.6% (which corresponds to 4.4% of ^I4C residues of the total ¹⁴C in olive fruits) of the total ¹⁴C in the crude oil. Industrially extracted crude oil was fortified with ¹⁴C‐dimethoate at 1.8 mg kg^‐1 (0.02 μCi) level and subjected to the same refining process. A sharp decrease in the amount of ¹⁴C was observed by neutralization and the amount of ¹⁴C remaining in the refined oil was about 7.3% of the total ^l4C in the crude fortified oil. The data suggest that the ¹⁴C residues in the aged and the fortified oil amples were not of the same nature. The terminal ¹⁴C residue in the refined oil obtained from the field experiment did not contain dimethoate and/or its oxon.     

生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油

对4种生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了菜籽生物柴油投加量和砂粒粒径对促进效果的影响。结果表明,菜籽生物柴油的促进效果最好,8 h释放量达到73%,废油脂生物柴油的效果最差,仅为52%;生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增大而升高,当投加量超过海水体积的5%时促进效果不再明显增加;在生物柴油作用下,小粒径砂粒上原油的释放效果优于大粒径砂粒。     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术,研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度,超声辐照时间,含油污泥预热温度,清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响,认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175 V,辐照时间15 min,预热温度55 ℃,清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8∶1）下,超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0.35 g/g降低到0.14 g/g,同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算,处理1 t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明,使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率,明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

落地油泥土壤性质对超声除油效果的影响

落地油泥是油田产生的一类危险固体废弃物,其无害化处理是目前各大油田所面临的重大挑战之一。为了深入认识超声处理过程中油泥土壤性质与超声处理除油效果之间的关系,以不同油田典型落地油泥为研究对象,超声处理后对其土壤残留含油量、土壤颗粒级配、土壤化学组成等进行分析。结果表明:油泥中土壤颗粒粒径较大的大庆、大港落地油泥经超声处理后的除油效果均在60%以上,而土壤颗粒粒径较小的冀东落地油泥超声除油率仅为11%;同时,超声除油效果较好的大庆、大港落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较低(分别为4.84%和5.94%),而超声除油效果差的冀东落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较高(11.57%)。进一步的模拟实验结果表明,钙氧化物含量高的土壤对原油的吸附量大、吸附强度高、超声除油效果差,而钙氧化物含量低的土壤吸附量小、吸附强度低、超声除油效果好。以上结果可为油田落地油泥超声处理技术的开发及规模化应用提供指导。     

Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes for application in oil fingerprinting

A Pyrolysis – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method was developed for the analysis and profiling of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes, for application in oil fingerprinting. Asphaltenes were precipitated from ten geographically different oils using n-pentane, and analysed by Py-GC-MS. Alkane profiles and sulphur/aromatic profiles were used to compare the oils, and to correctly differentiate oils from different geographical regions. Py-GC-MS could not differentiate a weathered oil sample and a fresh oil sample from the same source. The results of this study support the findings from a previously developed FTIR method for asphaltene profiling.     

Emissions tradeoffs among alternative marine fuels: total fuel cycle analysis of residual oil, marine gas oil, and marine diesel oil

Worldwide concerns about sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions from ships are motivating the replacement of marine residual oil (RO) with cleaner, lower-sulfur fuels, such as marine gas oil (MGO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). Vessel operators can use MGO and MDO directly or blended with RO to achieve environmental and economic objectives. Although expected to be much cleaner in terms of criteria pollutants, these fuels require additional energy in the upstream stages of the fuel cycle (i.e., fuel processing and refining), and thus raise questions about the net impacts on greenhouse gas emissions (primarily carbon dioxide [CO2]) because of production and use. This paper applies the Total Energy and Environmental Analysis for Marine Systems (TEAMS) model to conduct a total fuel cycle analysis of RO, MGO, MDO, and associated blends for a typical container ship. MGO and MDO blends achieve significant (70-85%) SOx emissions reductions compared with RO across a range of fuel quality and refining efficiency assumptions. We estimate CO2 increases of less than 1% using best estimates of fuel quality and refinery efficiency parameters and demonstrate how these results vary based on parameter assumptions. Our analysis suggests that product refining efficiency influences the CO2 tradeoff more than differences in the physical and energy parameters of the alternative fuels, suggesting that modest increases in CO2 could be offset by efficiency improvements at some refineries. Our results help resolve conflicting estimates of greenhouse gas tradeoffs associated with fuel switching and other emissions control policies.