厌氧折流板反应器处理生活污水的运行特性

以厌氧消化污泥作为厌氧折流板反应器ABR的接种污泥,研究恒温(35℃)条件下ABR处理生活污水的启动和运行特性。实验结果表明,ABR反应器仅用了39 d就完成初次启动,COD去除率一直稳定在60%左右。在以后运行的5个阶段里,即当水力停留时间为4~10 h,容积负荷为1.17~2.9 kg COD/m3.d,反应器对COD的平均去除率基本稳定在70.49%~80.2%;并且当HRT=7 h,VRL=1.612 kg COD/m3.d时,反应器对COD的去除率平均高达80.2%,平均COD出水低于100 mg/L。在实验过程中(除启动阶段外),反应器出水碱度均远远大于进水碱度,VFA均在1.5 mmol/L以下。     

常温条件下2种厌氧折流板反应器处理淀粉废水的启动实验

为了研究厌氧折流板反应器在常温下的启动情况,在22.5～30.2℃条件下,对不加填料的5隔室厌氧折流板反应器和加填料的4隔室复合式厌氧折流板反应器同步进行了启动实验。实验用水为高浓度淀粉废水,两反应器采用相同的启动策略,即梯度增加进水COD浓度与降低水力停留时间相结合的方式。两反应器有效容积均为47.8 L,启动初始负荷为0.6 kg COD/(m3.d),逐渐增加到10 kg COD/(m3.d)。实验表明,经过6个阶段87 d的运行,反应器启动完成,并成功培养出颗粒污泥,两反应器对COD的去除率都能达到85%以上。在启动过程中两反应器对COD的去除效率相近。     

炭纤维载体固定床厌氧发酵启动运行效果实验

以开发高效率、抗冲击性能强的高浓度有机废水沼气发酵技术为目的,用传统的 UASB反应器作为对照,研究了以炭纤维为生物膜载体的固定床厌氧反应器的启动运行效果。反应器进口废水 COD 为 5 000 mg/L, 水力停留时间 (HRT) 由213 h 逐步缩短为35 h,进水有机容积负荷(OLR)由0.56 kg COD/ (m³·d)提到3.45 kg COD/(m³·d)。结果表明,固定床反应器厌氧发酵的效率比对照高,出水 pH 值也比对照稳定;运行到第 50 d 时,固定床厌氧反应器和对照的 COD去除率分别由第 7 d 的36.56%和33.58%上升到87.9%和62.6%;固定床厌氧反应器的容积比产气率最高为1.16 m³/(m³·d),累计产气量为415.59 L,而对照的容积比产气率最高值仅为0.31 m³ /(m³·d),累计产气量为 71.66 L,前者最高容积比产气率和累计产气量分别是后者的3.74倍和5.78倍。固定床厌氧反应器的启动速度、COD 去除率和产甲烷效率显著地高于对照反应器。     

内循环厌氧反应器的启动及影响因素

采用内循环(IC)厌氧反应器,以生产淀粉和酒精的混合废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下IC反应器的启动及影响因素。结果表明:接种厌氧消化污泥进行培养,逐渐提高进水有机负荷,运行105 d后,可实现IC反应器的启动;当进水COD浓度为11 500 mg/L,有机容积负荷为6.13 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率能到达95%左右;水力停留时间对启动过程没有影响,而温度和温度波动影响COD去除率;VFA比pH更能准确快速地反眏出反应器内部环境的变化,防止反应器的酸化;反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,并且具有良好的沉降性。     

厌氧序批式反应器产氢

以啤酒厂废水处理厂UASB中的厌氧污泥为种泥,葡萄糖为基质,研究了厌氧序批式反应器产氢。控制反应器内pH为4.0～4.5,温度为(36±1)℃,水力停留时间为8 h,当进水葡萄糖浓度为4 000 mg/L,容积负荷为12 kg/(m3.d)条件下,该厌氧序批式反应器实现了连续高效厌氧产氢。生物气中的氢气含量约为48%～53%,基质产氢率为1.1 mol/mol葡萄糖,COD去除率为15%～25%,最大比产氢速率为84.5 mol/(kg VSS.d)。液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占液相末端发酵产物总量的80%以上,表明该反应器内进行的是乙醇型发酵厌氧产氢。厌氧序批式反应器完全可以实现连续高效厌氧产氢,比较适用于日处理量较小的高浓度含糖废水。     

中试规模IC反应器处理大豆蛋白废水的颗粒污泥培养和启动

实验研究了中试规模下,以城市剩余污泥接种IC反应器处理大豆蛋白废水时,厌氧颗粒污泥的驯化和反应器的启动过程。控制反应器内废水的温度在30~38℃、p H在6.8~7.5和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)不高于600~800 mg/L的条件下,经过98 d运行,IC反应器对COD去除率达到80%~90%,容积负荷达到9.5 kg COD/(m3·d)。成熟厌氧颗粒污泥为黑色,边界清晰,呈椭球形,平均粒径d50为1.5 mm,粒径1 mm的颗粒占92.3%。扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势。     

强化循环厌氧反应器处理印染废水的中试启动研究

应用自主研制的强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)中试规模处理实际印染废水,研究反应器的启动特性。反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥后启动运行83 d,形成连续内循环并实现了对印染废水处理的高效稳定运行。在进水COD浓度1 000~3 650 mg/L、系统容积负荷0.7~6.4 kg/(m3·d)条件下,废水COD和色度平均去除率分别达到55%和73%。反应器内较高浓度的NH+4-N保证了系统pH的稳定性,350~600 mg/L的NH+4-N浓度没有对强化循环厌氧反应器产生抑制作用,系统内也没有出现VFA(以乙酸计)积累。启动过程中,厌氧颗粒污泥的粒径增大、沉降性能变好。启动实验完成时,反应器内微生物的脱氢酶活性(以TF计)和辅酶F420浓度分别为3.4973 mg/(g·h)和0.1872μmol/g。     

厌氧颗粒污泥启动复合式厌氧折流板反应器的研究

研究以厌氧颗粒污泥接种的复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)启动：在HABR中直接接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以退浆废水为试验进水,在系统水力停留时间为168 h,中温(32±1) ℃,进水pH值6.5～8,碱度适当偏高条件下,进入反应器废水COD浓度由1 800 mg/L逐渐提高到13 520 mg/L,运行60 d后系统COD去除率最低为45%,并且保持稳定,出水pH值和碱度相对比较稳定,污泥明显呈颗粒状,反应器启动完成。反应器可以在短时间内重新启动,污泥活性很快得到恢复。     

IC反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐废水的启动研究

采用木糖生产废水,进行了(IC)反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的启动研究.结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,当进水COD/SO2-4值约为3.5时,控制COD负荷提高幅度为每次20%左右,经过26 d的驯化培养,COD和SO2-4负荷分别可达20 kg/(m3·d)和5.5 kg/(m3·d),COD去除率达到80%以上,硫...     

UASB反应器处理PTA废水的启动及污泥特性分析

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下反应器的启动、颗粒污泥的形态和产甲烷活性及微生物群落结构。实验结果表明:采用逐渐提高进水负荷和减少水力停留时间的运行方法,历时近200 d,可实现UASB反应器的启动。此时,反应器对COD的去除率保持在80%以上,对应的容积负荷也达到4.0 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)以上。反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的体积平均粒径为416.53μm,产甲烷活性为121.2 mL·(g·d)~(-1)(以VSS计)。颗粒污泥表面存在大量菌胶团,杆菌和丝状菌镶嵌其中。菌胶团有助于微生物的聚集,加速污泥颗粒化过程。Syntrophorhabdus是降解PTA废水中苯类污染物的重要微生物,占细菌量的27.4%,而Methanosaeta则是主要的产甲烷菌,占古细菌总量的67.3%。该研究可为UASB处理PTA废水的启动提供依据。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.