站场伴生气减排回收工艺研究与应用

伴生气的回收利用一直是油田生产中长期以来存在的难点问题。针对部分油田站场因伴生气量低造成的燃烧排放或无效放空的生产现状,研制了一种基于双U型管气液分离、气体过滤、阀前调压稳压和止回阀的组合式回收装置。对组合式回收装置进行了功能测试,并在17座站场现场应用,供气系统压力平稳,加热炉正常运行,实现了低气油比站场伴生气100%回收利用,有利于油田安全环保、节能减排与清洁生产。     

低压套管气回收装置研制及应用

华油油田第一采油厂就低压套管气无法回收的问题自主研发低压套管气回收装置,利用抽油机游梁往复运动为动力,拉动增压抽气泵同步往复运动,将套管气从套管中抽出,导入输油管线,实现对套管气的回收。第一采油厂将此套管气回收装置逐步推广应用到全厂,单井日回收气量100 m~3以上,回收效果显著,解决了低压套管气回收难题。     

老油田加热炉烟气脱硫达标排放治理

文章主要研究了老油田自产气脱硫治理的技术应用,加热炉实施能源替代后,原料气中含有的硫化氢酸性气体不但影响燃烧后二氧化硫的排放,同时加剧了集输管网的腐蚀穿孔泄漏。针对加热炉烟囱排放烟气中的SO₂产生机理复杂、对环境危害大、治理成本高、站内安全间距不足等问题,结合站场伴生资源产量及硫化物含量合理筛选脱硫工艺,通过筛选和调研,综合湿法脱硫和干法脱硫技术,提出一种组合式脱硫工艺技术,因地制宜地选取脱硫工艺。项目实施后通过在5座站场增设3套湿式铁基和组合式脱硫装置,使自产气中硫化物含量降至20 mg/m³以下,满足燃烧后二氧化硫含量小于10 mg/m³要求,从源头上解决了自产气集输管网腐蚀的问题,同时提出了适合不同规模的油田站场实现加热炉烟气达标排放的技术路线。     

气田富气回收工艺技术应用

2007年以前,新疆油田公司气田装置所产生的富气均通过火炬放空燃烧,既增加了CO_2排放量,对环境产生污染,同时也造成资源浪费。文章介绍了分子筛脱水、增压分离处理两种回收工艺技术及其适应性,通过现场实践,实现富气的自用和作为商品气外输,年回收利用富气2442×10~4m~3,实现了零排放,节能减排效果显著。     

活动式大罐收气装置及油气混输新工艺的应用

为了解决东营地区油罐每天都向大气排放工业废气，对环境造成污染的问题，研制了“活动式大罐收气装置”新工艺，用于回收联合站储油罐挥发气。该装置通过玻璃钢管线与油罐连接，油罐挥发气沿玻璃钢管线输至机房内气液分离器，分离出气中的水和轻质油，由天然气压缩机加压，经流量计计量后进入油田天然气气管网。该工艺推广后，经监测结果表明，所有采样点总烃含量低于国家标准２．０ｍｇ／ｍ３。目前全油田３０个联合站安装了此设施，每年回收天然气５１２５万ｍ３，轻质油７０００ｔ。     

活动式大罐收气装置及油气混精新工艺的应用

为了解决东营地区油罐每天都向大气排放工业废气,对环境造成污染的问题,研制了“活动式大罐收气装置”新工艺,用于回收联合站储油罐挥发气。该装置通过玻璃钢管线与油罐连接,油罐挥发气沿玻璃钢管线输至机房内气液分离器,分离出气中的水和轻质油,由天然气压缩机加压,经流量计计量后进入油田天然气气管网。该工艺推广后,经监测结果表明,所有采样点总烃含量低于国家标准2．0mg／m^3。目前全油田30个联合站安装了此设施,每年回收天然气5125万m^3,轻质油7000t。     

一体化采出水处理装置研究及应用

长庆油田采出水处理站具有点多面广的特点.为满足油田低成本开发的需求,研发了一体化采出水处理装置,该装置具有橇装化、集成化、自动化和数字化等特点.现场应用结果表明：经该装置处理后水质达标.处理过程不投加药剂、运行费用低、污泥产生量少,现场管理方便,适合边远中小型站场采出水处理.     

低压放空天然气的高效再利用

为了提高试采放空天然气的利用率,考虑将不能输送的放空低压气进行技术增压,达到输送压力后,使其进入油气处理装置进行分离,其中一部分通过注气压缩机回注至地层,保持地层压力,提高油田凝析油采收率和延长油气田开发时间,实现低压气的高效利用。对站外试采井的低压放空气进行增压回收,减少了天然气资源浪费,实现了向资源节约型、环境保护企业的健康发展。     

清洁生产工艺在呼图壁气田的应用

呼图壁气田针对传统天然气处理过程中产生的污水、富气,以及能耗大等问题,分别对污水处理、富气回收、单井工艺进行优化改造。通过工艺优化和技术改造,该气田实现了污水零排放、富气的完全回收,既节约了能源,又杜绝了污染排放,实现了清洁环保生产,为其它气田提供了有价值的参考。     

西峰油田伴生气循环回收利用技术应用实践

西峰油田原始气油比高,伴生气量大,为高效回收利用伴生气资源,开发出了井口定压集气、油气混输、油气分输、三相分离、原油稳定、大罐抽气等伴生气回收技术,实现了从井口至联合站的全过程密闭集输,充分回收伴生气资源,并通过轻烃回收、燃气发电、余热利用等技术的实施,实现了伴生气资源的高效利用。     

长庆油田伴生气回收及综合利用

根据原油生产过程中伴生气的性质和特点,归纳出目前长庆油田伴生气回收技术及其适应性。通过应用"燃料加热"、"轻烃回收"、"燃气发电"三种方式,达到节能减排的目的。针对长庆油田伴生气回收及利用提出了下一步展望:完善混输工艺,优化集气管网,合理调配气量,从而消除伴生气排放污染,达到环保要求。     

钻井废物综合治理技术的应用

针对急需解决的钻井废水、废气治理问题,以钻井作业大功率柴油机废气余热回收利用为出发点,研制了钻井废水废气综合治理设备。通过现场试验对钻井废水、废气治理效果及噪声影响的分析,试验结果表明,日处理钻井废水可达11～13m3/d,柴油机废气中污染物排放有一定程度的降低,柴油机高频噪声得到较明显降低,并有利于增加柴油机扭距。     

石油天然气行业应对温室气体减排政策及措施

积极减排温室气体应对气候变化已经成为石油天然气行业的共识。文章介绍了2011年以来最新的国际和国内应对气候变化的政策环境,分析其对我国石油天然气行业的影响,特别强调国务院《"十二五"控制温室气体排放工作方案》对石油天然气行业的引导作用。在此基础上还提出积极参与行业碳减排政策研究、注重低碳经济发展规划、抓住低碳经济重点发展领域、积极呼应碳金融和碳交易的发展趋势、注重天然气应用技术开发、加强余热余压回收节能等发展低碳经济的建议。     

室内有毒易爆气体的检测

随着城市生活水平的提高,室内装修装饰日益普及.各种新材料的引入,使得室内的各种有害气体总量日益增加.长期生活在这样的环境下,会对人体健康产生极为不利的影响.居民生活用煤气,在给人们生活带来便利的同时,作为一种可燃性、有毒气体,也具有极强的危害性.因此,研制一种能检测多种有害气体的实用仪器,具有很大的应用价值.本仪器为便携式多功能仪器,采用可充电电池供电,可以检测ppb的挥发性气体,显示气体浓度值,也可检测煤气,并具有声光报警功能.     

天然气中汞及其化合物的检测系统与分析方法研究＊

准确测定天然气中汞及其化合物的采样方法和分析技术成为近年来一个重要的研究内容。文章对该项技术进行了实验研究,并依据研发的实验装置建立了相应分析方法。实验表明:甲基汞加标回收率为87.5%～92.2%;乙基汞加标回收率为86.5%～92.0%,采用该套检测系统可以对天然气中汞及其化合物进行有效的分离和定量分析。     

Do mitigation strategies reduce global warming potential in the northern U.S. corn belt?

Agricultural management practices that enhance C sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emission (nitrous oxide [N?O], methane [CH?], and carbon dioxide [CO?]), and promote productivity are needed to mitigate global warming without sacrificing food production. The objectives of the study were to compare productivity, greenhouse gas emission, and change in soil C over time and to assess whether global warming potential and global warming potential per unit biomass produced were reduced through combined mitigation strategies when implemented in the northern U.S. Corn Belt. The systems compared were (i) business as usual (BAU); (ii) maximum C sequestration (MAXC); and (iii) optimum greenhouse gas benefit (OGGB). Biomass production, greenhouse gas flux change in total and organic soil C, and global warming potential were compared among the three systems. Soil organic C accumulated only in the surface 0 to 5 cm. Three-year average emission of N?O and CH was similar among all management systems. When integrated from planting to planting, N?O emission was similar for MAXC and OGGB systems, although only MAXC was fertilized. Overall, the three systems had similar global warming potential based on 4-yr changes in soil organic C, but average rotation biomass was less in the OGGB systems. Global warming potential per dry crop yield was the least for the MAXC system and the most for OGGB system. This suggests management practices designed to reduce global warming potential can be achieved without a loss of productivity. For example, MAXC systems over time may provide sufficient soil C sequestration to offset associated greenhouse gas emission.     

天然气处理装置节能降耗研究

吉拉克凝析气田是塔里木油田最复杂的大型凝析气田之一,其采用两套不同的凝析气处理方法,工艺较复杂,制约装置平稳生产的因素较多。针对这种情况,提出了应用HYSYS流程模拟技术,完成各单体设备处理流程模拟和天然气处理全流程模拟,提出了降低能耗和增大液化气收率的工艺生产全流程优化方案。     

Assessment of the greenhouse effect impact of technologies used for energy recovery from municipal waste: A case for England

Waste management activities contribute to global greenhouse gas emissions approximately by 4%. In particular the disposal of waste in landfills generates methane that has high global warming potential. Effective mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is important and could provide environmental benefits and sustainable development, as well as reduce adverse impacts on public health. The European and UK waste policy force sustainable waste management and especially diversion from landfill, through reduction, reuse, recycling and composting, and recovery of value from waste. Energy from waste is a waste management option that could provide diversion from landfill and at the same time save a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions, since it recovers energy from waste which usually replaces an equivalent amount of energy generated from fossil fuels. Energy from waste is a wide definition and includes technologies such as incineration of waste with energy recovery, or combustion of waste-derived fuels for energy production or advanced thermal treatment of waste with technologies such as gasification and pyrolysis, with energy recovery. The present study assessed the greenhouse gas emission impacts of three technologies that could be used for the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in order to recover energy from it. These technologies are Mass Burn Incineration with energy recovery, Mechanical Biological Treatment via bio-drying and Mechanical Heat Treatment, which is a relatively new and uninvestigated method, compared to the other two. Mechanical Biological Treatment and Mechanical Heat Treatment can turn Municipal Solid Waste into Solid Recovered Fuel that could be combusted for energy production or replace other fuels in various industrial processes. The analysis showed that performance of these two technologies depends strongly on the final use of the produced fuel and they could produce GHG emissions savings only when there is end market for the fuel. On the other hand Mass Burn Incineration generates greenhouse gas emission savings when it recovers electricity and heat. Moreover the study found that the expected increase on the amount of Municipal Solid Waste treated for energy recovery in England by 2020 could save greenhouse gas emission, if certain Energy from Waste technologies would be applied, under certain conditions.     

稠油罐底泥碳化处理技术研究与应用*

为解决油田生产过程中产生的稠油罐底泥的环境污染和资源浪费问题,在分析含油污泥性质和特点的基础上开发了稠油罐底泥碳化处理工艺及配套装置。介绍了该技术的原理及工艺流程,在小试、中试研究的基础上,进行了工业化应用,稠油罐底泥的处理效果表明:油气回收率可达90%以上,轻质油品占回收油总量的78%以上,焚烧处理后的残渣未检出矿物油;烟气和废水相关项目的监测值符合相关标准。