内蒙古温带草原羊草叶片功能特性与光合特征对外源氮输入的响应

以内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原典型植被羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,探讨了4个不同氮素输入水平(0、5、10和20g·m-·2a-1)下羊草叶片功能特性与光合特征的响应,并分析了外源氮输入背景下草地生态系统固碳潜势的变化.结果表明:中等水平施氮(10g·m-·2a-1)显著增加了羊草叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、叶氮浓度与净光合速率,但与中氮相比,高氮(20g·m-·2a-1)输入下却有所下降;施氮不仅对叶片净光合速率有一定程度的促进作用,而且延长了光合作用高峰期的持续时间;随着氮素添加梯度的增加,羊草叶片蒸腾速率降低,瞬时水分利用效率增高,气孔导度增大,胞间CO2浓度逐渐减小.从光合固碳的角度来看,适量的外源氮素输入有利于草地生态系统固定更多的CO2.     

模拟气候变化对沈阳城市树木光合固碳能力的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO2浓度（700μmol/mo）l和正常空气CO2浓度（≈350μmol/mo）l条件下,银杏生长参数、叶面积指数、不同天气中净光合速率日变化进行了初步研究,探讨了高浓度CO2对单株银杏光合固碳能力的影响。结果表明：CO2浓度增高可以显著提高银杏枝条的生长量和银杏的叶面积指数。经高浓度CO2处理后,银杏不同天气下光合速率日变化趋势与对照一致,即晴天为双峰曲线,多云天气为单峰曲线,但净光合速率显著高于对照（P〈0.001）。由于净光合速率和叶面积指数升高,高浓度CO2也显著提高了单株银杏的固碳释氧能力（P〈0.01）,晴天比对照提高了119.5%,阴天提高了175.4%。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.     

分解纤维素的高温真菌筛选及其对烟杆的降解效果

为研制促进烟杆堆肥的微生物菌剂,进行了分解纤维素的高温真菌筛选.结果表明,从不同原料腐熟堆肥中筛选到4株降解纤维素的高温真菌,它们均能在以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)或烟杆粉末为唯一碳源的培养基上生长.菌株在2～5d内可长满CMC-Na-刚果红平板和烟杆粉末培养基.菌株摇瓶培养时2d可达到产酶高峰,酶活(CMCase)超过10U.菌株对烟杆的降解效果较好,7d内的降解率最高可达42.2%,对烟杆中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的分解率分别可达52.7%、47.9%和37.6%.     

Wood products: potential carbon sequestration and impact on net carbon emissions of industrialized countries

Carbon stocks in the wood products pool are considered to be increasing globally. Simplified methods for estimating the fate of carbon in wood products need to be prepared to allow estimation at the national level. Since current methods cause some problems when dealing with specific countries, we try to improve the current methods. We discuss the potential carbon sequestration in wood products and the impacts of three accounting approaches (IPCC default, stock-change and atmospheric-flow) on net carbon emissions of 16 industrialized countries. We draw the following conclusions: (1) we improved the current methods for estimating the fate of carbon by considering the recycling of paper and the use of other fiber pulp, but further improvement need to be made; (2) the annual carbon sequestrations in wood products during 1990–1999 correspond to a few to 10% of 1990 base-year emissions from fossil fuels and cement production, depending on country and year. For the analyzed countries as a whole, the annual carbon sequestration was around 2%; (3) the impact of the accounting approaches on net carbon emissions at the national level is significant. Therefore, policy implications must be carefully considered when one of these approaches is adopted.     

Satellite Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Net Primary Production for the Pan-Arctic Basin and Alaska

We applied a terrestrial net primary production (NPP) model driven by satellite remote sensing observations of vegetation properties and daily surface meteorology from a regional weather forecast model to assess NPP spatial and temporal variability for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska from 1982 to 2000. Our results show a general decadal trend of increasing NPP for the region of approximately 2.7%, with respective higher (3.4%) and lower (2.2%) rates for North America and Eurasia. NPP is both spatially and temporally dynamic for the region, driven largely by differences in productivity rates among major biomes and temporal changes in photosynthetic canopy structure and spring and summer air temperatures. Mean annual NPP for boreal forests was approximately 3 times greater than for Arctic tundra on a unit area basis and accounted for approximately 55% of total annual carbon sequestration for the region. The timing of growing season onset inferred from regional network measurements of atmospheric CO₂ drawdown in spring was inversely proportional to annual NPP calculations. Our findings indicate that recent regional warming trends in spring and summer and associated advances in the growing season are stimulating net photosynthesis and annual carbon sequestration by vegetation at high latitudes, partially mitigating anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO₂. These results also imply that regional sequestration and storage of atmospheric CO₂ is being altered, with potentially greater instability and acceleration of the carbon cycle at high latitudes.     

Assessing the net atmospheric impacts of wood production and utilization

The main objective of the study was to calculate net atmospheric impacts for wood production and utilization in Finnish boreal forest conditions. Net atmospheric impacts were calculated by comparing net CO₂ exchanges of the wood production and utilization to the reference management regime. Net CO₂ exchanges were simulated with a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool for a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand (MT, Myrtillys-type) in central Finland (Joensuu region, 62°39 N, 29°37 E) over two consecutive rotation periods (100?+?100 years/200 years). Net atmospheric impacts were calculated both for sawn timber and pulpwood, and expressed in kgCO₂m^?3. According to the results, the production of pulp and sawn timber produced emissions of 0.20 and 0.59 kgCO₂m^?3 over the 200-year period, respectively, when the unmanagement regime was used as the reference management regime. When 50 % of the processing waste of timber was accounted as an instant emission to the atmosphere, the atmospheric impact increased to 0.55 kgCO₂m^?3 in pulpwood and to 1.27 kgCO₂m^?3 in sawn timber over the 200 year period. When turnover rates of sawn timber in the technosystem were decreased by 30 % and the share of energy use was decreased to 30 %, the atmospheric impact decreased by 17 % and 4 % for pulpwood and sawn timber, respectively, compared to the default wood degradation and energy use of 50 %. The utilized LCA approach provided an effective tool for approaching net atmospheric impacts originating from the ecosystem carbon (C) flows and variable wood utilization. Taking the ecosystem production and utilization of wood (i.e. degradation of technosystem C stock) into account, in terms of net CO₂ exchange, the mitigation possibilities of wood compared to other products can be accounted for more precisely in the future and C sequestration credited more specifically for a certain wood product.     

Prospects for carbon-neutral housing: the influence of greater wood use on the carbon footprint of a single-family residence

This paper examines the energy and carbon balance of two residential house alternatives; a typical wood frame home using more conventional materials (brick cladding, vinyl windows, asphalt shingles, and fibreglass insulation) and a similar wood frame house that also maximizes wood use throughout (cedar shingles and siding, wood windows, and cellulose insulation) in place of the more typical materials used – a wood-intensive house. Carbon emission and fossil fuel consumption balances were established for the two homes based on the cumulative total of three subsystems: (1) forest harvesting and regeneration; (2) cradle-to-gate product manufacturing, construction, and replacement effects over a 100-year service life; and (3) end-of-life effects – landfilling with methane capture and combustion or recovery of biomass for energy production.The net carbon balance of the wood-intensive house showed a complete offset of the manufacturing emissions by the credit given to the system for forest re-growth. Including landfill methane emissions, the wood-intensive life cycle yielded 20 tons of CO₂e emissions compared to 72 tons for the typical house. The wood-intensive home's life cycle also consumed only 45% of the fossil fuels used in the typical house.Diverting wood materials from the landfill at the end of life improved the life cycle balances of both the typical and wood-intensive houses. The carbon balance of the wood-intensive house was 5.2 tons of CO₂e permanently removed from the atmosphere (a net carbon sink) as compared to 63.4 of total CO₂e emissions for the typical house. Substitution of wood fuel for natural gas and coal in electricity production led to a net energy balance of the wood-intensive house that was nearly neutral, 87.1 GJ energy use, 88% lower than the scenario in which the materials were landfilled.Allocating biomass generation and carbon sequestration in the forest on an economic basis as opposed to a mass basis significantly improves the life cycle balances of both houses. Employing an economic allocation method to the forest leads to 3–5 times greater carbon sequestration and fossil fuel substitution attributable to the house, which is doubled in forestry regimes that remove stumps and slash as fuel. Thus, wood use has the potential to create a significantly negative carbon footprint for a house up to the point of occupancy and even offset a portion of heating and cooling energy use and carbon emissions; the wood-intensive house is energy and carbon neutral for 34–68 years in Ottawa and has the potential to be a net carbon sink and energy producer in a more temperate climate like San Francisco.     

不同光照对稀杯盔形珊瑚生长及钙化的影响

本研究于2015年3月份在徐闻珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区采集稀杯盔形珊瑚（Galaxea astreata）,分解获得单枝实验珊瑚,实验室条件下进行四种波长光谱光强度渐变单因子对照试验,分别观察其在光谱波长、光强度渐变条件下的生长特性和代谢水平。结果显示,不同光谱在光强度240 μmol/m2/s条件下,稀杯盔形珊瑚单位面积叶绿素含量（A）和虫黄藻密度（Z）变化呈显著性差异（p＜0.05）,除了碳水化合物（C）,都在波长380~460 nm光谱光照条件下达到最大值,其中脂质含量百分比（L）是蛋白质（P）和C的10倍以上;不同光谱、光强度梯度条件下,光照条件下的钙化率（G_L）、净光合作用量（P_N）、总光合作用量（P_G）差异显著（p＜0.05）,在一定范围内,G_L、P_G、P_N随着光强度增强而升高,当光强度超过光合效率光饱和值时,停止升高或开始降低;G_L/G_D和G_L/P_G比值也随着光强度增强而升高,比值变化范围分别在3.06~9.89和0.21~0.60之间,但P_G/P_N比值随着光强度增强而降低,变化范围在1.20~2.69之间。     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(I)——模型的建立与灵敏度分析

以业已建成的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型为基本框架,建立了一个具有普适性的中国农业植被净初级生产力模型(CropC-)。CropC-的模拟对象为占我国农作物总播种面积2/3的水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜和大豆。该模型包括2个主要功能模块:光合作用和呼吸作用;土壤-作物系统氮素运移。前者综合考虑了环境因子和氮素的影响,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放。灵敏度分析表明,在输入参数变化±10%时,CropC-对6个主要输入参数响应的敏感性依次为温度>光合有效辐射>大气CO2浓度>土壤全氮含量>施氮量>降水。模型分析表明,气候变暖将降低作物净初级生产力。     

全缘冬青幼苗（Ilex integra Thunb.）对大气O_3浓度升高的响应

采用开顶式气室（open top chambers,OTCs）装置,研究O3浓度升高（E-O3,约150μL.L-1）对常绿阔叶树种全缘冬青幼苗的影响,主要包括伤害症状、植株生长、光合色素含量、气体交换速率与叶绿素荧光、丙二醛含量以及主要抗氧化剂含量变化.经过高浓度O3处理一个生长季后,当年生全展叶片表面分布着大量的黑...     

Forest carbon accounting methods and the consequences of forest bioenergy for national greenhouse gas emissions inventories

While bioenergy plays a key role in strategies for increasing renewable energy deployment, studies assessing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from forest bioenergy systems have identified a potential trade-off of the system with forest carbon stocks. Of particular importance to national GHG inventories is how trade-offs between forest carbon stocks and bioenergy production are accounted for within the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector under current and future international climate change mitigation agreements. Through a case study of electricity produced using wood pellets from harvested forest stands in Ontario, Canada, this study assesses the implications of forest carbon accounting approaches on net emissions attributable to pellets produced for domestic use or export. Particular emphasis is placed on the forest management reference level (FMRL) method, as it will be employed by most Annex I nations in the next Kyoto Protocol Commitment Period. While bioenergy production is found to reduce forest carbon sequestration, under the FMRL approach this trade-off may not be accounted for and thus not incur an accountable AFOLU-related emission, provided that total forest harvest remains at or below that defined under the FMRL baseline. In contrast, accounting for forest carbon trade-offs associated with harvest for bioenergy results in an increase in net GHG emissions (AFOLU and life cycle emissions) lasting 37 or 90 years (if displacing coal or natural gas combined cycle generation, respectively). AFOLU emissions calculated using the Gross-Net approach are dominated by legacy effects of past management and natural disturbance, indicating near-term net forest carbon increase but longer-term reduction in forest carbon stocks. Export of wood pellets to EU markets does not greatly affect the total life cycle GHG emissions of wood pellets. However, pellet exporting countries risk creating a considerable GHG emissions burden, as they are responsible for AFOLU and bioenergy production emissions but do not receive credit for pellets displacing fossil fuel-related GHG emissions. Countries producing bioenergy from forest biomass, whether for domestic use or for export, should carefully consider potential implications of alternate forest carbon accounting methods to ensure that potential bioenergy pathways can contribute to GHG emissions reduction targets.     

樟树对14CO2的吸收和积累

为了探明14CO2在环境中的行为,采用同位素示踪技术研究了樟树对14CO2的吸收和积累动态,并探讨了樟树作为监测大气14CO2污染指示植物的可能性和优越性.结果表明,通过叶片光合作用从空气中吸收的14CO2会在樟树叶片中积累,检测到的14C比活度数值较大,表明空气中的14CO2易于通过叶片的光合作用而进入樟树叶片组织中;在污染前期14CO2主要被新叶组织中吸收,后期主要积累在老叶中,反映出新叶对空气14CO2污染比较敏感,而老叶积累效应明显.樟树叶片的这一特性可用于监测大气14CO2污染.     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量及其水分利用效率特征

以涡度相关技术为基础,研究了青藏高原当雄县高寒草甸生态系统2003-2005年共3个生长季的潜热通量L(E)、CO2通量F(c)和水分利用效率W(UE)的变化特征。结果表明:①该地区2004和2005年的太阳总辐射最高值可分别达到1563和1640Wm/2,瞬时净辐射最高值分别为896和925Wm/2,瞬时潜热通量最高值分别为592和597Wm/2。净辐射能量的转化形式季节变化特征明显,6-8月份,净辐射能量多用于潜热蒸发,5月和10月净辐射则多用于显热交换。就2004年5-10月份所选6个代表性晴天来说,LE占Rn的比例分别为0.355%、0.916%、0.738%、0.818%、0.609%、0.456%。②该地区的LE从早上8:30左右开始增加,在下午15:00左右达到最大值,而后逐渐下降;CO2通量从早上8:00左右通过零值开始上升,在10:30左右达到峰值后下降;水分利用效率的日变化特征是日出后迅速增加或直接达到全天的最高值,其后在一天内呈现下降趋势;2004年和2005年生长季的CO2吸收峰值都刚接近-0.3mgCO2.m-2.s-1F(c为负值时表示碳吸收),水分利用效率瞬时最大值接近8gCO2k/gH2O。③2004年当雄高寒生态系统白天CO2通量平均值从6月份初就开始表现为净碳吸收,而2005年在6月下旬才表现为碳吸收F(c为负值),但两者均在10月初就表现为碳排放F(c为正值);2004的水分利用效率日平均值从6月初通过零点开始上升,在7月中下旬左右达到最大值。相比之下,2005年的水分利用效率日平均值在6月底通过零点开始上升。另外,2004年的水分利用效率在总体水平上要高于2003年和2005年。就水分利用效率的日平均值而言,2003年和2005年的最大值分别为2.0gCO2k/gH2O和2.7gCO2k/gH2O,而2004年可以达到3.2gCO2k/gH2O。④当雄高寒草甸生态系统在2004年和2005年生长季(5月1日到10月31日)净CO2吸收量分别为0.257kgCO2.m-2和0.153kgCO2.m-2;2004年和2005年整个生长季的水分利用效率分别为0.496gCO2k/gH2O和0.365gCO2k/gH2O,与降雨量呈现正相关关系。     

Carbon storage potential of harvested wood: summary and policy implications

Within national greenhouse gas inventories, many countries now use widely-accepted methodologies to track carbon that continues to be stored in wood products and landfills after its removal from the forest. Beyond simply tracking post-harvest wood carbon, expansion of this pool has further been suggested as a potential climate change mitigation strategy. This paper summarizes data on the fate of carbon through the wood processing chain and on greenhouse gas emissions generated by processing, transport, use and disposal of wood. As a result of wood waste and decomposition, the carbon stored long-term in harvested wood products may be a small proportion of that originally stored in the standing trees—across the United States approximately 1% may remain in products in-use and 13% in landfills at 100 years post-harvest. Related processing and transport emissions may in some cases approach the amount of CO₂e stored in long-lived solid wood products. Policies that promote wood product carbon storage as a climate mitigation strategy must assess full life-cycle impacts, address accounting uncertainties, and balance multiple public values derived from forests.     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(I)——模型的建立与灵敏度分析

以业已建成的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型为基本框架,建立了一个具有普适性的中国农业植被净初级生产力模型(CropC-)。CropC-的模拟对象为占我国农作物总播种面积2/3的水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜和大豆。该模型包括2个主要功能模块:光合作用和呼吸作用;土壤-作物系统氮素运移。前者综合考虑了环境因子和氮素的影响,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放。灵敏度分析表明,在输入参数变化±10%时,CropC-对6个主要输入参数响应的敏感性依次为温度>光合有效辐射>大气CO2浓度>土壤全氮含量>施氮量>降水。模型分析表明,气候变暖将降低作物净初级生产力。     

Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings

In this study a method is suggested to compare the net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from the construction of concrete- and wood-framed buildings. The method is then applied to two buildings in Sweden and Finland constructed with wood frames, compared with functionally equivalent buildings constructed with concrete frames. Carbon accounting includes: emissions due to fossil fuel use in the production of building materials; the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass residues from logging, wood processing, construction and demolition; carbon stock changes in forests and buildings; and cement process reactions. The results show that wood-framed construction requires less energy, and emits less CO₂ to the atmosphere, than concrete-framed construction. The lifecycle emission difference between the wood- and concrete-framed buildings ranges from 30 to 130 kg C per m² of floor area. Hence, a net reduction of CO₂ emission can be obtained by increasing the proportion of wood-based building materials, relative to concrete materials. The benefits would be greatest if the biomass residues resulting from the production of the wood building materials were fully used in energy supply systems. The carbon mitigation efficiency, expressed in terms of biomass used per unit of reduced carbon emission, is considerably better if the wood is used to replace concrete building material than if the wood is used directly as biofuel.     

Bioenergy and the forest industry in Finland after the adoption of the Kyoto protocol

In Finland the percentage of biomass fuels of total primary energy supply is relatively high, close to 17%. The share of biomass in the total electricity generation is as much as 10%. This high share in Finland is mainly due to the cogeneration of electricity and heat within forest industry using biomass-based by-products and wastes as fuels. Forest industry is also a large user of fossil-based energy. About 28% of total primary energy consumption in Finland takes place in forest industry, causing about 16% of the total fossil carbon dioxide emissions.The Kyoto protocol limits the fossil CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions and provides some incentives to the Finnish forest sector. There are trade-offs among the raw-material, energy and carbon sink uses of the forests. Fossil emissions can be reduced e.g. by using more wood and producing chemical pulp instead of mechanical one. According to the calculation rules of the Kyoto protocol Finnish forests in 2008–2012 are estimated to form a carbon source of 0.36 Tg C a⁻¹ due to land use changes. Factually the forest biomass will still be a net carbon sink between 3.5 and 8.8 Tg C a⁻¹. Because the carbon sinks of existing forests are not counted in the protocol, there is an incentive to increase wood use in those and to decrease the real net carbon sink. Also the criteria for sustainable forestry could still simultaneously be met.     

广东省能源消费碳排放分析及碳排放强度影响因素研究

根据省级能源统计和温室气体核算规则,计算分析了2005~2012年广东省能源消费碳排放和碳排放强度变化,并应用对数平均迪氏指数法对计算期的碳排放强度变化进行因素分解,定量分析了各产业(部门)能耗强度、产业结构、能源消费结构和能源碳排放系数对广东省碳排放强度变动的影响.结果表明:2005~2012年,广东省能源消费CO2排放年均增长6.28%,单位GDP碳排放累计下降27%,各产业(部门)能耗强度下降是推动碳排放强度下降的主要原因;净外购电力的碳排放系数下降及用作原材料石油消费比重上升也有利于单位GDP碳排放下降;产业结构和能源消费结构总体上朝着不利于碳排放强度下降的趋势发展;生活能源消费年均增速低于GDP年均增速,有利于地区碳排放强度下降.     

Net yield of OH,CO, and O3 from the oxidation of atmospheric methane

The methane oxidation chain (MOC) is the sequence of reactions initiated by the reaction of a CH₄ molecule with an OH radical, which results in the net production (or destruction) of OH, CO and O₃. We have developed the yield coefficient method to calculate, as functions of latitude and altitude, the monthly average net yield of OH, CO and O₃ from the MOC. These yield coefficients are then used to estimate the monthly average production rates of these species from the MOC.Globally, the MOC results in a net annual loss of about 0.22 molecules of OH for every methane molecule destroyed. The average annual yield of CO from the MOC is about 0.82 molecules of CO per molecule of methane destroyed (∼ 550 Tg CO y⁻¹). The methane oxidation chain also produces about 1.15 molecules of ozone for every molecule of methane destroyed. The seasonal cycles, spatial distributions and even the signs of the OH, O₃ and CO yield coefficients are sensitive to the assumed input distributions of OH, HO₂ and NO_x. The recent re-measurement of the reaction rate of OH+CH₄ (Vaghjiani and Ravishankara, 1991, Nature350, 406–409) suggests that the entire MOC may be running slower than previously thought. The effect of this new measurement is to reduce the global annual average production rates of CO and O₃ by about 23%.