从节能角度谈住宅建设的现状与发展趋势

通过对节能住宅与一般住宅的成本比较分析,结合目前国内外能源状况和中国已有住宅房屋能耗现状及国家政策法规对节能住宅的建设支持,阐述建设节能住宅的重要意义、建议及未来住宅建设的发展趋势.     

浅议建筑垂直绿化

建筑垂直绿化是建筑景观设计及节能的重要内容,论文论述了建筑垂直绿化的作用、形式以及国内外应用案例,提出了不同建筑和墙面适用不同的绿化方式。通过软件计算对某住宅建筑采用垂直绿化后的能耗进行了分析。结果表明,采用墙面垂直绿化的建筑能耗明显低于无绿化建筑,最后对建筑垂直绿化的产业化发展和经济性进行了分析和展望。     

中国5个城市儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛及总挥发性有机化合物浓度调查分析

为了解儿童住宅室内环境污染现状,于2013—2014年,分别在上海、北京、大连、长沙和武汉,对8—12岁儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)浓度进行检测.统计分析表明,不同城市住宅室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和TVOC浓度存在显著性差异性(P0.01),冬春季,大连和北京住宅室内空气中甲醛平均浓度高于上海、长沙和武汉.夏秋季住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中甲醛和乙醛浓度均高于冬春季(P0.01).在夏秋季,上海和大连儿童卧室内空气中甲醛浓度超标率分别为15.8%和20%,上海住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中乙醛浓度超标率分别为5.3%和10.5%.     

湖南省南瓜和西葫芦的产业现状、问题及发展战略

就湖南省农业产业化结构的调整,正确认识南瓜、西葫芦产业化的优势,现根据湖南农业气候状况及南瓜、西葫芦生产现状,找出南瓜、西葫芦生产中存在的问题,提出南瓜、西葫芦产业竞争力的科学发展战略.表1,参8.     

全生命周期视域下绿色建筑碳排放测算与减排效果研究

建筑业存在高能耗与高二氧化碳排放的问题,为助力建筑业实现“双碳”目标,本研究从全生命周期视域出发,借助BIM技术与OpenStudio能耗模拟技术,细化构建了住宅建筑碳排放测算模型,为今后住宅建筑全生命周期碳排放研究提供了一定的参考。研究案例以传统住宅建筑单体与绿色住宅建筑单体为研究对象,从全生命周期视角下分析两者的异质性,结果表明,与传统住宅建筑相比,绿色住宅建筑全生命周期碳排放较低,在运行阶段拥有更好的节能减排效果,但绿色住宅建筑物化阶段碳排放高于传统住宅建筑。本研究可为中国建筑业节能减排战略规划提供理论依据。     

近54a扎龙自然保护区景观斑块面积变化特征

运用GIS技术和景观牛态学的数量分析方法,根据扎龙自然保护区土地利用类型图和Landsat TM图像,分析了1950-2004年保护区景观斑块面积变化特征.结果表明,54 a间,保护区各景观类型以沼泽地所占面积比例最大,区域呈现出以沼泽地景观为基质.草地、耕地和未利用地等为主体的交错景观格局,其他景观类型呈补丁状散布于其中.沼泽地面积表现为波动性增加,草地面积下降显著,未利用地、住宅用地和耕地总体呈快速扩张趋势,水域面积变化不显著,林地所占比例最小,但呈上升趋势.面积加权平均值由大到小依次为沼泽地、草地、耕地、未利用地、水域、住宅用地和林地.最大斑块指数由大到小依次为沼泽地、草地、耕地,其他各类景观的最大斑块指数均小于1.斑块面积标准差最大的是沼泽地,并呈逐年增大趋势,水域、林地、住宅用地等景观类型斑块面积差异程度较小.斑块面积变异系数最大的是1978年的住宅用地,林地、未利用地的斑块面积变异系数较稳定.     

衡阳蔬菜产业现状、优势、存在问题和发展思路

针对衡阳调整农业产业化结构、稳定市场供应,正确认识衡阳蔬菜产业优势,使蔬菜产业逐步向标准化、规模化、产业化、特色化、品牌化方向发展,更利于服务三农、丰富蔬菜市场,提出了发展思路与策略.     

居住区单元景观质量的分析方法

随着房地产楼盘品质的提高,景观质量日益受到重视。分析住宅小区不同位置住宅单元的景观特点,对于掌握住宅单元的品质,确定合适定价策略有着重要意义。根据景观生态学理论,设计了表示住宅单元景观特点的指数。应用景观生态学的景观格局分析方法与虚拟现实技术的可视域分析方法,提出了对住宅单元可视景观特点进行定量分析方案。对典型住宅小区多个住宅单元的可视景观特点进行了模拟计算,计算结果较好地反映了实际的景观特点,从而为住宅单元景观质量定量评估提供了技术可能性。     

生态文明建设背景下的生态住宅评价与住区绿化

基于绿色建筑与生态住宅的内涵,结合生态文明建设的基本国策,分析了生态住宅与生态文明建设的关系;系统介绍了国内外与生态住宅相关的评价标准和评价体系;重点讨论分析了生态住宅住区的绿化建设。认为发展生态住宅是推动生态文明建设的重要内容之一,生态住宅评价标准体系的建立是实现可持续发展的有力保障;生态住宅住区的绿化应强调生态住宅住区内形成多层次的立体绿化,除了绿化率,还要考虑选取吸收或吸附污染物能力强的乡土植物为主要绿化植物,慎用外来植物,杜绝外来入侵植物的引入。今后要结合生态文明建设,加强生态住宅的规划、建设与评价等的研究。另外,根据各地的区域特点与特色,尽快制订建立全面规范、可操作性强的地方生态住宅建设与评价指标体系或技术指导细则等,以便更好地指引各地生态住宅的建设与发展,切实推动我国生态文明建设。     

马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗调查

对马鞍山市60户住宅冬季能耗进行了问卷调查,分析了住宅建筑、采暖设备等的内容与特点,统计了冬季电、天然气和水的消耗,得出马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗相关指标;并比较了马鞍山市与长沙、上海等城市住宅的能耗调查结果,比较结果表明：虽然马鞍山市冬季平均能耗比同气候地区的大城市低,但采暖电耗并不比大城市低。     

基于低碳经济的天津产业结构调整战略

以低碳经济理论为指导,分析了近年来天津产业结构调整成效和存在的不足,认为天津产业结构的“高碳锁定效应”仍较明显。按照发展低碳经济的要求,提出了天津产业结构调整战略：一是加强增量控制,产业增量向第三产业倾斜,逐步“减工业化”;工业增量向高新技术产业、战略性新兴产业倾斜,逐步“降重工业化”;严格限制新增高耗能产业项目,从源...     

Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity

As people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale‐dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2‐phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low‐density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long‐term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response. Patrones Sistemáticos Temporales en la Relación entre Desarrollos Urbanos y la Biodiversidad de Aves de Bosque     

The influence of public transportation on housing values

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is becoming an increasingly common development strategy with potential consequences on property values. This study explores the potential relationship between the proximity to public transportation and housing values. The objective is achieved by performing a hedonic regression using the 2013 American Housing Survey (AHS) sample, which includes 25 metro areas. In 2013, the AHS added a topical supplement addressing public transportation issues which makes understanding public transportation impacts on housing values more feasible. In this study, being located within half a mile of a public transportation stop was a significant factor in explaining housing values for 6 out of 25 metro areas. This research is important to real estate practitioners operating within TODs as proximity to public transportation may significantly influence property values.     

城市居住小区的公路交通噪声预测与规划

城市发展、公路建设、各类机动车辆的增加导致城市噪声环境质量下降。为了改善城市人居环境,居住小区交通噪声预测与规划应当受到重视。本文提出了一种居住小区交通噪声预测与规划的新方法。该方法充分运用地理信息系统空间分析、空间建模与显示查询的能力,结合完善可靠的交通噪声预测模型,建立了具有实际应用价值的城市居住小区交通噪声预测与规划系统。该系统能为环境评价、环境规划与建筑设计提供相关的技术支持。     

Rural and Suburban Sprawl in the U.S. Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and Its Relation to Forest Fragmentation

Abstract:  Housing growth and its environmental effects pose major conservation challenges. We sought to (1) quantify spatial and temporal patterns of housing growth across the U.S. Midwest from 1940–2000, (2) identify ecoregions strongly affected by housing growth, (3) assess the extent to which forests occur near housing, and (4) relate housing to forest fragmentation. We used data from the 2000 U.S. Census to derive fine-scale backcasts of decadal housing density. Housing data were integrated with a 30-m resolution U.S. Geological Survey land cover classification. The number of housing units in the Midwest grew by 146% between 1940 and 2000. Spatially, housing growth was particularly strong at the fringe of metropolitan areas (suburban sprawl) and in nonmetropolitan areas (rural sprawl) that are rich in natural amenities such as lakes and forests. The medium-density housing (4–32 housing units/km²) category increased most in area. Temporally, suburban housing growth was especially high in the post-World War II decades. Rural sprawl was highest in the 1970s and 1990s. The majority of midwestern forests either contained or were near housing. Only 14.8% of the region's forests were in partial block groups with no housing. Housing density was negatively correlated with the amount of interior forest. The widespread and pervasive nature of sprawl shown by our data is cause for conservation concern. Suburban sprawl has major environmental impacts on comparatively small areas because of the high number of housing units involved. In contrast, rural sprawl affects larger areas but with less intensity because associated housing densities are lower. The environmental effects per house, however, are likely higher in the case of rural sprawl because it occurs in less-altered areas. Conservation efforts will need to address both types of sprawl to be successful.     

Local governance of energy transition: sustainability,transactions and social ties. A case study in Northeast France

This paper tackles the process of energy transition from a transactional perspective. It addresses the governance of energy transition by studying its local actualizations, moving beyond purely technical and normative readings. The paper shows that through the local socio-technological energy systems, sustainability governance filters down to the level of individual, everyday behavior, thus questioning the link between public and private spaces, especially regarding the issue of housing. Going beyond the results commonly yielded by transition studies, which favor large-scale analysis, it details how the discourse of citizen involvement, which often boils down to a mere call to control one’s individual energy consumption, conceals environmental inequalities, confirming the socioeconomic divide materialized in deprived areas such as public housing estates or remote rural areas. From a methodological standpoint, the analysis is based on four case studies in Northeast France, in more or less privileged areas, and in both urban and rural environments: the renovation of a heating network in the public housing estate of Cité de l’Ill, north of Strasbourg; the solar energy systems designed for property owners in Plobsheim, a residential suburb of Strasbourg; the energy-efficient equipment set up in a public housing estate in the city of Saint-Dié, in the Vosges; and citizen participation in a cooperative program to finance wind turbines in the small Alsacian city of Saâles, in a mountain rural area. The paper draws on the results of these sociological investigations, carried out using field observations, questionnaires and interviews.     

Sex differences in partner preference in mated pairs of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)

Summary The attraction of permanently cohabiting males and females to their pair mate was assessed in a preference situation in which a subject was given a choice between its pair mate and a stranger of the mate's sex. Animals were tested in a choice apparatus, consisting of 1 cage housing the subject, 1 cage housing its pair mate, and 1 cage housing the strange stimulus animal. Wire mesh tunnels connected the subject's cage with that of each stimulus animal. Each tunnel was divided into 5 sections of equal length. During a series of 30-min choice tests, the subjects' location was scored every 10 sec as being in the home cage or in one of the sections of the tunnels leading to the cages of the other animals. In addition to these location scores, being at Zero Distance from a stimulus animal, as well as a number of behaviors directed at both stimulus animals, were recorded. Males were in closer proximity to their females than to strange females (Fig. 2), approached their females more frequently and directed more Tongue Displays and Sniffs at their mates (Figs. 3–5). Females did not prefer their males in terms of these behaviors (Figs. 2–5). Moreover, they directed a higher number of Gazes at strange males (Fig. 6). Both males and females were more frequently at Zero Distance from their pair mates than from strange stimulus animals and had more Nonaggressive Contacts with their pair mates (Figs. 7–8). These results suggest that males show a strong attachment to their female pair mates while females are attracted to their mates as well as to strange males.     

American energy and mineral industry involvement in housing

After a lapse of almost two decades, US energy and mining companies are once again involving themselves with worker housing. Reinvolvement began in the 1970s. It is in response to a recognition of the fiscal consequences of project delays and an industry responsibility to both workers and project area communities. It differs from the heavy reliance on company towns which were prevalent in the US during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. Industry involvement now relies not only on supply, but on stimulation. A greater variety of housing initiatives is being utilised and a company must carefully select the housing initiative best suited to its circumstances. These initiatives need to be guided by the following set of decision guidelines: (1) housing function; (2) housing user; (3) housing type and quantity needs; (4) monetary expectations; (5) role of the industry; (6) housing unit location; (7) responsibilities after housing is completed; and (8) amenities and community sharing. Then, housing involvement must be reviewed in light of past and present industry experiences. Innovative ideas need to be evaluated with respect to proven initiatives, as well as their presumed goal and potential for success.Study performed under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH00016 with the U.S. Department of Energy     

Conservation Value of Clustered Housing Developments

Abstract:  Traditionally, exurban lands in Colorado have been subdivided into a grid of parcels ranging from 2 to 16 ha. From an ecological perspective, this dispersed pattern of development effectively maximizes the individual influence of each home on the land. Clustered housing developments, designed to maximize open space, are assumed to benefit plant and wildlife communities of conservation interest. They have become a popular alternative for rural development despite the lack of empirical evidence demonstrating their conservation benefits. To better inform rural land-use planning, we evaluated clustered housing developments by comparing their spatial pattern with that of dispersed housing developments and by comparing their conservation value with that of both dispersed housing developments and undeveloped areas in Boulder County, Colorado. We used four indicators to assess conservation value: (1) densities of songbirds, (2) nest density and survival of ground-nesting birds, (3) presence of mammals, and (4) percent cover and proportion of native and non-native plant species. Clustered and dispersed housing developments did not differ on the majority of variables we examined. Both types of housing development had significantly higher densities of non-native and human-commensal species and significantly lower densities of native and human-sensitive species than undeveloped areas. More rigorous ecological guidelines and planning on a regional scale may help create clustered developments with higher conservation value.     

生态住宅的水环境规划:I. 水循环

生态住宅已成为住宅建设的发展趋势和潮流,水环境是生态住宅小区的重要组成部分。文章以中信保利达美景度假区为实例,根据度假区建筑总体规划方案,结合当地自然条件和水环境现状,探讨生态住宅小区的水环境规划,全面统一规划住宅小区内各种水系统,提出小区水环境总体规划方案,充分发挥各系统的功能,使其相互衔接、协调与补充。重点对项目所在区域开发前后的水量平衡,水库的水位变化及其安全性,极端气候条件下的库区水量变化及其因应对策,高尔夫球道的用水方案以及项目开发后的水循环模型做了深入探讨,旨在为生态住宅的水环境建设提供范例。