生物快滤池深度处理城市污水的性能及pH值变化规律

采用生物快滤池对城市污水厂二级出水进行深度处理的试验表明,生物快滤池对进水水质变化有很大的适应性,除卫生学指标外,其它指标出水绝大部分时间可满足生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89)中的洗车标准。随着进水水质的不同,生物快滤池中生化反应类型也随之变化,相应地滤池出水pH值也有不同的变化规律。可以通过生物快滤池进出水pH值的变化情况来判断滤池内生化反应类型和COD或氨氮指标的去除效果。     

降解2,4-二氯酚的厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体生物膜反应器中古细菌的种群结构

采用古细菌特异性引物ARC21F/ARC958R对污泥样品的总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、克隆、序列分析等,研究了降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP)的厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体生物膜反应器(Anaerobic granular sludge-suspended carrier biofilm reactor, ASBR)中古细菌的种群分布.结果表明,接种污泥和ASBR各层污泥中存在共有的古细菌: Methanothrix soehngenii和Uncultured archaeon等, M. soehngenii、uncultured archaeon TA05和uncultured archaeon TA04在接种污泥和ASBR各层污泥中的分布为:接种污泥的丰度＜上层的丰度＜中层的丰度＜下层的丰度. uncultured archaeon 44A-1、uncultured archaeon 39-2、uncultured archaeon 46-1和uncultured archaeon 69-1的分布为:接种污泥的丰度＞上层的丰度＞中层的丰度＞下层的丰度.经2,4-DCP驯化后, ASBR上层悬浮填料区出现特有的古细菌unidentified crenarchaeote等,下层厌氧颗粒污泥区特有的古细菌为uncultured archaeon ZAR106等.接种污泥特有的6种古细菌Methanosaeta concilii等经2,4-DCP驯化后消亡,污泥中古细菌多样性减少,以下层颗粒污泥中古细菌种群丰度的变化最为明显.图2表2参21     

废水处理中pH值计算机模糊控制系统的设计

酸碱中和是化工废水处理中的一个重要环节。本ｐＨ值控制系统采用ＰＩＤ控制和模糊控制并列转换形式,当系统的偏差较小时,采用ＰＩＤ法进行流程控制;而当系统的偏差较大时,采用计算机模糊控制。介绍ｐＨ值计算机模糊控制系统设计原理与模糊控制器的实现,包括模糊化处理、模糊规则库的建立、模糊计算和反模糊化处理。在废水处理工艺流程中采用该控制方法可获得高效、稳定的控制效果。     

降水pH值的支持向量回归预测模型构建

将支持向量回归用于降水pH值预测模型的构建,结果表明,该模型具有较好的稳定性和较高的预测精度,降水的pH值主要受大气中碱性离子浓度的影响,起主导作用的是碱性离子的中和作用;其预测结果优于多元线性回归、主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归和投影寻踪回归等模型.     

不同pH条件下太湖入湖河道沉积物磷的释放

对不同pH条件下太湖西部主要入湖河道沉积物中溶解性活性磷(SRP)和总溶解性磷(TDP)的采样分析结果表明,中部人湖河道SRP与TDP的释放表现出明显的不一致性,北部和南部入湖河道SRP和TDP的释放基本一致,只是在强碱性条件下,某些河流2种磷的释放变化不一致.营养程度高的河道,沉积物磷在碱性条件下容易释放;营养程度低的河道,沉积物磷在酸性条件下容易释放.因此,应当考虑碱化(或酸化)引起的磷释放风险.Fe-P和Ca-P含量及2者比值与河道的营养状况有关,也与沉积物磷的释放量有关,表明沉积物磷的形态组成对磷的释放影响明显.湖泊因自身的水动力条件差和对营养元素的富集,营养程度高于河道,湖泊沉积物磷的释放量也较大.     

pH值与乙酸对易腐有机垃圾水解过程的抑制

通过外部添加水解酶比较和区分pH值和乙酸对水解的影响,结果表明:以固相挥发性固体和元素碳的减少以及液相有机碳的增加表征水解率,在pH=7时最大,144h的水解率可达66.9%;与pH=7相比,pH=8-9时,水解率降低8%-24%;pH=5-6,水解率降低40%-60%.20g·l-1乙酸的加入抑制了水解,在不同pH值条件下与不添加乙酸的水解相比,抑制程度为2%-35%,pH=7时乙酸的抑制最显著,可达35%.颗粒态物料的水解过程动力学符合Chen-Hashimoto公式.     

pH值对零价铁还原降解模拟地下水中硝基苯的影响

通过批次实验,研究了不同pH值对零价铁还原模拟地下水中硝基苯的影响,结果表明:零价铁通过还原反应可有效降解地下水中的硝基苯,在控制pH值为3-12的硝基苯还原降解试验中,反应的最佳pH值为3;随着反应的进行pH值呈现逐渐升高的趋势;在各种pH值条件下,硝基苯的还原速率符合假一级动力学模型,表观速率常数kobs随pH值的降低而增加;硝基苯的还原速率和苯胺的生成速率都随pH值升高而减小;另外,零价铁还原硝基苯的最终还原产物为苯胺.     

根际pH值与烤烟产量和质量的关系研究

主要研究了根际ｐＨ值对烤烟生长及其烟叶产质量的影响．结果表明，烤烟在伸根期和旺长后期对根际ｐＨ值的生长反应明显不同，微酸性的根际环境促进烟株前期生长，而微碱性则有利于烟株中后期烟叶的发育与成熟．烟叶产量和单叶重随ｐＨ上升至８．０而增加．根际ｐＨ值在５．５－７．５范围内变化时，烟叶外观质量变化不大．烟叶化学成分同样受到根际ｐＨ值的显著影响．     

阳极初始pH值对沉积型微生物燃料电池运行特性的影响

以太湖蓝藻水为主要处理对象,研究阳极区pH值对沉积型微生物燃料电池(Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell,SMFC)运行特性的影响.结果表明,SMFC系统阳极的碱性条件有利于功率密度的提高及污染物的去除.阳极初始pH值为5.5和8.5时,系统稳定运行功率密度和COD、VSS的去除率分别为3.5mW·m-2、7.3%、4.2%和5.4 mW·m-2、11.5%、9.2%.系统功率密度与污染物去除率呈正相关,污染物去除率越大,系统功率密度越高.     

投加填料强化A/O系统脱氮性能研究

介绍了投加填料法对A/O(厌氧—好氧)工艺生物脱氮的影响。在填料投加率50%(φ(填料)=50%)、好氧段HRT 4.4 h和缺氧段HRT 2.2 h的情况下,进水CODC r为300~800 mg/L、NH4+-N为30~70 mg/L,TN为30~90 mg/L,出水CODC r小于48 mg/L,NH4+-N小于5 mg/L,TN小于15 mg/L,去除效率可分别达到90%、91%和60%以上,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准,明显优于常规A/O系统。     

悬挂链曝气工艺应用于中小城镇污水治理

通过对悬挂链曝气工艺特点和应用情况的分析,总结了针对中小城镇污水处理厂的设计与建设经验。结合我国国情,提出悬挂链曝气工艺为中小城镇污水处理厂的建设提供了一个良好的选择。     

SBR法处理城市污水脱氮除磷试验

采用SBR工艺对广州地区城市污水进行了生物脱氮除磷实验研究。结果表明:在碳、氮、磷比例不合理的情况下,达到了既去除有机物又能脱氮除磷的效果。总停留时间控制在4.5～5.5h,污泥负荷为0.14～0.26kg BOD5/(kgMLSS·d)时,出水BOD5浓度在5.12～13.62mg/L,去除率达85%～93%;出水COD浓度在10.7～32.2mg/L,去除率达82%～88%;出水NH4—N浓度在2.83～9.83mg/L,去除率达53%～87%;出水TP浓度在0.1～0.45mg/L,去除率达85%～'99%。     

Effects of shear force on formation and properties of anoxic granular sludge in SBR

This paper reports the effects of shear force on anoxic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBR）. The study was carried out in two SBRs （SBR1 and SBR2） in which sodium acetate （200mg COD·L^-1） was used as the sole substrate and sodium nitrate （40 mgNO3-N·L^-1） was employed as the electron acceptor. The preliminary objective of this study was to cultivate anoxic granules in the SBR in order to investigate the effects of shear force on the formation of anoxic granular sludge and to compare the properties of anoxic sludge in the SBR. This study reports new results for the values of average velocity gradient, a measure of the applied shear force, which was varied in the two SBRs （3.79 s^-1 and 9.76 s^-1 for SBR1 and SBR2 respectively）. The important findings of this research highlight the dual effects of shear force on anoxic granules. A low shear force can produce large anoxic granules with high activity and poor settling ability, whereas higher shear forces produce smaller granules with better settling ability and lower activity. The results of this study show that the anoxic granulation is closely related to the strength of the shear force. For high shear force, this research demonstrated that： 1） granules with smaller diameters, high density and good settling ability were formed in the reactor, and 2） granular sludge formed faster than it did in the low shear force reactor （41days versus 76 days）. Once a steady-state has been achieved, the nitrate and COD removal rates were found to be 98% and 80%, respectively. For low shear force, such as was applied in SBR1, this research demonstrated that： 1） the activity of anoxic granular sludge in low shear force was higher than that in high shear force, 2） higher amount of soluble microbial products （SMPs） were produced, and 3） large pores were observed inside the larger granules,which are beneficial for nitrogen gas diffusion. Electron microscopic examination of the anoxic granules in both reactors showed that the morphology of the granules was ellipsoidal with a clear outline. Coccus and rod-shaped bacteria were wrapped by filamentous bacteria on the surface of granule.     

初始pH对厌氧环境下污泥中抗生素抗性基因行为特征的影响

污水处理厂产生大量的剩余污泥中含有丰富的抗性基因,给环境带来了潜在风险。以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,在不同初始p H(对照组、初始p H=3、5、7、9、11)下观察厌氧条件下,8种抗生素浓度以及四环素类抗性基因(tet A、tet G、tet L、tet M、tet O、tet Q、tet W、tet X)、磺胺类抗性基因(sul I、sul II)和Ⅰ类整合子(int I 1)的行为特征。研究结果显示,初始p H对抗生素的降解影响较小,污泥中总抗生素的平均去除率为42%。对照组及初始p H为3、5、7、9、11下的总四环素类抗性基因分别削减0.65 log、0.96 log、0.75 log、0.62 log、0.86 log和0.98 log。不同四环素类抗性基因表现相似,在初始p H=3和初始p H=11下部分抗性基因削减较多,特别是tet A、tet G、tet L、tet O和tet X。2种磺胺类抗性基因均无削减,浓度平均上升0.18log。相关性分析显示,总抗性基因与TN、NH3-N、TP、SCOD(溶解性COD)均存在显著相关性(P0.05)。上述研究结果为污泥厌氧消化中抗生素抗性基因减量条件提供参考依据。     

Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^-1 and 0-30s^-1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^-1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Abstract

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^?1 and 0-30s^?1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^?1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

水体中悬浮颗粒物对十溴二苯醚的吸附/解吸特性研究

采用室内试验法,以沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒(铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻)作为水体中悬浮颗粒物(SPM),研究了SPM对十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)的吸附/解吸特性.结果表明,沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒对BDE-209的吸附分别在1.5h和0.5h内达到最大,在3h内可以充分达到平衡;沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒对BDE-209的吸附能力存在差异,这与颗粒物中有机质的浓度和类型有关;在实验浓度范围内,BDE-209在SPM上的吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附方程较好地拟合;解吸过程表现出一定的迟滞性,且沉积颗粒物比浮游植物颗粒物具有更明显的迟滞性;pH中性、温度20～30℃的水体有利于SPM对BDE-209的吸附.     

鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤pH值动态变化

鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤pH值都较低,但从1994年以来土壤酸化都得到了控制,pH值比较稳定。针叶林土壤pH值比混交林高,季风常绿阔叶林pH值最低。     

高效甲醛降解菌处理突发污染事故研究

通过选择培养,选育到1株能快速降解高浓度甲醛的菌株BZ-001H,经鉴定为Bacillus cereus,其最适降解条件是30℃和pH 7.0,最适浓度为8 000 mg L-1,最佳接种量为0.3‰,甲醛浓度越高时对pH的变化越敏感.用BZ-001H作为功能菌株对活性污泥系统强化后应急处理含2 035.67 mg L-1、4 155.63 mg L-1、8 099.27 mg L-1浓度甲醛的模拟废液,2.5h、6 h、14 h后去除率都能达到99%以上.模拟甲醛突发污染事故场景与应用条件,用BZ-001H强化常规SBR工艺应急处理4 073.65 mg L-1甲醛废液,经过8 h降解,可使出水甲醛达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准.同时,考察了应急处理过程对应急系统和常规系统的影响,结果表明,应急处理结束后,应急SBR系统运行2周期后COD达标排放,6周期后氨氮达标排放;而对照系统受冲击明显,运行10周期后氨氮仍未达标,去处率仅为18.81%.