甘肃省自然资源与可持续发展探讨

通过对甘肃省土地,水,生物,能源,矿产,旅游等资源利用现状,提出了在开发资源和发展经济的同时,必须做到合理利用与保护相协调,逐步走上可持续发展的轨道。     

长株潭城市群经济社会发展与环境压力

长株潭城市群是湖南省的核心增长极,是"资源节约型社会、环境友好型社会"社会建设综合配套改革试验区,但伴随高速的工业化发展和城市化进程,长株潭面临着严峻的资源约束和环境压力。文章从土地利用格局、经济社会发展、环境质量状况、主要污染物排放和资源能源利用等方面入手,综合分析了长株潭城市群的环境压力,主要体现在长株潭城市群城市化与土地需求的矛盾凸显,"摊大饼"的扩张模式带来生态风险;重工业和污染排放集聚,累积性污染突出;环境空气质量和地表水环境质量形势不容乐观;资源能源利用方式粗放等。结合城市群区域规划,提出了长株潭城市群在新型城镇化建设中应采取的生态环境保护措施建议。     

雄安新区资源环境承载力评价与提升对策研究

从资源、环境、生态（绿色生态）和社会经济4个维度,运用SPSS的相关性分析法和主成分分析法筛选评价指标构建符合区域特征、科学合理的雄安新区资源环境承载力评价指标体系,基于模糊综合评价法对2014—2018年新区资源环境承载力进行评价。结果表明：新区资源环境承载力呈现稳步增长的趋势,年均增长率为8.32%。由于2016—2017年新区加大了资源与环境保护力度,提升了经济建设与社会发展速度,2018年新区的资源环境承载力比2016年、2017年分别提高26.24%、15.19%。从土地资源的开发利用、水资源的开发利用与水环境的保护利用等方面,提出了新区资源环境承载力提升的主要对策。     

河西走廊的生态环境战略和建设

河西走廊是甘肃省主要的经济区之一，是国家下世纪初大规模开发大西北的纽带与依托，本文分析了该区生态环境现状及区域经济特征，提出了“合理规划利用水土资源，边发展经济、边治理环境，实行资源节约发展”的生态环境战略，经济增长与环境整治同步协调进行，以及生态环境建设的措施。     

阿勒泰地区土壤微量元素环境背景值分布特征

从土壤形成的自然环境特点，成土母岩、母质等方面了区域土壤环境背景值特征，为地区土地资源的合理开发利用、农牧业合理布局、土壤污染防治等提供基础资料。     

河西走廊区移民开发与可持续发展

甘肃中部和南部贫困山区向甘肃河西走廊地区实施的开发性扶贫移民行动，缓解了贫困区人口资源环境的巨大矛盾冲突，促进了劳动力资源的合理利用，为贫困农民解决温饱创造了条件。但面对河西走廊脆弱的生态环境系统，如何实施迁入区社会、经济、资源与环境的可持续发展，成为一重要问题。     

兰州城市建设的几个环境地质问题

随着建设和经济发展的加快，对市区空间的利用中广泛。空间狭窄，高层楼群、厂房和地下建筑等大量增加以及相应的城市用水量和“三废”排放，存在着互相制约、影响和作用的内在联系，特别是在人为因素的影响和作用下，发生了变化。因此，在城市城市中，合理开发利用产环境和防治污染，是整个城市建设工作中的一项重要内容。     

城市生态环境安全评价研究

城市作为一种典型的复合生态系统。其生态环境具有相当的脆弱性,因此如何改善生态质量和维护生态安全已成为城市发展要解决的主要问题之一。本文从生态环境状况和生态安全2个方面对张家港市生态环境安全进行评价和研究,计算了生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、污染负荷指数等5个指标,计权确定该市生态环境质量指数为48．7,评价等级为一般;同时选择了资源安全评价、环境安全评价、生物安全评价和灾害安全评价等4个要素,确定该市生态系统安全指数为0．44。     

浅谈“进入妨扰”

介绍了“进入妨扰”的概念，阐述了污染企业应该承担的责任和义务。指出“进入妨扰”现象作为城市化进程达到一定阶段出现的产物，将在今后一段时间内继续存在。提出，对城市必须实施科学规划，合理布局，通过调整城市工业、生活布局，改善城市功能结构，合理利用资本投入，实现环境资源多次、多级有效配置，减少环境污染；引入受环境影响评价理念，更加合理地规范工业及人居环境结构，把经济活动对环境的影响和受到环境的制约降到最低限度；运用市场经济手段，规范房地产业开发，引入环境评价指数，强化环境因子对地产价格的调节作用。     

可持续发展与环境保护和资源综合利用

可持续发展是我国经济建设与社会主义发展的基本战略，是人类发展史上的一次深刻变革．环境保护是可持续发展的关键内容，实行可持续发展战略必须加强环境保护和资源综合利用．金昌是以有色金属冶炼为主的新兴工业城市，环境污染问题比较突出，环境状况不容乐观，只有正确处理好环境保护和经济建设的关系，加大污染治理步伐，开展“三废”资源的综合利用，保护和改善生态环境，才能为可持续发展战略提供良好的条件，才能促进我市经济持续、快速、稳定发展．     

扬州市土地利用与覆盖的遥感监测

应用遥感技术监测分析扬州市2009—2012年土地利用与覆盖状况。结果表明,扬州市土地利用及覆盖以耕地、城乡工矿居民用地及水域为主,主要生态红线区土地覆盖类型未发生人为改变,生态环境状况总体良好,呈略有改善的态势。提出,应坚持开展污染治理和生态建设,优化发展空间,统筹城乡建设用地管理。     

Monitoring the urban green spaces and landscape fragmentation using remote sensing: a case study in Osmaniye,Turkey

Urban green spaces play a significant role in management of physical activity, psychological well-being, and public health of urban residents. With the expansion of urban areas in Turkey during the past decades, urban green spaces have been fragmented and dispersed causing impairment and environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to model urban green space distribution by focusing on the landscape fragmentation in city of Osmaniye using remote sensing and geographic information system technology. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and urban landscape ratio (ULR) were used to assess the proximity and spatial arrangement of urban green spaces within the neighbor landscapes to quantify the urban land use effect. The geospatial analysis results showed that increase in total built-up area and population has significantly decreased the urban green space cover because of high levels of landscape fragmentation in urban city center. Also, due to high levels of landscape fragmentation, approximately 45% of the Osmaniye city is estimated to become urbanized by 2030. This study demonstrated the benefits of directional vegetation index application with geospatial analyses in characterizing the environmental quality for planning and management of urban green spaces. This approach could be used for determining the future urban land development scenarios correlating with regional planning procedures.     

Land use patterns and urbanization in the holy city of Varanasi, India: a scenario

Rapid urbanization and increasing land use changes due to population and economic growth in selected landscapes is being witnessed of late in India and other developing countries. The cities are expanding in all directions resulting in large-scale urban sprawl and changes in urban land use. The spatial pattern of such changes is clearly noticed on the urban fringes or city peripheral rural areas than in the city center. In fact, this is reflected in changing urban land use patterns. There is an urgent need to accurately describe land use changes for planning and sustainable management. In the recent times, remote sensing is gaining importance as vital tool in the analysis and integration of spatial data. This study intends to estimate land use pattern in a planned and unplanned urban setup and also to analyze the impact of change in land use pattern in the Varanasi urban environment. The results indicate that the planned urban setup had a higher tree cover to that of unplanned area in the Varanasi City, although a considerable disparity existed within the planned urban setups. The results emphasize the need to critically review concepts of urban planning and give more consideration to the preservation and management of urban tree cover/greenspace.     

GIS for Environmental Assessment of the Impacts of Urban Encroachment on Rosetta Region, Egypt

Unplanned urban expansion of the new urban cluster of Rosetta City, Egypt is reaching a critical stage. This unplanned expansion of slum areas threatens the land on which the high quality palm trees, by which Rosetta region is known, are cultivated. This research is concerned with studying the manner, rate, extent and impact of the expansion of the urban cluster of Rosetta City. A multi-temporal analysis of mainly the limits of the built up urban areas and their surrounding land cover is the main evaluation technique. By using Geographic Information Systems, it was possible to study the geographic base of the concerned area. An increase in area of the urban clusters of about 0.1 km² occurred from 1917–1945, and a second increase of over 0.07 km² occurred from 1945–1963. Just after the end of the Second World War, an abrupt increase took place in 1963–1993 that reached 1.7 km². The majority of all the urban expansion was unplanned. By studying the topographic map of Rosetta city and the urban clusters on the western bank of the river Nile, it was found that most of the urban conglomeration of the city is located on relatively elevated land. The western part of the urban area is of an elevation varying around 5.0 m, and inclining with moderate slope towards the eastern edge of the city adjacent to the river Nile. The urban expansion on inclined land has caused severe problems with the sanitary drainage, as the city lacks any sanitary drainage systems. Sanitary drainage currently operates through precipitation trenches. Sanitary sewage gather beneath the ground forming continuos streams which reach the basements of many of the monuments present.     

Land mismatches,urban growth and spatial planning: A contribution to metropolitan sustainability

The unequal growth of population and buildings in metropolitan regions reflects dispersed urban expansion. This study illustrates an operational framework grounded on a diachronic analysis of urbanization processes in advanced economies that provides a comprehensive evaluation of the mismatch between resident population and building stock. Studying the urban cycle of a European city (Athens, Greece), a mismatch indicator was derived at the municipal level as the elasticity rate of resident population and total building stock changes over 7 time intervals between 1920 and 2010. Results indicate that divergences in population and building stock growth rates increased since the early 1980s. The population-buildings mismatch displays an increasingly asymmetric spatial distribution, evidencing more or less accelerated paths toward dispersed settlements that may outline unsustainable forms of land management. Municipalities with a compact morphology at the beginning of the study period showed a higher rate of self-contained urban expansion than municipalities with more dispersed settlements. A comparative analysis of the impact of town planning on enlarging population-settlement mismatches was finally proposed as a basic knowledge to sustainable land management in (rapidly expanding) metropolitan regions.     

广西防城港市生态质量气象评价

以广西防城港市各区(县、市)为研究对象,应用生态质量气象评价方法,选取湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、水体密度指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数5个指标,通过计算生态环境综合指数,对防城港市生态质量进行评价。结果表明:防城港市最近10年生态质量评定级别为良好,植被覆盖度较好,降水充足,生物多样性较好,适合人类生存,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性,对城市建设和环境管理等方面具有一定的参考价值及科学依据。     

基于形态空间格局分析方法和最小累积阻力模型的北京市平原区造林工程生态格局分析

为了科学评估北京市平原区造林工程的生态影响，利用高分卫星数据获取2018—2020年北京市平原区造林面积、分布及变化信息，分析了造林工程的空间格局特征，并采用形态空间格局分析(MSPA)方法及最小累积阻力(MCR)模型，构建了北京市平原区生态网络，通过情景模拟分析造林工程对生态源地、生态廊道产生的影响。结果显示，2018—2020年北京市平原区造林工程主要沿西北东南方向实施，实现了对原有林地资源分布不均衡问题的解决。热点建设区域为北部的延庆及东南部的通州、大兴，呈现由城市边界逐步向市中心蔓延的发展趋势。在不考虑其他因素对土地利用的影响的前提下，造林工程的实施使平原区林地面积增长了9.8%。通过情景模拟发现，造林工程的实施使生态网络向连通、完整、均衡方向发展。其中，生态源地面积增长了131.0 km²,主要生态源地连通性提升了41.1%,生态廊道的分布由主要分布在西北部山区向西北、东南两个方向均有密集分布转变。综上，造林工程的生态环境效应显著，造林工程的实施对生态环境质量改善具有重要意义。     

Monitoring the changes in impervious surface ratio and urban heat island intensity between 1987 and 2011 in Szeged,Hungary

Landsat time series data make it possible to continuously map and examine urban land cover changes and effects on urban environments. The objectives of this study are (1) to map and analyse an impervious surface and its changes within a census district and (2) to monitor the effects of increasing impervious surface ratios on population and environment. We used satellite images from 1987, 2003 and 2011 to map the impervious surface ratio in the census district of Szeged, Hungary through normalized spectral mixture analysis. Significant increases were detected from 1987 to 2011 in industrial areas (5.7–9.1%) and inner residential areas (2.5–4.8%), whereas decreases were observed in the city centre and housing estates due to vegetation growth. Urban heat island (UHI) values were derived from the impervious surface fraction map to analyse the impact of urban land cover changes. In 2011, the average value in the industrial area was 1.76 °C, whereas that in the inner residential area was 1.35–1.69 °C. In the city centre zones and housing estates, values ranging from 1.4 to 1.5 °C and from 1.29 to 1.5 °C, respectively, were observed. Our study reveals that long-term land cover changes can be derived at the district level from Landsat images and that their effects can be identified and analysed, providing important information for city planners and policy makers.     

Shrewd vehicle framework model with a streamlined informed approach for green transportation in smart cities

Infrastructure is essential for the activity of a smart city in lighting framework, water conveyance system, smart monitoring infrastructure, and so on. Presently the transport framework is set at the task of such smart city by making smooth portability of the individuals and products, particularly with the probability of managing traffic clog, giving up-dated information and in time data from the open transportation client, creating green methods for transportation (bicycle and vehicle sharing for example), and so on. This paper is highly engaged in keeping up the shrewd vehicle framework model with a streamlined informed approach, which has been planned and created depending on the Smart City segment. This smart model vehicle framework has added to the structure and planning for a smart city by making it increasingly important with a superior utilization of offices, less noisy, free of accidents, progressively conscious of condition with web organized analysis for utilizing data from the clients for adjusting the transportation administrations. Further, the ability to serve the client by giving it to them with open transportation and increasingly interconnected stations moves towards urban areas inside the city.