国外商业银行碳金融业务创新发展及其对我国的启示

碳金融作为应对全球变暖的创新金融机制,自《京都议定书》生效以来,其市场迅速发展,并且具有巨大潜力,能促进未来经济可持续发展。商业银行作为金融体系的重要组成部分,在碳金融市场中发挥重要作用,正面临重大挑战和机遇。本文总结了国外商业银行的碳金融业务和主要经验,分析了我国商业银行的发展障碍,并提出推动我国碳金融业务发展的政策建议。     

内蒙古做好“双碳”工作的建议

全球气候变暖背景下,为应对二氧化碳排放带来的消极影响,国家提出“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,旨在2060年前解决国内碳排放量过高的问题。基于此,为提升碳管理水平,响应国家“双碳”工作号召,本文针对内蒙古如何做好“双碳”工作展开研究,提出构建降碳体系、发挥碳计量中心保障作用以及用好碳交易市场激励政策等建议,旨在为实现“双碳”目标做好准备,也为内蒙古实现可持续发展与生态保护的良性循环奠定良好基础。     

气候投融资助力电力行业实现“双碳”目标的国际经验与启示

我国要实现碳达峰、碳中和目标（以下简称“双碳”目标）,优化能源结构是重要举措之一。电力行业的低碳转型对实现“双碳”目标将发挥重要的作用。本文阐述了电力行业在实现“双碳”目标中的战略地位与要求,分析了东京电力公司、西班牙国家电力公司等国际电力企业的气候投融资实践;面向国内,以国家电网有限公司作为主要研究对象,分析其气候投融资实践;借鉴国际经验,针对中国电力企业开展气候投融资工作提出明确定位、制订战略、创新模式等建议。     

气候贸易机制助力节能减排

要实现节能减排目标,除利用好国内现有机制、制定相关政策,还亟需市场机制和国际合作等外生力量发挥更大作用,所需市场手段不仅要实施成本低,能够发挥企业主动性,而且要能便利获得额外资金和先进技术。气候贸易机制正是这样一种市场手段。     

碳交易市场机制分析

本文分析了GHG减排方案下碳市场的形成,包括规范市场和自愿市场两种类型,同时研究了目前全球碳市场的发展状况以及其展现出来的金融化特征,指出国际GHG减排协议极大地促进了全球碳市场的发展,并且依托现代商品市场,碳市场也已经日益发展成一种成熟的市场化机制.进一步分析了中国在未来参与全球碳市场的前景,认为自愿市场是一种十分良好的借鉴形式,但是促进碳市场、建立碳交易所等还存在诸多问题.     

“双碳”目标下碳价对气候投融资的影响分析

应对气候变化已成为目前国际最重要、最紧迫的议题之一。气候投融资作为减缓和适应气候变化不可或缺的基础条件,在支持全球低碳经济发展方面发挥着关键作用。碳市场是气候投融资所需资金的重要来源之一,可为参与碳市场交易企业低碳发展提供资金支持。碳价作为碳市场的关键要素,是利用市场机制应对气候变化的重要手段,也是投融资过程中进行风险和收益评估的基础要素。本文通过分析碳价对能源结构调整、产业结构优化及生产方式转变的影响,进而研判碳价对气候投融资资金流向的影响,提出形成合理有效的碳价格预期、推动碳价融入投融资决策过程等建议。     

企业碳中和行动的驱动力与模式

碳中和已成为我国气候治理和可持续发展的重要目标。尽管碳中和是国家面向2060年的长期愿景,尚未转换成针对企业的政策约束,但全球很多企业已经快速响应,主动制定自身的碳中和战略。本文从企业环境行为的驱动理论出发,分析了企业做出碳中和承诺的内部和外部驱动因素,论证了企业"化被动为主动"、自主实行碳中和战略,不但有助于在未来更加严格的气候政策规制中获得先机、赢得行业竞争优势、拓宽绿色市场份额、规避可能的经济风险,而且具有体现企业社会责任感、树立良好品牌形象、提升企业创新能力和核心竞争力等积极作用。在此基础上,梳理了能源密集型、资源密集型和高新技术企业的碳中和战略及模式,总结分析了国内企业实现碳中和承诺的机遇和挑战,为国内企业制定零碳发展战略、实现碳中和目标提出了路径建议。     

美国温室气体减排努力现状及近期动向

美国作为全球温室气体排放大国之一,在国际气候谈判中的立场至关重要。本文从州政府和地方政府角度总结了美国已采取的减排努力措施,分析了德班会议前后其应对气候变化动向,探讨了对我国采取温室气体减排行动和措施的借鉴意义和启示。美国由于受到持续低迷的经济环境,缓慢的国际气候谈判进程,以及2012年总统大选的影响,国内温室气体减排行动和措施实质进展缓慢,我国应总结和借鉴美国已采取减排行动措施的经验教训,从加快建立健全国内气候立法体系,推动国内碳市场建立出发,积极应对国内外气候变化制度中存在的不确定性,不断提高我国在国际气候谈判中的地位。     

光伏产业主要政策及其与资源环境问题关联性分析

国务院总理李克强于今年6月14日主持召开国务院常务会议,部署大气污染防治十条措施,研究促进光伏产业健康发展。会议指出光伏产业是新能源产业的重要发展方向,我国光伏产业已具有相当国际竞争力,但受全球光伏市场低迷、国内市场应用不足等影响,目前出现生产经营困难,必须支持光伏产业走出困境并健康发展。要在努力巩固国际市场的同时,用改革的办法,发挥市场机制作用,着力激发国内市场有效需求,推动产业创新升级。由此可见,为促进我国光伏产业的健康发展,亟需完善政策系统。就当前而言,建议减少政府对上游产业的干预,加强对下游产业的规范和引导,突出政策的行业服务功能,并将战略环评融入行业决策。     

多边基金机制与清洁发展机制的比较研究

<蒙特利尔议定书>与<京都议定书>同为解决全球性环境问题签订的国际公约下的具体执行条约,具有一定的相似性,但是其保障实施的资金机制却存在着本质的区别.<蒙特利尔议定书>一直被认为是国际合作解决环境问题的成功典范,但是它的多边基金机制却无法被照搬进之后签署的<京都议定书>.本文比较了多边基金机制与清洁发展机制的不同,从技术和影响范围两方面分析了原因,并分别比较了二者的环境和经济效益以及对发展中国家可持续发展的影响,指出在目前寻求环境与经济双赢的国际形势下,清洁发展机制这种将市场机制引入环境保护的做法虽然还存在实际环境效力等问题需要进一步研究解决,但它仍将是未来国际环境保护机制的主流.     

Equity rules for burden sharing in the mitigation process of climate change

Although international negotiation on the mitigation of climate change is a process of determining burden-sharing rules between countries, there has been no clear agreement on equity principles for burden sharing. During the negotiating process up to the Kyoto Protocol, various proposals were made on such burden-sharing rules, but an agreement on emission targets for Annex I countries was achieved without explicitly agreeing to any rules. In the next phase of the negotiation, debates on emission targets are likely to shift from those between developed countries to those between all parties to the convention. In such a phase, debates on burden-sharing rules will be revisited. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to determine implicitly a formula for the rule for burden sharing between Annex I countries that was considered to be underlying the emission targets of the Kyoto Protocol, and (2) to examine plausible emission targets and timing of commitments for non-Annex I countries in the future by using the result of the analysis on the Kyoto Protocol. A multi-regression method is used for this purpose. It was concluded that the burden sharing between Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol can mostly be explained by three variables: the increase in the rate of CO₂ emission during the years 1990 to 2010, the increase in the rate of afforestation between 1990 and 1995, and the GDP per capita at the time of negotiation. The timing of future commitments of developing countries and the levels of targets differ widely, depending on which index or formula is agreed as "equitable". Some of the developing countries would have to start limiting their emissions within several years if GDP per capita or CO₂ per capita were chosen as the burden-sharing indicator. Developing countries would not have to make commitments until the mid-late 21st century if population growth rate were chosen. If the inferred formula of the Kyoto Protocol were applied to developing countries, they would have had to start mild limitation from 1990.     

Equity rules for burden sharing in the mitigation process of climate change

Although international negotiation on the mitigation of climate change is a process of determining burden-sharing rules between countries, there has been no clear agreement on equity principles for burden sharing. During the negotiating process up to the Kyoto Protocol, various proposals were made on such burden-sharing rules, but an agreement on emission targets for Annex I countries was achieved without explicitly agree-ing to any rules. In the next phase of the negotiation, debates on emission targets are likely to shift from those between developed countries to those between all parties to the convention. In such a phase, debates on burden-sharing rules will be revisited. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to determine implicitly a formula for the rule for burden sharing between Annex I countries that was considered to be underlying the emission targets of the Kyoto Protocol, and (2) to examine plausible emission targets and timing of commitments for non-Annex I countries in the future by using the result of the analysis on the Kyoto Protocol. A multi-regression method is used for this purpose. It was concluded that the burden sharing between Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol can mostly be explained by three variables: the increase in the rate of CO₂ emission during the years 1990 to 2010, the increase in the rate of afforestation between 1990 and 1995, and the GDP per capita at the time of negotiation. The timing of future commitments of developing countries and the levels of targets differ widely, depending on which index or formula is agreed as “equitable”. Some of the developing countries would have to start limiting their emissions within several years if GDP per capita or CO₂ per capita were chosen as the burden-sharing indicator. Developing countries would not have to make commitments until the mid-late 21st century if population growth rate were chosen. If the inferred formula of the Kyoto Protocol were applied to developing countries, they would have had to start mild limitation from 1990.     

一种部分碳税机制的经济分析

基于目前全球气候变化谈判的困境提出一种部分碳税机制,这种机制与1997年12月缔约国大会第三次会议所形成的京都议定书第12条确立的清洁发展机制（CDM）的雏形清洁发展基金（CDF）有相似的特征,即要求附件Ｉ缔约方为实现公约的目的和体现公约有区别的责任原则,通过实行统一的税收机制并将税收收入转移到发展中国家作为他们在历史过程中过多排放温室气体的自然债务的补偿     

The rules for land use,land use change and forestry under the Kyoto Protocol—lessons learned for the future climate negotiations

This paper provides an overview of the rules for accounting emissions of land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. It first describes the rules in detail, it then provides an overview of the history of negotiations that led to these rules and provides resulting conclusions for future international climate negotiations. We conclude that the current rules can be better understood in the light of the negotiation history. For the future, we conclude that first an agreement on the objectives of including LULUCF in the future climate regime should be developed, e.g. to contribute significantly to the ultimate objective of the convention. Further, a solid set of data should be developed that can assess the magnitude of possible options. The rules should be scientifically sound, complete and balanced as well as unambiguous before the quantitative targets are defined. They should further be simple and inclusive to include all carbon pools, i.e. provide incentives to avoid deforestation and unsustainable logging in all countries.     

后德班时代环境保护部门开展应对气候变化工作的几点思考

2011年11月28日至12月11日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第17次缔约方大会暨《京都议定书》第7次缔约方会议在南非德班召开。在平衡与妥协的激烈博弈q-,最终达成了一个各方均不满意,但都能接受的《德班协议》。全球减排合作进程进一步加快加严,我国在后德班时代面临的国际谈判与国内应对压力将更加严峻,环保部门在温室气体监测统计、污染物与温室气体协同控制、生态保护与适应气候变化等领域将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

后京都时代AFOLU机制政策选择问题初探

AFoLu机制将农业、林业和其他土地利用整合在一起,将被纳入后京都时代国际气候变化制度中并扮演关键角色。我国需选择基于AFOLU活动的正确的政策工具,充分认识自身的政策基础,在政策选择研究基础上做出最优政策选择,从而在后京都时代既适应和减缓全球气候变化,又有利于我国绿色经济发展。     

中国CDM市场现状分析和管制建议

《京都议定书》的生效、CDM项目活动在全球的广泛开展为发展中国家寻求经济和环境的共赢发展带来了前所未有的机遇,中国的经济正处于高速发展中,在未来的国际CDM市场中必将扮演重要的角色。虽然我国在开发CDM项目、促进温室气体减排方面做出了突出的贡献,但仍然存在项目分布不合理、信息不对称、偏离方法学等明显问题。面对未来可以预见的国际环境压力,我们应当加强管制,充分利用好CDM的机遇。在借鉴印度、巴西等其他发展中国家的做法、总结自身经验和不足的基础上,提出CDM项目的管制建议,在政策引导、宣传培训、项目选择和方法学应用等方面调整CDM项目的发展策略,为我国的参与CDM带来更为巨大的商机和活力。     

全球二氧化碳排放权交易市场的分析与展望

京都议定书提出了发达国家削减二氧化碳排放量的具体目标及削减方案。因此二氧化碳排放权交易成为关注的热点。在对排放权交易市场的特性．作用及利害关系分析的基础上．提出排放权交易市场将带动一批相关的服务业发展。英国，日本在国内建立交易市场的动作和进展．值得重视和借鉴。     

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%.     

China, the United States and technology cooperation on climate control

The U.S. and China are the world's largest and second largest CO₂ emitters, respectively, and to what extent the U.S. and China get involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. While it is unavoidable that China will take on commitments at some specific point of time in the future, this paper has argued that the proposal for joint accession by the U.S. and China is not a way forward. For various reasons, such a proposal is in the U.S. interest, but is not in the interest of China. Given the U.S. political reality and institutional settings on the one hand and China's over-riding concern about economic growth and poverty reduction on the other, the two countries are unlikely to take on emissions caps under an international regime, at least for the time being. Therefore, we need to explore the area where cooperation between the two countries to address climate change seems best. The research, development and deployment of clean technology is the area that is in the best interests of the two countries. The U.S. has adopted a technology-oriented approach to climate issues, and has launched the four multilateral initiatives on technology cooperation and the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP). China has participated in all these U.S.-led initiatives, and is a partner to the APP. Strengthened technology cooperation between the two countries through these initiatives and the APP has led some tangible benefits. However, it should be pointed out that while technology is a critical ingredient in a climate policy package, efforts such as the APP can only be part of the solution. They alone cannot ensure that best available technologies are always deployed in the marketplace, and that new technologies will roll out at the pace and on the scale that we need. In order to have such technology-oriented approach to play a full role, we do need a coordinated policy framework agreed via the Kyoto Protocol or a follow-up regime or the parent United Nations Framework Convention.