The role of plant leaf attributes in linking land use to ecosystem function in temperate grassy vegetation

We tested predictions of the relative changes in plant leaf traits in response to land uses in Australian eucalypt grassy ecosystems. Predictions were determined from responses observed in European landscapes in relation to disturbances associated with agricultural land uses. We measured specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) across five land uses: reference sites (closest to pre-European state), native pastures (unfertilized), fertilized pastures, sown pastures (cultivated and fertilized) and enriched grassland (previously fertilized, no longer grazed). Leaves were expected to have higher SLA and lower LMDC at sites with increasing fertility and/or disturbance.The predictions were confirmed, with SLA increasing progressively in land uses associated with (1) grazing; (2) grazing and fertilization; (3) grazing, fertilization and cultivation. Values for LDMC were closely (but inversely) correlated with those of SLA. For both traits, there were relationships with available soil phosphorus but not with soil total nitrogen. The positive correlation of SLA with phosphorus was not evident above 30 mg kg⁻¹, the recommended level of phosphorus for improved pastures.Results confirm patterns of leaf-trait response to disturbance that reflect fundamental constraints to plant survival in habitats with different levels of resources and disturbances. A conservative strategy for low productivity undisturbed habitats is associated with low SLA and high dry matter content in contrast to fertile disturbed habitats which select for high SLA and low dry matter content. The changes in leaf traits across land uses resulted from species substitution rather than variation within species across sites, and most notably the replacement of native by annual exotic species as land use intensifies.Recommended fertilization rates for pasture production convert the ground layer to plants with soft, digestible leaves, that are responsive to fertilizer and desirable for livestock production. However, fertilization also drastically reduces the diversity of native plants and annual plants tend to dominate. The trade-off associated with high production includes increased vulnerability to soil erosion, due to reduced plant cover and low persistence of cover. If alternative ecosystem values such as erosion control, water quality, salinity control and biodiversity persistence are required, incentives may be needed to offset the loss of production that can be gained from fertilizer application.     

中国土地利用程度与生态系统服务强度脱钩分析

科学探索土地利用程度与生态系统服务强度之间的脱钩关系,可以有效揭示土地利用变化对生态系统的干扰程度,为土地利用政策制定和生态系统保护提供科学依据。但是,以往研究缺乏对中国县域尺度土地利用程度和生态系统服务强度之间脱钩关系的具体研究。为了弥补这一不足,结合2000—2015年间中国土地利用现状遥感监测数据以及植被覆盖度指数,采用生态系统服务强度和土地利用程度测度方法,分别测度了2000—2015年间中国县域尺度生态系统服务强度和土地利用程度的时空格局特征,并且借助脱钩分析理论框架探测二者之间的脱钩关系。研究结果表明：（1）研究期间中国生态系统服务强度呈现出显著的空间异质性,东南地区生态系统服务强度显著高于西北地区;平原地区、城市群地区以及大城市周边地区生态系统服务强度显著低于山地丘陵地区。（2）研究期间中国土地利用程度持续增加,东南地区土地利用程度明显高于西北地区,东南地区土地利用程度分布“高中有低”,西北地区土地利用程度分布“低中有高”。（3）脱钩分析结果表明强脱钩和扩张负脱钩是当前中国土地利用程度和生态系统服务强度二者的主要关系类型,前者是两难的窘境,后者是双赢的模式。研究发现土地利用不同阶段对生态系统服务强度的干扰呈现显著差异,结果可以为土地利用与生态系统管理政策的制定提供科学指导。     

人类活动强度对锦江浮游细菌群落结构的影响

为分析人类活动强度对锦江浮游细菌群落结构的影响机制,本研究于2021年1月（枯水期）和7月（丰水期）在锦江21个采样点采集表层水样,基于高通量测序技术研究浮游细菌群落特征,运用网络分析等方法阐明浮游细菌群落的交互作用,并探讨人类活动强度对其结构及构建过程的影响.结果表明：(1)枯/丰水期第一优势浮游细菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,53.08%/37.84%）,其次是放线菌门（Actinobacteriota,30.89%/32.05%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota,9.41%/13.94%）;(2)与枯水期相比,丰水期浮游细菌群落的距离衰减效应更强,且其群落结构的季节变化大于人类活动强度影响下的空间变化,平均最近邻体指数（ENN＿MN）和农田是影响河流细菌群落的最主要因子,而该群落构建过程主要由不同水化学指标驱动;(3)Proteobacteria和Patescibacteria是浮游细菌群落交互作用的关键物种,低干扰强度下浮游细菌群落交互网络的稳定性优于其他干扰强度,林地和温度（T）分别是影响枯/丰水期网络稳定性的主要环境因子.(4)人类活动强度变化可通过调...     

The influence of grassland management on ground beetles (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in Swiss montane meadows

Effects of grassland management type and intensity on carabid species richness, number of individuals and species composition were studied in the Swiss Prealps. Carabids were censused in 2001 and 2002 in 21 mown and 20 grazed meadows by means of pitfall traps.Mean species richness was significantly higher in mown plots than in grazed plots and species composition was significantly different between these two management types. Additionally, different species characteristic for mown and grazed plots were found. These results suggest that mown meadows and grazed meadows represent two habitat types for carabid beetles.Within both habitats, management intensity was quantified by fertilizing intensity, the number of cuts, cattle density and/or grazing intensity. The relationship between management intensity and the number of individuals and species was positive. Higher fertilizing intensity was the most important factor for higher species richness and had a significant influence on species composition in both habitats. Other variables positively related to the number of individuals, were the number of cuts in mown meadows and grazing intensity and altitude in grazed meadows. Additionally to fertilizing intensity, cattle density was positively related to the number of species in grazed meadows. These results illustrate that in the extensive management systems found in the Swiss Alps and Prealps, even intensively managed meadows can sustain high carabid diversity and abundance.     

土地流转契约稳定性对转入土地农户化肥施用强度和环境效率的影响

本研究目的在于分析土地流转契约稳定性对转入土地农户化肥施用强度和环境效率的影响,并利用安徽省414户种粮大户的调研数据进行实证检验。研究方法包括DEA-SBM模型、多元回归模型和Tobit模型。结果表明：（1）土地租期、土地租金对种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的化肥施用强度分别有显著负向和显著正向的影响。（2）种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的平均环境效率分别为0.54、0.58、0.59,存在比较严重的环境效率损失;土地租期、土地租金对种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的环境效率分别有显著正向和显著负向的影响。本文主要结论是提高土地流转契约的稳定性有利于降低转入土地农户的施肥强度,进而提高农地规模经营的环境效率。     

Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation

The effects of UV intensity and turbidity on selected microbial indicator inactivation were investigated. Results showed that UV disinfection was effective in killing all the selected microbial indicators, the resistance order of the microorganisms was as follows： MS-2 coliphage 〉 Bacillus subtilis 〉 E. coil 〉 Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. UV intensity had influence on the inactivation of all the microorganisms, high UV disinfection efficency was obtained with higher UV intensity. Turbidity had impact on the bacteria inactivation rate, but there was no evidence that turbidity had any negative contribution to MS-2 coliphage. Under the same UV dosage, higher UV intensity could overcome the negative influence of turbidity on UV performance, enhanced microorganism inactivation effect in turbidity water.     

东北地区产业结构优化与城市土地集约利用协调性

精准识别产业结构优化与城市土地集约利用的协调状况,对于推动东北地区产业结构转型升级、协调国土空间规划及产业布局具有重要现实意义。运用耦合协调度模型及探索性空间数据分析法,深入探究了2009—2018年东北地区产业结构优化与城市土地集约利用的耦合协调水平及其空间相关性。结果表明：（1）东北地区城市产业结构合理化水平逐年降低,且区域差异程度较大;产业结构高级化水平小幅上升,但不存在明显的空间分异特征。（2）城市土地集约利用水平呈现出先上升后下降的倒“U”型演变特征,并沿着哈大交通经济带的中心城市向两侧梯度递减。（3）产业结构合理化、产业结构高级化与城市土地集约利用协调度分别呈现先上升后下降及稳步上升的演变态势。两协调度均以大连、哈尔滨等城市为中心向外辐射,呈现“多中心多圈层”的空间分布特征。（4）城市两系统协调度存在显著的空间正相关,但显著性逐年减弱,其中高—高聚集类型主要集中在辽中南城市群,低—低聚集类型集中在黑龙江东部城市群。     

Relationships between diversity of grassland vegetation, field characteristics and land use management practices assessed at the farm level

In order to assess the impact of policies to encourage extensification in less favoured areas and improve our knowledge of extensive livestock systems, we analyzed relationships between the diversity of grassland vegetation and land use management practices and field characteristics. This study, conducted on a mountainous area in the centre of France, was based on 149 fields, mainly of natural grasslands belonging to 7 farmers. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relations between the grassland vegetation types (five types established from the list of dominant species), management practices (cutting versus grazing and fertilization) and the topographic (altitude and aspect) and topologic (slope, distance and surface area) characteristics of the fields. The land use management rules used by the farmers were studied by specifying the grazing management rules of the herd (dairy cows), as well as those for conserved forage (mainly hay or silage) and were identified from observations mentioned on the “grazing schedules”, as well as from interviews at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study period. The statistical analysis showed that neither the topographic characteristics of the fields nor the distance from the cowshed or surface area were correlated with the grassland vegetation types. It was the management practices used, largely determined by the field slope, which determined the grassland vegetation type. On the other hand, farmers’ statements showed that the grazing and cutting management rules were mostly determined by the slope of the fields and the distance from the cowshed and, to a lesser extent, by the altitude and aspect. These results showed that the farmers take into consideration environmental differences when choosing fields to allocate for grazing and cutting at different seasons, particularly when they are constrained by these features. Nevertheless, when the constraints were minimal, a wide diversity of grassland vegetation types was also observed. This diversity was a result of attributing different functions to the fields which led to different management practices (defoliation methods and fertilization) and, thus, to different grassland vegetation types. Consequently, for farms where animal feed requirements vary according to the time of the year and the type of animal, we suggest that diversity in the grassland vegetation types is a sound component of these livestock systems.     

光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻生长的影响

在利用沉水植被对湖泊进行生态修复过程中,当营养盐有所降低,水体透明度增加有利于沉水植物生长时,丝状绿藻——刚毛藻会大量生长,从而影响生态修复效果.为了研究光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻(Cladophora oligoclona)生长的影响,本实验用含有不同磷浓度(0.005,0.02,0.1,0.6mg/L)的BBM培养基,在不同光照强度[10,30,50μmol/(m2·s)]下培养寡枝刚毛藻16d.结果发现,在光照强度为10μmol/(m2·s),初始P浓度0.1mg/L以上时,刚毛藻鲜重增加(约0.05g),其余处理条件下,刚毛藻鲜重均减少,其中光强为50μmol/(m2·s),初始磷浓度为0.005mg/L时,刚毛藻鲜重减少量最大(约0.49g).叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值的变化表现为光强越大,Fv/Fm的值越低.在光强为10μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值在0.75左右.光强为50μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值仅为0.3.在相同光强下,不同磷浓度对Fv/Fm值变化无显著影响.相对于磷浓度对刚毛藻生长的影响,光强对刚毛藻的生长影响更大,且高光强不利于刚毛藻的生长.     

1985-2015年美国坦帕湾流域土地开发利用强度时空变化分析

分析土地开发利用强度对提高土地开发利用效率和推动生态环境保护工作具有重要意义。选取美国佛罗里达州坦帕湾流域为研究区,以1985年、1995年、2005年、2015年4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用GIS技术构建了基于行为者的土地动态度模型、转移矩阵、土地开发利用强度模型和土地利用结构模型,对坦帕湾流域土地开发利用强度时空格局进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究期间建设用地和林地是流域主导土地利用类型;建设用地面积增加最多,主要由耕地转换而来,转换比例为53.74%。（2）各种土地利用类型相对变化率具有明显的空间差异,河流与湖泊相对变化最大;未利用地速度变化最为显著,单一动态度高达1.11%;建设用地年均增长较为平缓,每年增长0.30%左右;流域北部和南部综合动态度最高,形成极核中心,并以圈层形式向外辐射降低,同时高动态度区逐渐转换为较低动态度区。（3）信息熵均衡度呈小幅下降趋势,土地利用结构均质性下降;土地开发利用面积基本构成为建设用地>林地>耕地与牧场>河流与湖泊>未利用地>滩涂与沼泽。（4）坦帕湾沿岸皮拉尼斯县与坦帕市土地开发利用强度最高;流域土地开发利用强度发展期面积高于调整期,土地开发利用强度增强趋势明显。     

沿岸用地状况对中小河道沉水植物定居光照强度的影响

河道沿岸用地状况对水环境质量和水生态系统健康产生重要影响,水体光衰减特征对沉水植物定居生长具有重要意义.通过以建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等不同沿岸用地状况中小河道为研究对象,分析了上海市130个中小河道调查区段的水环境和水下光环境指标.结果表明,上海市中小河道调查区段水体光衰减系数(Kd(PAR))的分布范围...     

不同经营方式毛竹林氮流失年动态规律

为研究自然降雨条件下不同经营方式毛竹林径流养分流失的年动态变化规律及其差异,以浙江省杭州市临安区青山毛竹园为试验区,在粗放经营和集约经营区域,设置独立观察站。每次连续降雨后采集沉砂池水样,测定总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、磷酸根离子（PO₄^3-）含量,同时在动态观测期中采集坡面土壤样品,测定pH、有机质及有效N、P含量。结果表明：（1）集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林年单位产流量分别为8086.52 m³/hm²、4850.95 m³/hm²。（2）毛竹林径流水氮流失以硝态氮为主。（3）毛竹林集约经营增加了氮磷流失风险,集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林TN年单位流失量分别为45.26 kg/hm²、25.05 kg/hm²,TP年单位流失量分别为0.31 kg/hm²、0.21 kg/hm²,与粗放经营相比,集约经营氮磷流失分别增加了80.68%、47.62%。（4）毛竹林径流水中TN浓度与土壤碱解氮含量成极显著负相关,径流水中TP浓度与土壤有效磷成极显著正相关。     

镇域经济发展与土地集约利用水平综合测度及其关联特征分析——以江苏省109个抽样乡镇为例

经济持续发展和土地集约利用是新型城镇化战略关注的重要问题,而长期以来对于小城镇发展道路的诸多争辩和关切也集中在发展规模、用地效率等。采用多因素综合评价法测度江苏省109个抽样乡镇的经济发展水平和土地集约利用水平,并借助相关分析等探讨二者关联特征。研究发现:（1）镇域经济发展水平与土地集约利用水平显著正相关（P<0.01）。人口规模增加对经济发展水平和土地集约利用水平提升的“指数增长”效应要明显优于建成区面积扩张带来的“线性增长”效应,在人口规模达到5万~6万后镇域经济发展水平和土地集约利用水平明显提升。（2）镇域经济发展水平与土地集约利用水平的关联度呈现差异化特征。苏南地区显著高于苏中和苏北,人口规模越大两者的关联度越高,全国重点镇的关联度高于非重点镇和乡,三产均衡发展型和工业主导型乡镇的关联度高,而农业主导型乡镇的关联度较低。上述研究发现对于镇域社会经济健康发展的启示在于要统筹布局、重点推进、提升活力,着力增强人口吸引力,达到人口门槛规模,进而促进三产融合与集约集聚发展。     

模拟降雨下雨强对城市回填土草地径流系统中水量和污染物分配的影响

采用人工降雨装置,对不同降雨强度下城市回填土草地径流系统中水量和污染物的分配特征进行了实验研究.结果表明,降雨强度对径流水体及污染物变化有较大的影响.当降雨强度为16和30 mm·h~(-1)时,小区只有地表径流产生.当降雨强度为71和87 mm·h~(-1)时,小区会有壤中流产生,并且壤中流占比会随降雨强度的增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,而地表径流一直占主导地位.另一方面,小区地表径流中的TSS、TN和TP浓度都随着降雨强度的增大而增加.本研究对污染物质迁移与分配的影响机制和城市面源污染的治理及相应处理措施的选择具有重要意义,并且对于地下水保护具有现实意义.     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

中国碳排放强度影响因素对区域差异的作用分析

根据IPCC方法计算得到1995—2012年中国各省市碳排放数据,表明从1995年开始,我国各省市的碳排放强度整体上呈现南低北高,东低西高的分布格局,并有逐渐下降的趋势.区域间碳排放强度的基尼系数、Theil系数、对数离差均值的计算结果表明碳排放强度在各省市自治区间存在明显差异,并且差异随着时间逐渐增大.为了进一步分析碳排放强度差异的影响因素,我们建立了碳排放强度的回归方程,并采用夏普里值分解法进行影响因素的分解分析.整体上可以看出经济发展水平对碳排放强度差异的贡献值最大,而且随着时间推移其对碳排放强度差异的作用逐渐加强.其次是产业结构和能源结构,贡献值分别为18.91%和26.76%,对碳排放强度差异的贡献值随着时间逐渐减少,作用也逐渐弱化.最后是城市化水平(贡献值为~(-1).65%),仅在一定程度上能够降低碳排放强度的差异.进一步采用第三产业占比表示产业结构,石油占比表示能源结构进行分析,发现它们与碳排放强度变为反向关系.即一个地区的第三产业比重高,在能源结构中油的比重大,煤炭比重小,碳排放强度相比于其他地区则低.由此可见,石油比重的区域差异是影响碳强度差异的一个主要原因.因此,提升碳排放强度高的地区的石油以及低碳能源可以缩减区域间的碳排放差异.本文的研究对合理、公平的碳减排政策的制定,鼓励各省市自治区积极参加碳减排活动有着积极的意义.     

上海城市用地扩展强度、模式及其空间分异特征

基于多时段TM遥感影像资料,通过有关城市扩展度量指标和网格样方法等空间分析手段的综合应用,论文对上海地区城市扩展规模、强度和空间分异特征进行了研究,结果表明:①上海市区各时期城市用地扩展相对集中于宝山-闵行、嘉定-浦东等方向,并分别构成城市扩展的南北轴向和东西轴向,不同时期各轴向城市用地扩展性质和强度有明显差异,从而使各时期城市扩展表现为以城镇用地为主(1987～1990)到城镇用地与工业开发区并存(1990～1995)以及以工业开发区扩展为主(1995～2000)的形式;②整个上海地区城市化扩展模式在不同时期也发生了很大变化,由较简单的以中心市区及周边区域为主的“单核扩展”为主的模式,逐渐转变为较复杂的包括中心城区、卫星城、郊区城镇以及交通干道等周边区域的“多核扩展”和“点-轴扩展”模式,整个区域城市网络体系发育得更为完善,城市土地利用的功能也由简单趋于复杂和多元化;③从城市土地利用扩展的两种类型看,城镇用地与新开发区的扩展规模和速度及对城市土地利用扩展的贡献率等数量特征各时期存在着极为显著的差异。     

氮素形态与光强对苗期黄瓜吸收累积菲的影响研究

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同形态氮素(NH4 -N、NO3 -N)和光强对菲胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响.结果表明:①与供NO3- -N营养相比,供NH4 -N营养可同时增强黄瓜幼苗的抗菲胁迫及耐弱光的能力;②以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜吸收的菲不仅运输至叶片的比例相对较低,而且运输至新生叶片的比例也相对较少,相对降低了新生叶中的菲累积,因而使得以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜新生叶片维持了相对较大的光合面积和较高的光合速率.由此可见,与NO3- -N营养相比,NH4 -N营养能改善黄瓜在菲胁迫环境中的生长状况,尤其在弱光条件下,这种现象更加明显.     

雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强（0~100mm/h）和坡度（0°~10°）条件下,北方砂壤土裸地降雨径流中颗粒物（SS）、总磷（TP）、颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量及径流污染物之间的相关关系,并分析了雨强和坡度对污染物流失量的影响.研究结果表明,雨强和坡度越大,SS和TP流失量越大;径流中SS与TP、TP与PP的单位面积流失量呈显著线性相关关系（R²>0.946）;在实验条件范围内,雨强对颗粒物及磷素流失量的影响比坡度更显著;径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,相关系数大于0.911,由于0°裸地和有坡度裸地的下渗及产流情况差异较大,在模拟雨强和坡度对颗粒物及磷素流失量影响时需分别考虑.结果可为我国北方砂壤土裸地径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量的估算提供计算方法和科学依据.     

高强度Te(IV)胁迫对极大螺旋藻生理生化性质的影响

对极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)在接种后第3～5 d分3次添加Na2TeO3,4个Te胁迫组的累计加Te量分别为650、750、850和950 mg/L.结果表明:4个Te胁迫组螺旋藻的最终生物量、水溶性蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的含量均低于对照组,且随Te胁迫强度增加而逐渐减少;而SOD的比活力均高于对照组,但随Te胁迫强度增加也呈逐渐减少趋势;Te(IV)胁迫没有改变螺旋藻中脂溶性色素的组成,但各色素的含量也随Te胁迫强度增加而下降;胞外多糖含量随Te胁迫强度增加而增加,但950 mg/L实验组(第9 dxTe(IV)为2.21),胞外多糖的含量反而下降.