Safety climate,safety management practice and safety performance in offshore environments

Safety climate surveys were conducted on 13 offshore oil and gas installations in separate years (N=682 and 806, respectively), with nine installations common to both years. In addition, data on safety management practices were collected by questionnaire from senior management on eight installations in each year. The associations between management practices and climate scores with official accident statistics and self-reported accident involvement were tested via a series of hypotheses. Associations were found between certain safety climate scales and official accident statistics and also the proportion of respondents reporting an accident in the previous 12 months. Proficiency in some safety management practices was associated with lower official accident rates and fewer respondents reporting accidents.     

基于24Model-AHP的建筑施工高处坠落事故原因研究

为预防建筑施工高处坠落事故,本文采用事故致因“2-4”模型,研究2012-2018年50起高处坠落事故案例,对导致事故的根源原因、根本原因、间接原因和直接原因进行定性分析,并使用SPSS软件分析原因之间的相关性,同时根据事故原因构建递阶层次模型,计算出其权重值并进行排序,从而得到影响事故发生的关键因素。结果表明:安全管理制度和操作规程不健全、员工的安全意识不高和违章操作以及安全防护措施不到位是导致事故发生的主要因素,也是事故预防重点。研究成果对确保施工过程安全,制定相应防范措施有重要意义。     

Exploring the organisational preconditions for occupational accidents in food industry: A qualitative approach

The continuing high frequency of occupational accidents in the Swedish food industry calls for new approaches to better understand the underlying factors. In the present study, 54 accidents involving hand injuries were investigated from the operators’ perspective, to explore the organisational preconditions. In-depth interviews were conducted with operators and their supervisors, and 24 of these interviews were analysed using the grounded theory method. The core category ‘safety as a process’ was identified encompassing the perception of the process of the accident at operative level and organisational preconditions that increased the risk of occupational accidents. These preconditions were open factors: deficiencies in technical/physical environment and work organisation; and concealed factors: insufficient communication and learning, a high level of responsibility in combination with low control, conflicting goals and a gap between procedures and practice. These preconditions lead to risk acceptance, resignation towards improved safety and normalisation of risk. Through the analysis a five-step hypothesis was empirically generated.     

速差自控器动态性能试验方法的改进

为施工人员选择和配置安全可靠的个人防坠器,每年送到具有相应资质的检测单位进行强制检定,是防止高处坠落事故的重要手段。某型速差自控器在冲击试验中发生了钢丝绳断裂事故,为了查找和分析事故的真正原因,对不同厂家的速差自控器抽样,在相同试验方法和检测条件下进行冲击试验,并根据相关的标准对试验结果进行力学性能对比分析研究,找到了造成钢丝绳断裂事故的主要原因是该类型速差自控器使用的钢丝绳直径偏细以及缺少内部或外部缓冲器,研究中还发现部分国内标准技术要求不够明确,制造、检测和使用方对速差自控器相关标准理解存在偏差,是造成本次事故的间接原因。针对现有的部分速差自控器产品存在的质量问题,并根据现行最新标准和实际工作条件,提出改进了的检测方法和防范措施,从源头上防范坠落事故。     

高大模板支撑体系坍塌事故不安全行为原因分析

为预防高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故的发生,选取2000-2016年间的31起高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故案例,运用事故统计与分析方法,以行为安全“2-4”模型为理论依据,对31起事故中的不安全动作及其规律进行研究。研究表明:出现频次最高的事故等级为较大事故。一线作业人员因安全知识不足“不知道是否应该设置剪刀撑”引发不安全动作“剪刀撑数量不足或未设置剪刀撑”的发生率为71.43%,因安全意识缺乏“没意识到杆件距离过大给施工带来的危险”引发不安全动作“立杆间距和横杆步距过大”的发生率为78.57%;管理人员因安全意识缺乏“没意识到按规定进行安全交底的重要性”引发不安全动作“未进行安全技术交底”的发生率为78.57%,因不佳安全习惯“按照以前的方案习惯施工”引发不安全动作“未制定专项施工方案”的发生率为83.33%。因此,减少不安全动作的首要任务是加强一线作业人员违规操作的管理,企业在制定对策措施时,应从加强一线作业人员与管理人员的安全知识、安全意识和安全习惯入手,预防不安全动作的发生,进而有效预防事故。     

冬瓜山铜矿安全生产事故统计分析及改进措施

为查找冬瓜山铜矿安全生产事故规律,提出有效的改进措施,预防和减少事故发生,运用三维预防安全管理体系研究成果,对冬瓜山铜矿2003~2013年的安全生产事故,按照严重程度、伤残等级、事故类型等分别进行统计与分析,查找事故发生规律。统计表明,冬瓜山铜矿死亡事故按类别主要以车辆伤害和中毒窒息死亡为多,其次是片帮冒顶;从原因分析看,排在第一的是事故隐患,其次是管理缺陷和违章。针对事故发生的原因,提出了一系列的改进措施,目前这些改进措施已经逐步在冬瓜铜矿得到落实,取得了明显的效果,2012年以来,事故率明显下降,员工安全意识和安全操作技能一定程度得到提高,矿山安全管理环境得到显著改善。     

The development and evaluation of accident prevention routines: A case study

Information resulting from the occurrence of accidents and near-accidents is the basis for most accident prevention efforts. However, such information may not normally be incorporated into local safety activities. A group to assist supervisors in their investigations of accidents and a procedure to prompt the reporting of near-accidents by employees were tested at one company as means of improving local safety activities. The accident investigation group was in operation in all departments and was associated with improved accident reporting and prevention activities as well as a reduction in accident severity. The near-accident reporting procedure was tested in one department and led to improved knowledge about risks, although no reductions in accident frequency and severity were shown. On the basis of these results, the company safety committee decided at the end of the first year to extend the mandate of the investigation group but not to continue with near-accident reporting. Follow-ups after 2 and 3 years indicated that improvements in prevention activities had been maintained and that accident severity had been further reduced.     

云南山区公路事故多发路段安全对策措施研究

分析云南山区公路严峻的交通形势,及山区公路交通事故的特征、事故形态及影响因素,研究山区公路交通事故发生的机理。从人、车、路和环境等方面分析事故产生的原因,提出针对云南山区事故多发路段安全对策措施。分析表明,在云南山区,路况、人员安全素质、车辆性能、安全管理均处于较低水平,是重大事故多发的根本原因。提高系统安全性,实现系统功能最强,应使系统各要素相互匹配,以实现本质安全。     

2004—2008年我国隧道施工事故统计分析

为了解我国隧道施工事故的发生规律,采用柱状图和事故发生趋势图等方法对2004—2008年隧道施工事故进行统计与分析,获得了事故次数与死亡人数的年度分布和发展趋势、不同事故类型发生事故次数、事故类型占总事故数百分比、地区分布、事故等级分布等统计特征。找出2004—2008年隧道施工事故的发生规律:事故次数和死亡人数均呈下降趋势;事故类型以坍塌、物体打击、透水、冒顶片帮为主,其中坍塌是隧道施工过程中的第一要害;事故主要集中在中西部地区,东部地区则很少;多数事故为较大事故,发生重大和特别重大事故较少,但多为恶性事故。同时根据隧道施工事故发生规律,提出隧道施工安全管理的对策与建议。     

Applicability of accident analysis methods to Chinese construction accidents

IntroductionIt is necessary to clearly understand construction accidents for preventing a rise in Chinese construction accidents and deaths. Better analysis methods are required for Chinese construction sector accidents.MethodsChoosing and analyzing a typical construction accident based on four popular contemporary accident causation models: STAMP, AcciMap, HFACS, and the 2-4 Model. Then we evaluated the models' applicability to construction accidents, including their usability, reliability, and validity.ResultsSTAMP addressed how complexity within the accident system influenced the accident development, and its output makes the responsibilities clearer for the accident. AcciMap described the entire system's failure, the entire accident's trajectory, and the relationship between them. AcciMap showed that the accident was a dynamic developing process, and this method has a high usability. The taxonomic nature of HFACS is an important feature that provides it with a high reliability. In the accident reviewed here, we found that poor management was a critical factor rather than the individual factor in the accident. The 2-4 Model provided detailed causes of the accident and established the relationship among the accident causes, the safety management system, and the safety culture. It also avoided capturing all of the complexity in the large sociotechnical system and revealed a dynamic analysis and developing process. We confirmed that it has a high usability and validity. Therefore, the 2-4Model is recommended for future Chinese construction accident analysis efforts.Practical ApplicationsThe study provides a useful, reliable, and effective analysis method for Chinese construction accidents.     

Fatal workplace accidents in outsourced operations in the manufacturing industry

Several studies have indicated that outsourcing increases the risk of accidents and presented some explanations for this phenomenon. For example, higher accident proneness of external employees has been presented, but the common causes of accidents have not been reviewed in depth. This paper provides information about typical accidents, the contributing factors, and preventive measures of fatal occupational accidents that occurred in outsourced manufacturing tasks. This paper also compares whether these factors differ from accidents that occurred when tasks were performed in-house in the manufacturing industry. The focus is on operations executed in the factory area for or by an organization operating in the manufacturing business. The accident analysis is based on information gathered from accident reports for fatal workplace accidents that occurred in Finland during 1999–2008. At outsourced operations in manufacturing, accidents occur most commonly when installations or work preparations are being performed. According to the reports, dangerous work practices and insufficient hazard identification most frequently contributed to accidents. In order to prevent typical accidents, e.g., occupational instructional and guidance, hazard identification, work practices, supervision, and task planning should be improved. Statistical differences between outsourced and in-house operations were also found, mainly within the contributing factors. Therefore, the safety of outsourced manufacturing operations should be considered in detail in order to prevent accidents and ensure occupational safety also when operated with other performers.     

高速公路交通安全现状分析及管理对策

为了分析高速公路交通安全现状,提出高速公路交通安全综合管理对策,采用对比分析法,研判当前高速公路交通安全形势,统计分析高速公路交通事故特征规律,提出基于“6E”的高速公路交通安全系统管理对策。以1994～2013年期间的高速公路交通事故统计数据为分析对象,采用事故起数、事故死亡人数、事故率、致死率、重大事故起数等作为评价指标,对比交通事故总量和不同等级公路事故情况,分析了当前我国高速公路交通安全形势。从交通安全执法管理的角度,对高速公路交通事故发生时间、事故形态、肇事车辆类型、事故原因、肇事驾驶人驾龄等进行了特征分析,在立法、教育、工程、执法、急救、评价6个方面,提出了高速公路交通安全管理系统化对策,为进一步认识当前高速公路交通安全形势,完善高速公路交通安全管理提供技术支持。     

Stock market responses to chemical accidents in Japan: An event study

Despite recent major chemical process accidents in Japan, the top management teams of firms still avoid taking costly risk reduction measures because of their low perceived impact on firm performance. The disclosure of information on accident risks might motivate managers to enhance workplace safety because of the subsequent evaluation of firms by investors in stock markets. If the disclosed risk information is newly available for investors, firms with a high risk of accidents would receive a poor evaluation by stock markets and thus managers would take risk reduction measures to prevent stock prices from declining. In this study, we conduct an event study analysis to examine whether accident risk information is already reflected in stock prices, using data on the Japanese chemical industry. The results of our event study show that the estimated cumulative average abnormal returns of firms' stocks are significantly negative after severe accidents actually occurred. This finding implies that risk information is not already reflected in the stock prices of Japanese chemical firms and that the disclosure of accident risk information has the potential to motivate the top management teams of firms to reduce their firms’ accident risk.     

基于文本挖掘和复杂网络的事故致因重要度评估方法——以房屋市政较大以上事故为例

为充分挖掘事故调查报告中的有效信息,明确安全管理工作的内容.首先,利用文本挖掘分析事故调查报告,采用最小词频阈值文档频改进信息增益评估函数对分词结果降噪,通过回溯特征项在报告中的具体表述,提取事故致因,再构建同义词词库.然后,引入复杂网络以改进TF-IDF,综合事故致因因素的关联特征评估其重要度.最后,以房屋市政较大及...     

日本福岛核电站事故对安全科学的启示

日本福岛核电站事故是继三哩岛和切尔诺贝利事故之后又一次世界上的重大核事故。事故的原因和后果虽尚无定论,但在核工业界和学术界已经引起不同层次的种种反思。一方面,从安全科学的角度,分析福岛核事故所暴露出安全科学理论方法存在的诸多问题,主要包括:系统安全分析与评价方法的有效性不足,安全纵深防御体系和机制存在缺陷,安全系统、安全设施设计的理念落后于自然界演变和发展的速度及规律,对小概率事件缺乏深刻认识,安全文化的有效性等。另一方面,通过分析三哩岛和切尔诺贝利事故,表明福岛核事故也将成为安全科学理论方法进一步发展和完善的契机。     

中小学校园踩踏事故统计分析及应对措施研究

为掌握中小学校园踩踏事故发生规律,预防事故发生,收集、整理近10年来的事故案例进行统计分析,获得了中小学校园踩踏事故的时空分布和影响因素的统计特征。发现存在"秋季学期"现象、"星期一"现象和事故易发生在教学楼1～2楼楼梯间。分析事故主要原因有:学生安全素质不高,学生安全教育不足,信息交流不畅,学校硬件设施设计不合理,学校应急管理不足。针对案例统计分析结果和原因,提出预防中小学校园踩踏事故的应对措施,为相关部门预防和处置事故提供决策支持。     

基于生物免疫的化工园区事故发生机理研究

基于生物免疫系统抵御疾病(抗原)的原理,从事故致因、事故演化过程和事故发展规律出发,分析化工园区事故发生机理。结果表明,安全生产免疫系统的免疫力持续低于抗原系统的抗原强度是化工园区事故发生的根本原因;化工园区事故演化过程包括潜伏期、萌芽期、暴露期和恢复期,各个时期的形成是安全生产系统的免疫力和抗原系统的抗原强度之间的差异决定的;化工园区事故发生具有周期性,每个事故发展周期内都包含安全生产免疫系统→免疫力过低的免疫因子→事故触发免疫因子和安全生产抗原系统→抗原强度过大的抗原因子→事故触发抗原因子的变化过程。     

弱势人群社区居家安全现状分析及预防策略

为减少弱势人群居家安全伤害事故,采用分析法对某街道社区的医疗伤害监测系统数据进行分析,结合对儿童的问卷调查。结果显示,这个街道老年人、残疾人发生伤害事故比例最高的是跌倒,分析发生伤害的原因,除其身体因素外,缺乏居家安全防护设施及相适应的辅助工具是主要原因;儿童伤害主要是由于缺乏安全知识和好奇心导致。通过有针对性的对老人、儿童、残疾人的安全知识宣传和居家安全设施的改善可以降低伤害事故率。