微通道湍流促进器强化平板MBR的CFD数值模拟

采用CFD中的Standard k-ε湍流模型模拟微通道湍流促进器在平板膜生物反应器中的5种不同放置位置及其6种不同形状对膜生物反应器流体动力学性能的影响,通过定性和定量分析附加微通道湍流促进器后平板膜生物反应器中的流体速度、静压、湍流动能、湍流耗散率和剪切力性能指标的变化。从模拟结果可得出,附加微通道湍流促进器的平板膜生物反应器的流体动力学性能要优于无湍流促进器的流体动力学性能,且梯形微通道湍流促进器双面平行放置于平板膜生物反应器时增加流体速度、湍流动能和剪切力且湍流耗散率和静压增加幅度较小,并在微通道湍流促进器附近有涡的产生,从而有效抑制膜表面滤饼层的形成,减缓浓差极化和减轻膜污染。     

SMBR内气液两相流三维CFD模拟

应用CFD软件Fluent对浸没式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)内气液两相流进行数值模拟研究,重点考查曝气系统的改变对气液两相流态的影响,并结合PIV实验验证模拟结果,从而为反应器的优化设计及膜污染的控制提供理论依据。模拟结果表明,SMBR内曝气强化了气液两相紊动,膜表面液相速度沿反应器高度增加且形成循环流动,有利于膜面污染物的脱落;反应器内气含率分布不均匀,出现死区,不利于微生物的生长;经实验验证,模拟结果吻合良好。     

曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

膜生物反应器内流场动力学特性的PIV实验研究

浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面附近的气液两相流动力学特性对控制浓差极化和膜污染具有重要影响。应用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对浸没式膜生物反应器内近膜面的液相流场动力学特性进行了研究。采用相分离技术灰度分辨法将通过PIV技术得到的气液两相流场图像中的液相速度场进行辨别,得到膜面附近的液相流场数据,并应用Tecplot软件计算得出液相流的涡量特性。在3 mm曝气孔径,2.5、3.0、3.5、4.5、5.5和6.5 m3/h 6种曝气强度下分析了膜面附近的液相速度场和涡量场。结果表明,曝气强度对液相流场和涡量场的影响较大,在一定范围内增加曝气强度可以使得液相速度和涡量增加,同时,分析了3 mm孔径下圆帽状气泡的动力学特性。研究结果为膜生物反应器系统的优化设计提供了研究经验和实验数据。     

基于CFD的超薄平板膜MBR流态模拟及优化分析

随着MBR的广泛应用,为控制膜污染导致高运行成本问题,优化新型平板膜MBR的曝气条件成为目前的一个研究热点.本研究通过使用CFD Fluent软件,结合多相流模型和湍流模型进行超薄平板膜MBR的高质量流态模拟,量化膜面剪切力,并从流场及膜污染角度分别对3种气水比(10∶1、15∶1和20∶1)工况下的MBR进行了优化分...     

CFD在平板膜MBR设计及运行优化中的研究

通过Ansys Fluent软件,结合CFD涉及的水力学参数,分别从膜流道平均流速、膜面平均湍流强度及剪切力分布对MBR反应池中的流场特征进行了分析,模拟和优化了平板膜组件的装填密度,并进行了膜面污泥沉降或然率分析。模拟结果显示,4种情景均呈现出膜面平均剪切力在处于反应池中部的膜元件较大,而靠近池壁的膜元件较小的特征。根据反应池流场模拟结果及膜面污泥沉降或然率得出,4种膜组件从劣到优依次为:净间距4 mm的膜组件净间距8 mm的膜组件净间距11 mm的膜组件净间距6 mm的膜组件,即装填密度可在原始规格的膜组件基础上增加40%。但4种情景曝气均匀性均不是特别理想,都存在着一定程度的膜面颗粒沉降。     

气升式反应器气液两相流流态特性模拟

为了研究曝气强度对气升式反应器内气液两相流特性的影响,组合多相流Eulerian—Eulerian模型和液相Standardk-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件建立了气升式反应器内气液两相流的三维非稳态数值模拟。在曝气管布局方式一定的情况下,模拟计算获得了反应器内x轴截面处不同径向位置的气含率、液速分布情况,计算结果表明,在本文研究的曝气强度范围内,气含率随着曝气强度增加而增加,越靠近曝气池底部,升流区局部气含率越高,且气含率值波动较大;随着曝气强度的增加,曝气孔附近液速增加较明显,但随着气液两相流的上升,液速增加幅度降低;同时采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对液相速度进行了实验研究,实验结果与模拟结果吻合性较好。     

生物氮气/空气混合曝气OLAND-SMBR工艺脱氮

以浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)启动OLAND工艺,并对OLAND脱氮工艺性能进行了系统的研究。在OLAND-SMBR工艺运行过程中,采用厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应产生的氮气与空气混合曝气的方式,对膜组件进行曝气冲刷以减缓膜污染。实验结果表明,在反应器成功运行70 d过程中,进水总氮负荷最高可达0.4 kg·(m3·d)-1,TN去除率稳定高于81%;当曝气速率从0.025 m3·h-1上升至0.1 m3·h-1(空气泵和循环泵曝气速率均为0.05 m3·h-1)时,膜的使用周期从4 d延长至14 d,生物气+空气混合曝气方式不仅有效地减缓了膜污染,而且为亚硝化细菌的生长提供了所需的溶解氧。     

曝气策略对膜面剪切力的影响机制及其优化

曝气冲刷是浸没式MBR工艺不同于常规活性污泥法工艺的关键特征,然而现行规范的曝气系统设计与运行比较粗放,缺乏气泡尺寸模拟优化方法。以可直接观测的工程规模(500 m3·d-1)膜生物反应器为研究对象,对穿孔管角度进行了优化研究,并用群体平衡模型(Population Balance Model,PBM)模型模拟污泥混合液不同粘度下的内部气泡分布情况。结果表明：穿孔管角度垂直向下、60°、45°、30°、垂直向上在膜面产生的平均剪切力分别为1.74、1.46、1.19、1.38、1.67 Pa,这表明曝气角度最优为垂直向下。0.3%、0.5%和0.8%浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)下产生的平均剪切力分别是1.51、1.92、2.24 Pa,气泡直径逐渐增大。且气泡尺寸越大、流速越大,分布越均匀。基于0.3%、0.5%CMC的速度实验结果与PBM模拟结果基本吻合。该研究结果可为MBR技术的工艺优化和系统控制方法提升提供参考。     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题,结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点,提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明,同等曝气强度和曝气方式下,气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器;膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1.53～2.44倍,提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用,可减缓膜污染;对反应器膜过滤性能的考察,表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环,污泥活性有所下降,但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大,污泥活性较为稳定。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.