餐饮垃圾主要成分的热解动力学研究

将餐饮垃圾的主要成分纤维素、淀粉以及脂肪分别在10 K/min的升温速率下进行TG-DTG分析,结果表明3种物质由于分子结构与物质组成的差别,其热解特性有着明显的不同;同时采用Achar(微分法)和Coats-Refern(积分法)相结合的方法对餐饮垃圾进行热解动力学分析,找出最佳的机理函数并求出每种组分的活化能Ea和指前因子lnA。     

不同升温速率下城市污水污泥热解特性及动力学研究

利用差热-热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对杭州某污水处理厂污泥在不同升温速率下的热解特性及反应动力学特征进行研究。实验结果表明,热解温度从室温升至900℃时,污泥热解过程可分为4个失重阶段;升温速率对污泥热解转化率、挥发分析出温度以及最大失重率等热解特性参数都有显著影响。升温速率越高污泥最大失重率越大;而较低的升温速率延迟了污泥热解反应时间,导致污泥失重量相对较大。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算结果,污泥在氮气氛围下的热解反应为二级反应模式。提高升温速率可显著增加污泥热解的表观活化能和频率因子。     

工业废水污泥的热解及升温速率对热解的影响

利用热重分析法对印染、中药和废水处理厂3种典型工业废水污泥进行了热解动力学实验研究。结果表明,工业污泥是一种高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的劣质燃料。经过消化处理的污泥灰分含量较高,挥发分含量变小。热解过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,以挥发分的析出为主。升温速率对热解的最终失重率有重要影响。升温速率增加,热解更剧烈,但最终失重率的变化趋势与污泥种类有关;为使热解效果更好,不同种类的污泥应选择不同的升温速率。不同种类的污泥具有不同的热解特性,印染污泥挥发分析出阶段有2次热解。中药污泥活化能最小,印染污泥挥发分第2次热解的活化能比第1次大幅增加。     

废弃印刷线路板非金属热解动力学

废弃印刷线路板非金属材料现有处理方式存在较大的环境风险,其热分解特性是对其进行安全处理处置及资源化再利用的关键所在。结合热重实验数据,分别运用Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法及Freeman-Carroll法对动力学参数E、A、n进行了求解和讨论,结果表明,动力学参数E近似等于125.875 kJ/mol;A近似等于3.825×1010min-1;废弃印刷线路板非金属材料热解的动力学机理函数假设不宜表示为:f(α)=(1-α)n。运用atava-esták法对最概然机理函数进行了探讨,结果表明,废弃印刷线路板非金属材料的热分解动力学机理函数为:f(α)=[-ln(1-α)]4。研究结论为废弃印刷线路板非金属材料资源化再利用工业化设计与应用提供重要的实验数据和理论依据。     

废弃植物中药渣的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对丹参中药渣的热解特性及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了不同升温速率(10、30和50℃/min)和不同粒径(0.85~0.6、0.3~0.18和0.125~0.1 mm)药渣的热解特性。结果表明,药渣热解可分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、主热解阶段和碳化阶段,随升温速率的升高,热重(TG)和微分热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,药渣的最大失重速率也显著增加;与大颗粒相比较小颗粒的挥发分产量较大。采用Coats-Redfern法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法对药渣热解的动力学进行分析,选出了较为合理的机理函数,并计算得出药渣热解活化能为62~72 kJ/mol。     

生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对生活垃圾与煤混合试样的燃烧特性及热反应动力学进行了实验研究,考察了不同配比混合试样的着火温度、燃尽温度、最大燃烧速率及最大燃烧速率温度等燃烧特征参数,并用Coats-Redfern积分法对其进行了燃烧动力学分析,确定了燃烧动力学方程,求出了反应活化能Ea及指前因子A。实验结果表明:生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧时均保持各自的燃烧特性;混合燃料中随着生活垃圾掺量的增加,热重曲线向低温区转移,燃尽点逐渐降低,综合燃烧特性指数明显增大,生活垃圾能改善煤的燃烧性能;生活垃圾及其与煤混合燃烧出现两个燃烧阶段,分别遵循二级和一级反应机理,煤燃烧只出现一个燃烧阶段,遵循一级反应机理;混合燃料燃烧反应活化能Ea与指前因子A存在动力学补偿效应。     

船舶塑料垃圾热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析(TGA)研究船舶塑料垃圾在不同升温速率和不同气氛下的热解特性,并得到了热解动力学参数。结果表明,船舶塑料垃圾的热解过程主要有3个阶段,比一般塑料热解复杂;随着升温速率增大,最大热解速率和最大热解速率温度等热解特性参数也增大,反应变得更剧烈;N2/CO2比为4∶1时,热解反应进行得最完全,固体残留率最少。动力学分析表明,采用3个连续一级反应模型能很好地拟合实验数据;不同的升温速率和气氛比对反应各阶段活化能均有不同程度的影响。     

催化氧化糖蜜酒精废液的反应动力学研究

以载铜活性炭为催化剂对糖蜜酒精废液进行催化氧化,并对催化氧化过程进行动力学研究。通过不同温度下的动力学实验数据,计算反应活化能及指前因子,得到催化氧化的反应速率方程及COD浓度随时间变化的动力学方程。结果表明,催化氧化反应速率随温度的升高而加快。     

污泥热干化和燃烧特性试验研究

分别在桨叶式干化机和热重仪上进行污泥干化和燃烧试验,研究了污泥干化特性和污染物排放特性,并对污泥的燃烧特性进行分析。结果表明,污泥干化过程分为黏稠区、粘滞区和颗粒区3个阶段。干化过程排放的污染气体有氨气、氯化氢、氟化氢、氰化氢、甲烷和挥发性有机酸等,其中氨气为主要污染气体。经冷凝吸收和活性炭吸附处理后,各种污染气体浓度均显著降低,其中氨气去除率最高,达97.04%。污泥干化冷凝液的BOD5和COD质量浓度分别为4 040、8 510mg/L,氨氮的质量浓度为1 025mg/L,pH为9.84,属于高浓度有机废水。污泥的燃烧过程可以分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段(50～150℃),挥发分燃烧阶段(150～450℃),固定碳燃烧阶段(450～650℃)。分别用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算挥发分燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能和动力学方程,挥发分燃烧阶段的活化能低于固定碳燃烧阶段,表明挥发分燃烧阶段污泥更易燃烧。污泥的燃烧过程在650℃时基本完成,因此实际工程应用中,设计干化污泥的焚烧温度在750℃比较合理。     

医药类废盐渣的燃烧/热解特性及动力学研究

分析了维生素B6医药类废盐渣成分,采用热重(TG)/差示扫描量热(DSC)对比了废盐渣的燃烧和热解特性,并通过Coats-Redfern积分法确定了不同升温速率下废盐渣的燃烧及热解动力学参数。结果表明:该类废盐渣主要含有氯盐及磷酸盐类物质。燃烧反应比热解反应对废盐渣的热处理效果更好。升温速率对废盐渣燃烧及热解反应的反应温度、活化能和指前因子均具有不同影响。废盐渣的热解过程可用两个一级反应来描述,燃烧过程可用两个一级反应和1个二级反应来描述。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.