生态产品生命周期设计概念框架

生态产品是从原材料采掘到产品制造、运销、使用和最终报废处理整个生命周期总环境影响最小的产品，而生命周期设计是实现产品环境影响最小化和污染预防的最好方式之一。生态产品的开发，应从设计开始，生态产品生命周期设计的概念是一种基于产品系统的设计方法；其设计步骤有确定系统边界、环境现状评价、设计要求分析、各要求优先排序与协调，设计对策、设计方案评价等几个方面，随着ＩＳＯ１４０００体系的全面建立，产品生命周期     

第三讲 生命周期设计与管理

在第一讲、第二讲中介绍了产品环境化设计的发展历程和生命周期法及产品系统的概念等内容,在第三讲和第四讲中将继续介绍生命周期设计与管理和生命周期评价的内容。生命周期设计是生命周期概念在产品开发过程设计阶段的应用,生命周期评价则可以用来评价一个产品整个生命周期的环境影响。——编者     

产品生态设计研究进展

产品生态设计在减少资源消耗,实现可持续发展的同时又可以帮助企业降低生产成本,提高企业竞争能力.因此,生态设计的发展被社会各界广泛关注.本文从产品生态设计的概念入手,分析了其与生命周期评价的关系.总结了生态设计在国际和国内的研究进展.在此基础上提出了产品生态设计今后发展的建议,为促进生态设计的进一步发展起到抛砖引玉的作用.     

什么是产品生态设计？

生态设计是一种绿色发展的理念和潮流,要求在设计阶段就要考虑产品全生命周期的资源和环境影响,是基于生命周期思想的新理念,也是一项具有挑战性、创新性的工作。党的十八大做出了大力推进生态文明建设的战略部署,这对我国工业发展提出了更新更高的要求。工业是资源消耗和污染物排放的重点领域,推进生态文明建设,要求工业加快绿色转型升级。     

我国可持续设计及其实践的探讨

可持续设计超越了传统设计和生态设计，要求平衡经济、环境、社会３方面的发展需要，在可持续设计的基本工具产品生命周期评价尚需进一步发展的同时，建立适当的设计准则是当前发展可持续设计的可行途径。     

第一讲 从可持续发展到环境化设计

环境化设计（Design for Environment），即：指在产品整个生命周期内，在保证产品应有的功能、使用寿命、质量等要求的同时，需要着重考虑产品的环境属性，减少环境污染和能源消耗，实现产品和零部件的回收再生循环或者重新利用。它的三个最重要方向分别是低毒性、低耗能与低资源需求。     

生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

产品生命周期污染控制策略初探

控制污染、保护环境，实现环境与经济的协调发展，是可持续发展的必然要求。寻求经济发展与污染产生扩散之间的联系和规律，探索有效的污染控制途径，是问题解决的关键和核心。结合产品生命周期思想在环境管理领域的应用，立足产品生命周期的整个阶段，基于生产和消费两个主要过程，建立产品系统物质平衡模型。在此基础上，探讨可行的污染控制策略。     

在污泥资源化利用过程中引入生命周期评价方法

生命周期评价是一种评价产品整个寿命周期中环境负荷的方法。为了促进资源的循环利用和经济的可持续发展,在污泥资源化利用过程中引入生命周期评价方法显得非常必要。介绍了引入生命周期评价方法的必要性及污泥资源化利用生命周期评价的内容和步骤。     

产品生命周期工程中废弃物控制与治理研究

介绍产品生命周期工程的内涵，探讨如何从整个产品生命周期分析研究入手，采用绿色设计的手段，使废弃物减量化，资源化，从而使废弃物对环境产生的负影响最小，以实现人类可持续发展。     

Product development and responsible consumption: designing alternatives for sustainable lifestyles

This paper presents insights from a research project that examines the notion of ‘responsible consumption’, its relationship to consumer preferences and expectations, and its implications for product design and development. The paper discusses the issue of sustainable consumption in relation to product development and summarizes initial findings from a study conducted among people who consider themselves responsible consumers. Notably, four different profiles of ‘simplifiers’ are described. The study shows that people who took part in the research adopt more sustainable lifestyles not only because of an ecological consciousness, but also because of perceived personal factors or benefits. The study also reveals that participants have both a close and distant relationship to objects and that they prefer products that allow them to be engaged in the activity of “doing”. Product development strategies informed by these insights are explored. The paper suggests that product designers can support and encourage those already active or interested in orienting their consumption habits towards more sustainable solutions by envisioning appropriate ecologically and socially responsible product alternatives.     

生命周期评价新发展与工业应用

从国际生命周期小组的统计和国内外的案例,综述了新世纪生命周期评价（LCA）的发展和工业应用现状,对存在的问题进行探讨,就如何进一步改进提出建议。     

生命周期评价应用中应注意的问题

生命周期评价起始于20世纪60年代末,主要用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。经过几十年的研究,生命周期评价发展迅速,但是仍不成熟。从前期准备到结果解释,针对应用过程中需要注意的问题,进行初步探讨,并提出建议,以促进生命周期评价的发展。     

生命周期评估——开展环境管理的重要工具

作为一项环境管理工具，生命周期评估逐渐被广泛了解和接受．本文从生命周期评估的定义入手，阐述了生命周期评估的框架及应用原则和思路     

产品生命周期评价体系探讨

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是一个相对罗新的概念，理论上生命周期评价具有将环境质量融入决策过程的特点，生命周期评价是对产品和过程相关的环境干扰进行定量分析和评估的方法，本文介绍了ＬＣＡ的要领和内容，探讨了ＬＣＡ的技术框架和实施方案，并着重介绍ＬＣＡ的核心－－影响分析的主人指标，提出了ＬＣＡ有待发展完善的方面。     

Functional and systems aspects of the sustainable product and service development approach for industry

The Sustainable Product and/or Service Development (SPSD) approach is a pragmatic industry support encompassing a range of strategies aimed at maximising environmental and social performance in all types of “offerings” whether they are “products”, “services” or Product Service Systems (PSS). Implementation of the approach was tested in industry and conclusions reached on the effectiveness of the strategies included in terms of developing an offering with improved sustainability performance as well as practical use as an industry approach. Two strategies incorporated are functional and systems thinking, as these are seen as key for increasing the environmental benefits of offerings. This paper summarises the SPSD approach, general industry testing results, describes how and why functional and systems strategies are incorporated in it and industry testing results relating to their use. This provides valuable information on how functional and systems related considerations can be practically and effectively included in sustainable offering development.     

A tool to implement sustainable end-of-life strategies in the product development phase

Responding to constantly more demanding European legislation, notably for electrical and electronic equipment, worn-out vehicles or hazardous substances, manufacturers have to develop End of Life (EoL) strategies. The challenge today is to assess which “product EoL process” would be profitable for an enterprise given the business model in place. Most of the Original Equipment Manufacturers recycle or subcontract reverse logistic and EoL treatments. Recycling is currently the most common solution but it is far from meeting the goals of Sustainable Development. We believe that, integrating constraints from EoL strategies into the early phases of design is one important aspect that needs to be improved. We are currently combining this idea with principles from concurrent engineering to develop design aids which permits designers to compare their products to “Remanufacturable Product Profiles”. However, conscious those EoL solutions often involve several strategies; it is now envisaged to develop tools to help designers make optimal decisions while designing a product considering 3R strategies: Reuse, Remanufacture and Recycle. In this paper, our vision of why and how to integrate EoL strategies in the early design phases is presented, and what tools to apply 3R strategies are envisaged, considering the evolving architecture of the product, and the translation of transversal information into design criteria.     

Proposal for new quantitative eco-design indicators: a first case study

Eco-design is a valuable approach in order to reduce the environmental impact associated with a product system, by introducing environmental considerations early on in its design. Different strategies are possible for the implementation of eco-design, depending on the intended goals as well as the characteristics of the products. The present work proposes a series of eco-design indicators and tests to what extent the application of these simple indicators provides a reliable indication of the reduction of environmental impact, as measured by commonly employed Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) indicators. The product chosen for the case study was a water source heat pump. Two of the newly-developed indicators were applied and compared to LCIA indicators, focussing on design for disassembly and for recycling. A good and robust correlation was found, providing support to the thesis that these simple eco-design indicators can be used as a proxy to quickly and effectively gauge the environmental improvements introduced in a product system at the design stage.