不同流量分配比对多级A/O工艺去除有机物及脱氮的影响

采用三级A/O工艺分段进水工艺处理低碳源生活污水,考察了进水流量分配比对系统去除有机物、硝化反硝化能力以及去除TN的影响。通过对水质指标沿程监测结果表明,不同流量分配比(4∶3∶3,5∶3∶2,6∶3∶1)对系统去除有机物及硝化效率影响不大,出水COD、氨氮分别均在30 mg/L、1 mg/L以下。但反硝化效果受流量分配比的影响较大,在流量比为5∶3∶2时,有效利用原水中碳源进行反硝化,反硝化效果最好。在流量比为5∶3∶2的情况下,TN出水为5.7 mg/L去除率为82.9%,优于流量分配比为6∶3∶1和4∶3∶3时的脱氮效果。总体而言,分段进水工艺在对碳源的有效利用及能耗节省方面优于单点进水。     

生物絮凝-AAAO中试系统污染物去除特性及反硝化除磷菌的培养

为降低污水处理成本并实现出水稳定达标,采用中试规模生物絮凝-AAAO工艺处理城镇生活污水,并模拟生物絮凝污泥厌氧消化所产生的碳源,用于强化反硝化除磷菌(DPAO)驯化效果。实验结果表明:生物絮凝系统抗冲击负荷能力较强,化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均去除率可达67.23%、 27%与68.93%。将模拟厌氧消化后产生的碳源投加至厌氧池促进DPAO的驯化后,AAAO系统对COD、TN和TP去除率分别提升31.53%、37.67%和26.37%,反硝化吸磷率最高可达62.97%,二沉池出水COD、TN均满足一级A出水标准,TP可低于0.30 mg·L-1。生物絮凝-AAAO工艺脱氮除磷效果较好,可为污水处理厂节能降耗运行奠定基础并有望得到广泛应用。     

流量分配比对改良型多级A/O工艺去除污染物的影响

改良型多级A/O工艺处理低碳源(C/N4.0)生活污水。在HRT为8 h、污泥回流比为60%、SRT为10 d的条件下,考察了流量分配比对系统去除有机物、TN、TP及硝化/反硝化能力的影响。结果表明:不同流量分配比(5∶3∶1∶1、1∶0∶0∶0、1∶1∶1∶1)对系统去除有机物及硝化能力的影响不大,出水COD、NH+4-N分别低于23.7、2.23 mg/L,但对系统脱氮除磷及反硝化能力的影响较大。流量分配比为5∶3∶1∶1时,系统能够有效利用进水碳源进行反硝化,且反硝化效果最好,出水TN、TP浓度分别为14.15和0.99 mg/L,去除率分别为79.6%和79.5%。总体而言,改良型多级A/O工艺对低碳源生活污水中污染物有很好的去除效果,这可为实际生活污水的处理提供理论依据。     

水解反硝化在城镇污水脱氮处理中的应用研究

提出在A2/O池前加水解池,并将二沉池出水部分回流到水解池,增加水解反硝化作用。分别从水解池对TN的去除、水解池反硝化作用、水解池对后续生化处理硝化和反硝化的影响四个方面,说明水解池有利于提高TN的去除率,使出水TN控制在15mg/L以下,达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级A标。     

CAST工艺处理低C/N生活污水的强化脱氮性能

研究了不同运行条件对CAST工艺处理低C/N实际生活污水脱氮性能的影响,并对pH值和ORP的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,传统4 h运行模式下,提高原水C/N比,TN去除效果并无显著提高;对于低C/N生活污水,降低充水比有利于提高出水TN去除率,然而,充水比降至16%时,系统因低负荷运行发生污泥膨胀。在不投加外碳源的情况下,采用分段进水交替A/O运行模式可大幅改善系统脱氮性能,且TN去除率随着交替次数的增多而提高,交替4次平均去除率达87.23%。系统采用实时控制方式运行时,可根据有机物降解、氨氧化及反硝化时pH值和ORP曲线上是否出现拐点,来判断反应系统的曝气以及搅拌时间是否过长、适当或不足。     

以玉米芯为外加碳源的SBBR脱氮特性

针对低碳氮比生活污水总氮去除效果不佳的问题,以玉米芯作为SBBR生物载体和外加碳源,开展同步硝化反硝化脱氮特性研究。主要考察了碳源投加比及曝气时间对脱氮效果的影响。在最佳碳源投加比为1∶80、最适曝气时间为5.5 h时,出水COD、TN、NH_3-N分别为48.95、6.25和1.01 mg/L,满足城镇污水厂一级A排放标准。研究表明,采用玉米芯为外加碳源,可实现固体碳源释碳与反硝化需碳的平衡,有效增强低碳氮比污水的脱氮效果,同时能够保证出水COD满足排放标准。     

基于碳源条件的燃料乙醇生产废水脱氮工艺优化

某厂稻谷燃料乙醇DDG废水处理工艺因好氧进水碳氮比失调,导致出水TN难以达标.通过对反硝化系统碳源种类的筛选,寻找适宜的碳源并对废水处理系统工艺进行调整,以提升反硝化脱氮效率.碳源筛选实验在葡萄糖、乙醇和清液(原废水),3种碳源条件下进行.通过考察实验系统pH和TN浓度的变化,对反硝化系统投加不同碳源时TN去除速率,以...     

水力停留时间对天然纤维素类固体碳源反硝化滤池处理效果的影响

为了有效去除低C/N(质量比)生活污水中的TN,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对以稻秆、玉米芯和大豆壳等天然纤维素为填料和固体碳源(以下简称碳源)的反硝化滤池的脱氮效果的影响,从COD、TN、TP去除规律和不同阶段释碳速率的变化,分析和比较不同HRT和碳源种类下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能,获得了不同碳源对应的最佳HRT,并探讨了最适碳源种类。以稻秆、玉米芯、大豆壳为碳源时,反硝化滤池的最佳HRT分别为2.0、2.0、4.0h,出水TN分别为0.3、0.2、0.4mg/L,TN去除率均为97.8%以上,此时出水COD、TP分别为37.6～44.9、0.4～0.6mg/L。玉米芯释碳速率低,释碳持久稳定,投加玉米芯为碳源的反硝化滤池在4个月后仍可保持高效、稳定的反硝化脱氮性能。     

湿地植物作为低C?N比生活污水反硝化碳源的研究

以风车草、香根草、再力花、芦荻、美人蕉5种湿地植物作为低C/N比生活污水的反硝化碳源材料。静态碳源释放实验中,5种湿地植物释碳能力为风车草再力花芦荻香根草美人蕉,风车草COD释放量最高,可达(129.2±6.2)mg/(g·L),其TN、TP的释放量相对较低。静态反硝化脱氮实验中,风车草和再力花脱氮效果最好,反硝化出水中硝态氮质量浓度均降低至3mg/L左右,硝态氮去除率均达88%左右,出水COD均在100mg/L左右,COD去除率均达到84%左右。在低C/N比生活污水反硝化脱氮中试实验中,以风车草为反硝化碳源,出水中TN、COD去除率可分别达到73%、75%左右,说明风车草是一种良好的低C/N比生活污水深度处理的反硝化碳源材料。     

植物及其根系分泌物对污水净化效果的影响

为了弄清不同植物对污水的净化效率以及其根系分泌物对污水净化效果的影响,对植物根系分泌物与脱氮及COD去除之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,在净化时间相同的情况下,茭白（Zizania cadaciflora）对污水COD的去除效果要好于美人蕉（Canna generalis）,美人蕉对污水TN的去除率要高于茭白,系统中N去除主要依靠硝化反硝化脱氮;美人蕉根系比茭白根系能分泌更多的溶解有机碳（DOC）,这些可溶性的有机碳可以为污水中微生物提供碳源,有利于氮的反硝化去除,但同时也会增加出水COD的浓度。而茭白比美人蕉具有更强的硝化能力,可促进其硝化反硝化作用。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.