室外条件下蚯蚓协同微生物直接处理鲜鸡粪

选用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)协同EM菌和硝化细菌直接进行室外条件下的鲜鸡粪处理实验,以菌剂接种量、缓冲层厚度、投放密度等为主要筛选参数,并对经蚯蚓消化处理前后的鸡粪冲淋水中氮磷的变化进行了取样检测。实验结果表明,室外条件下蚯蚓借助于微生物的协同作用可直接处理鲜鸡粪。当鲜鸡粪负荷为15 g/d时,在接种EM菌剂和硝化菌剂各10 mL,铺设4 cm厚度凹土缓冲层,蚯蚓投放密度为12条的条件下,鲜鸡粪被降解的效果最好。经过蚯蚓消化降解后的鸡粪水中TN浓度降低了20.34%,TN中无机氮含量增多,NH4+-N和NO3--N所占TN比例分别增加了18.79%和37.96%;TP浓度降低了14.40%。     

响应面法优化厌氧消化过程中抗生素去除效果

为了深入探究厌氧消化过程中厌氧消化时间、猪粪含固率、抗生素初始质量分数对磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑去除效果的相互影响,本研究采用响应面优化法,以厌氧消化时间、猪粪含固率、抗生素质量分数为3因素,以抗生素残留质量分数和厌氧消化产气量为响应值,探索使用厌氧消化法降低抗生素残留质量分数的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,根据响应面分析可知,当猪粪含固率为3%,初始质量分数为40 mg·kg⁻¹TS,厌氧消化时间为30 d,预测的磺胺二甲嘧啶残留质量分数最低为0.428 mg·kg⁻¹TS;当猪粪含固率为7%,磺胺二甲嘧啶初始质量分数为40 mg·kg⁻¹TS,厌氧消化时间为20 d,预测的磺胺甲噁唑残留质量分数最低为0.1063 mg·kg⁻¹TS。综合产气量考虑,当猪粪含固率为5.58%,磺胺二甲嘧啶初始质量分数为80 mg·kg⁻¹TS,厌氧消化时间为27.8 d,预测的产气量最高为389.3 mL·kg⁻¹TS。当猪粪含固率为5.89%,磺胺甲噁唑初始质量分数为80 mg·kg⁻¹TS,厌氧消化时间为30 d,预测的产气量最高为389.6 mL·kg⁻¹TS。该研究可为猪粪厌氧消化过程中的降低抗生素残留、提高产气量的工艺优化提供参考。     

添加牛粪和园林废弃物对污泥蚯蚓堆肥的影响

为研究污泥中添加不同比例的牛粪和园林废弃物对蚯蚓堆肥的影响,在实验室进行了为期60 d的堆肥实验,测定了堆肥物料的理化性质以及蚯蚓的存活率、平均体重、产茧量的变化情况。结果表明,100%污泥不适合蚯蚓的生长繁殖,添加牛粪/园林废弃物后可以显著改善蚯蚓的生长繁殖,进而提高蚯蚓的存活率和产茧量;污泥比例较低时,添加牛粪处理组的累计产茧量要高于添加园林废弃物的处理组,但当污泥比例大于25%时,添加园林废弃物的污泥更适合蚯蚓繁殖。冗余分析结果表明,pH、TN对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖起着重要的作用。蚯蚓堆肥可以改善物料的理化状况,提高堆肥产物中氮、磷、钾的养分含量,加速污泥的稳定化,提高其肥料价值。     

温度对畜禽粪便水热炭产率及特性的影响

以猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪3种畜禽粪便为原料制备水热炭,研究了温度对畜禽粪便水热炭产率及其特性的影响,着重分析了不同温度(140~220 ℃)下水热炭的产率、元素组成、碳保留量、官能团及重金属含量的变化。结果表明：畜禽粪便水热炭产率为48.8%~74.2%,且随着温度的升高其产率逐渐降低;此外,49.6%~82.1%的碳被保留在水热炭中,低温利于碳的保留。水热炭的H/C随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,但—OH峰逐渐减弱。畜禽粪便经过水热炭化后,其重金属含量均有不同程度的增加,其中Cu、Zn和Cd的含量超标。重金属元素的相对富集系数<1,由此可见,重金属除了部分保留在水热炭中外,还有部分重金属进入到热解液态产物中。     

Effect of fipronil on biogas production performance during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and corn straw

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has a good control effect on pests of commercial poultry. Although many studies have reported the environmental fate of fipronil, the influence of residual fipronil in poultry waste on biogas production has not been further explored yet. In this article, an experimental comparative study on anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) and corn straw (CS) with different fipronil concentrations (FCs) was carried at 8% of total solid (TS) and mid-temperature (35?±?1)°C. The results showed that fipronil had a significant effect on biogas production during AD of CM and CS. When the FC is at a low level (≤10?mg·kg^?1), the biogas production rate is increased and the digestion period was shortened, while higher FC (≥ 20?mg·kg^?1) showed an inhibitory effect. During the monitoring of enzyme activity, low FC showed no significant effect on cellulase and saccharase, but the urease activity increased in the early stage. High FC showed inhibition of activity of cellulase and urease, but the saccharase activity was significantly inhibited until FC reached 40?mg·kg^?1. This study also confirms that the environment in anaerobic digester is favorable for the degradation of fipronil, and its half-life is about 15.83?days.     

猪粪沼液的磁混凝预处理工艺优化及评估

以高悬浮物、高氮磷与高有机物的猪粪沼液为研究对象,采用磁混凝进行预处理,以浊度去除率为主要考察指标,结合单因素实验和正交实验,优化磁混凝工艺参数,并简要分析磁混凝机制及评估其作为沼液资源化利用的预处理工艺的效能。研究结果表明,优化的磁混凝条件是PAC 、PAM、磁种的投加量分别为5 g·L-1、120 mg·L-1、3 g·L-1,转速为250 r·min-1。经磁混凝处理后,猪粪沼液的浊度、SS、COD、TP与PO43--P浓度降为2 235 NTU、3.84 g·L-1、10 302 mg·L-1、133 mg·L-1和62.58 mg·L-1,去除率分别为92.90%、84.42%、70.63%、91.90%和50.3%。同时,磁混凝对氨氮与K的去除率较低,分别为6.49%和16.12%,浓度分别为4 072.5 mg·L-1和4 176 mg·L-1,利于后续的沼液资源化利用。磁种加载后在混凝过程中被絮体包裹,形成密实的磁絮体,显著提高了沉降性能,沉降时间由传统混凝的25 min降为5 min,同时污泥量显著减少。综上,磁混凝可高效削减沼液的悬浮物,且保留氮与钾等营养物质,促进沼液资源化利用。     

林可霉素菌渣与牛粪联合堆肥实验研究

抗生素菌渣因含有抗生素残留而成为一种较难处理的废弃物,不合理的处理方法极易造成环境污染和生态危害,同时也会造成资源浪费.为了探讨林可霉素菌渣堆肥化处理的可行性,设计了林可霉素菌渣与牛粪的联合堆肥实验.4个堆肥处理的林可霉素初始含量分别为1.35 mg/g(干重)、1.89 mg/g(干重)、3.52 mg/g(干重)和...     

猪粪和羊粪与麦秆不同配比中温厌氧发酵研究

研究了猪粪和羊粪分别与麦秆不同配比中温(35℃)厌氧发酵对产气量、消化时间和最优C/N值的影响。结果表明,猪粪与麦秆在中温厌氧发酵时,所需的最优C/N值为21,且经141 d就可充分发酵,最大干物质累积产气量可达369.53 mL/g。羊粪与麦秆中温厌氧发酵时,所需的最优C/N值为24,且经96 d就可充分发酵,最大干物质累积产气量可达209 mL/g。猪粪秸秆中温厌氧发酵时易发生酸化,发酵前应通过预处理来减少酸化可能;而羊粪麦秆不易发生酸化。     

Green manure plants for remediation of soils polluted by metals and metalloids: Ecotoxicity and human bioavailability assessment

Borage, white mustard and phacelia, green manure plants currently used in agriculture to improve soil properties were cultivated for 10 wk on various polluted soils with metal(loid) concentrations representative of urban brownfields or polluted kitchen gardens. Metal(loid) bioavailability and ecotoxicity were measured in relation to soil characteristics before and after treatment. All the plants efficiently grow on the various polluted soils. But borage and mustard only are able to modify the soil characteristics and metal(loid) impact: soil respiration increased while ecotoxicity, bioaccessible lead and total metal(loid) quantities in soils can be decreased respectively by phytostabilization and phytoextraction mechanisms. These two plants could therefore be used for urban polluted soil refunctionalization. However, plant efficiency to improve soil quality strongly depends on soil characteristics.     

非混合接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气特性的影响

为达到缓解猪粪厌氧干发酵时有机酸的积累并能够同时提高产气性能的目的,采用小试批式实验,在中温(37 ℃)、总固体(TS)为20%的条件下研究了猪粪接种物全混合发酵、猪粪非混合接种发酵、猪粪玉米秸秆与接种物全混合发酵及猪粪玉米秸秆混合原料非混合接种发酵这4种方式对发酵体系的有机酸积累及产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明,猪粪接种物全混合发酵和猪粪玉米秸秆与接种物全混合发酵的总有机酸(TVFAs)质量浓度在发酵结束时分别为15.2和3.6 mg·g⁻¹,较对应底物的非混合接种发酵分别提高了6.3倍和5.0倍。在2种非混合接种发酵体系中,TVFAs质量浓度在21 d后迅速降低。其中,猪粪玉米秸秆混合原料非混合接种的TVFAs下降幅度更大,其第30天的TVFAs质量浓度低于1.5 mg·g⁻¹。猪粪玉米秸秆混合原料非混合接种厌氧发酵产气效果最佳,累积VS产甲烷量达到148.2 mL·g⁻¹。猪粪非混合接种发酵沼气中甲烷含量最高,达到75.1%。修正的Gompertz模型拟合结果显示,猪粪玉米秸秆混合原料非混合接种发酵和猪粪非混合接种发酵的迟滞期分别为10.6和12.4 d,较对应底物的混合接种发酵分别缩短了5.9和6.1 d;最大VS产甲烷速率分别提高了1.7倍和4.9倍,达到6.2和4.8 mL·(g·d)⁻¹。非混合接种能够缓解猪粪厌氧干发酵的酸抑制并同时提高其甲烷产率。     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明,反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快,堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求,堆体P1未达到;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）;堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d,分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量;堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势,最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8;种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2,表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明,反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

高含固率菜籽饼与牛粪-羊粪混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性

为充分利用菜籽饼和牛羊粪等固体废物资源并提高其产沼气性能,以农用沼气池为发酵装置,研究了高含固率菜籽饼和牛粪-羊粪10个不同配比(以干物质计)混合厌氧发酵40 d的产沼气特性。结果表明,各混合处理的整个发酵过程运行良好,厌氧消化运行情况稳定。其中,菜籽饼与羊粪干物质配比为2∶1时具有较高的产气潜力,累积产气量最大,达到122.92 m³·t⁻¹。同时,菜籽饼与羊粪混合发酵的产气效果要优于与牛粪混合的效果。修正的Gompertz模型显示,各处理能较好地拟合产沼气过程。其中,最大产沼气量(P_m)和最大产气速率(R_m)随菜籽饼添加量的增加而增大,产气滞留时间(λ)则随菜籽饼添加量的增加而降低。本研究结果可为菜籽饼和畜禽粪便的资源化利用提供参考。     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程中理化性质的影响

为探讨土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪和锯末为原料,设置土霉素初始残留质量浓度分别为0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg的5个处理,进行为期30 d的好氧堆肥,研究土霉素对堆肥过程中温度、含水率、水溶性NH4+-N、水溶性NO3- -N、水溶性有机碳(DOC)的变化影响.结果表明:(1)土霉素残留加速了温度的下降,不利于温度的上升.(2)土霉素初始残留质量浓度为100、150 mg/kg不利于堆肥过程中水分的散失,并且会造成堆肥结束后堆体的高含水率.(3)土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机氮的分解及硝化细菌的硝化作用,其中150mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.(4)堆肥结束后,0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg处理的DOC分别为3 815.65、3 461.88、3 429.28、3 231.18、2 782.09mg/kg.0 mg/kg处理的DOC高于其他4个处理,且与150 mg/kg处理之间差异显著,表明土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机碳的利用,其中150 mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.     

氨氮浓度对猪粪厌氧消化及产甲烷菌群结构的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固厌氧消化推广应用的主要因素之一。通过批式实验,采用外源氨氮投加方式,考察了厌氧消化过程中不同氨氮浓度对鲜猪粪产甲烷效果和产甲烷菌群结构的影响。结果表明：氨氮添加量为2 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈3 596.7 mg·L-1）时,日产甲烷速率及累积产甲烷量均明显下降;添加量大于4 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈5 618.7 mg·L-1）时,氨氮抑制加剧,出现VFAs累积、产甲烷高峰期后移、丙酸降解失败。不同氨氮投加量下猪粪中挥发性固体（VS）产甲烷率分别为（369.0 ± 17.3）、（318.5 ± 7.6）、（234.7 ± 2.5）、（165.4 ± 19.4）mL·g-1,产甲烷效率较对照组分别下降14%、36%和55%。超过4 000 mg·L-1的外源氨氮投加促使产甲烷菌群结构发生显著变化,乙酸利用型产甲烷优势菌Methanosaeta 逐渐被Methanosarcina代替,而氢利用型产甲烷菌属中Methanospirillum的优势性逐渐被Methanoculleus和Methanomassiliicoccus取代,说明后者均有较强的氨氮耐受性。主成分分析和冗余分析表明,高浓度氨氮会促使产甲烷途径由乙酸利用型为主向氢利用型为主转变。     

不同生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的削减规律研究

为探讨不同类型生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的削减规律,分别将玉米秸秆生物炭、竹炭和猪粪生物炭添加到猪粪中进行好氧堆肥,解析不同类型生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素浓度和ARGs丰度的影响.研究发现,添加竹炭堆肥对抗生素的平均去除率最高(97％),其中对四环素类抗生素的去除率高达98％;添加玉...     

Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries

Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH₃. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH₃. The current annual NH₃ emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH₃N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH₃ in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH₃ emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH₃ emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH₃N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH₃ loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH₃ volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH₃ associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr⁻¹ between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH₃ emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems.     

Modeling effects of moisture content and advection on odor causing vocs volatilization from stored swine manure

Abstract

Two models for evaluating the contents and advection of manure moisture on odor causing volatile organic compounds (VOC‐odor) volatilization from stored swine manure were studied for their ability to predict the volatilization rate (indoor air concentration) and cumulative exposure dose: a MJ‐I model and a MJ‐II model. Both models simulating depletion of source contaminant via volatilization and degradation based on an analytical model adapted from the behavior assessment model of Jury et al. In the MJ‐I model, manure moisture movement was negligible, whereas in the MJ‐II model, time‐dependent indoor air concentrations was a function of constant manure moisture contents and steady‐state moisture advection. Predicted indoor air concentrations and inhaled doses for the study VOC‐odors of p‐cresol, toluene, and p‐xylene varied by up to two to three orders of magnitude depending on the manure moisture conditions. The sensitivity analysis of both models suggests that when manure moisture movement exists, simply MJ‐I model is inherently not sufficient to represent a more generally volatilization process, which can even become stringent as moisture content increases. The conclusion illustrates how one needs to include a wide variety of manure moisture values in order to fully assess the complex volatilization mechanisms that are present in a real situation.     

含固率和电极间距对牛粪发酵产电性能的影响

随着能源短缺和环境污染等问题的日益严重,农业废弃物资源化利用引起了广泛关注。为了从牛粪等农业生产废弃物中获取新能源,减少农业固体废物对环境的污染,研究了含固率和电极间距对牛粪发酵产电性能的影响,分析了产电过程中电压、电流、功率密度、挥发性脂肪酸VFA和COD等指标的变化规律。结果表明,含固率对牛粪发酵产电性能影响较大,电极间距影响较小。在碳氮比(C/N比)为18,含固率为1%,电极间距为2.5 cm时,产生的电压最高可达0.79 V,电流最高可达0.58 mA,功率密度幅值高达398 mW/m2,发酵产电结束后VFA增加了250%,COD去除率超过了80%。     

猪粪与污泥不同配比对其厌氧共消化与微生物多样性的影响

研究采用猪粪与城市污水厂脱水污泥以5种不同VS比例（1：0,2：1,1：1,1：2和0：1）进行中温厌氧消化实验,以研究反应器在不同配比下的产甲烷特性,同时结合16S rRNA扩增子测序技术分析了消化过程中微生物组成的多样性变化。实验结果表明,添加猪粪能明显提升消化效率,当猪粪与污泥以2：1混合消化时甲烷累计产量最高可达684 L·kg-1VS,比污泥单独消化提升了120%。2：1组的VS去除率可达63.1%,且运行稳定,没有出现明显的酸抑制现象。随着猪粪的添加,优势菌种演替为Bacteroides、Clostridium、Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina。冗余分析结果表明共消化组中甲烷产生主要以氢营养型途径为主。添加猪粪参与共消化能明显提高微生物群落多样性,促进菌种间的协同作用,从而提升有机质转化效率。