聚苯乙烯树脂吸附水中磺基水杨酸的研究

研究了两种聚苯乙烯树脂对水中磺基水杨酸的吸附行为,同时探讨了氨基修饰聚苯乙烯树脂的吸附动力学特性．结果表明,在所研究的磺基水杨酸浓度范围内,Langmuir和Freundich吸附等温方程都能很好地描述吸附平衡数据．采用氨基修饰制备的NDA-900树脂具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是NDA-900树脂吸附磺基水杨酸速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型加以描述．     

改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学

以氢氧化钠作为预处理剂,以环氧氯丙烷作为醚化交联剂,以三甲胺作为季铵化反应剂,对原稻草进行改性;比较改性前后稻草的吸附效果,探究pH对吸附效果的影响以及不同初始浓度、温度条件下改性稻草吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学特性.结果表明,改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量得到很大提高;pH值在2.0—6.4之间时,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量达到最大值,本实验选择pH=6.4;不同Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度和不同温度下,准二级速率方程相关系数R2的范围为0.9562—0.9982,证明准二级速率方程能够很好地描述改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程,准二级速率方程的吸附速率常数k2随温度的升高而增大;准一级速率方程只适合描述Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程的初始阶段,吸附过程受颗粒内扩散的控制;稻草秸秆通过化学改性制成表面有季铵基的氯型吸附剂,Cr(Ⅵ)的阴离子与改性稻草上的氯离子交换从而得以去除.     

含氨基酸的润滑油生物降解性及降解速率方程模拟

在HVI 350矿物润滑油中加入少量月桂酰基甘氨酸,对比研究了加入月桂酰基甘氨酸前后矿物润滑油在土壤中的生物降解特性,并采用指数速率模型对润滑油生物降解动力学进行了模拟.结果表明,月桂酰基甘氨酸可促进HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解,试验条件下HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解速率方程为S_t=50.4e~(-0.0155t),半衰期为44.72 d;含月桂酰基甘氨酸的HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解速率方程为S_t=51.6e~(-0.0224t),半衰期为30.94d.     

蒙脱土协同新生MnO_2对甲基橙模拟废水的脱色研究

研究了蒙脱土协同新生MnO2对甲基橙的吸附脱色性能,结果表明:蒙脱土能够明显地改善新生MnO2在水中的分散性与吸附性,大大提高了新生MnO2对甲基橙的吸附能力,脱色率的提高是二者协同作用的结果.该复合吸附剂具有较快的吸附速度,吸附动力学数据能很好地符合Lagergren二级速率方程.溶液pH值是影响染料脱色的最主要因素,在pH 7及常温条件下,当新生MnO2/蒙脱土的比例为40 mg/1.0g, 甲基橙的浓度为20 mg·l-1, 吸附50 min时,甲基橙的去除率可达96.5%.     

Biosorption of low level Cd~（2＋） in water by Aspergillus sojae

以酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量Cd2＋进行了吸附研究.实验考察了预处理方法、菌体用量、pH、温度和吸附时间对吸附的影响,同时分析了其吸附动力学和吸附等温线特性,并对酱油曲霉菌体吸附Cd2＋的可能作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,碱预处理的菌体吸附效果最好.在菌体用量为0.08 g时,对Cd2＋的吸附量达到最大,为0.095 mg.g-1.pH值在3.4—8之间,酱油曲霉菌体对Cd2＋的吸附效果比较稳定,其最大吸附率出现在pH 3.4.温度在15℃—30℃之间时,菌体对Cd2＋的吸附率差异很小,吸附率在88.3%—94.4%之间.二级动力学方程能很好地表征酱油曲霉吸附微量Cd2＋的过程,R2在0.99以上,其吸附平衡时间大约2.5 h,线性模型更适于描述该吸附平衡过程.SEM、FTIR分析得出,Cd2＋可能是与酱油曲霉菌体表面的羟基、酰胺基、羧基、磷酸基和胺基等基团相络合而被吸附,也可能是形成颗粒沉淀而附着在菌丝上.     

基于BP神经网络的南通机场风速预报模型

本文利用2016—2021年南通兴东机场整点报文数据,采用BP人工神经网络建立南通机场风速预报模型,将南通机场风速进行分级,并进行6 h和24 h模拟预报,以期对南通机场风速分级预报数值进行修订并讨论风速分级预报的准确率。结果如下：当风为1级、2级风时,风速无须修订;3级风时,6 h预报风速可修订增加0.6 m/s,24 h可修订增加3.8 m/s;而4级风时,6 h预报风速和24 h预报风速则分别修订增加1.0 m/s和4.8 m/s。利用2020年样本资料进行检验,在预报风速数值分级修订后,准确率结果如下：对民航安全运行有影响的4级风6 h准确率为66%,24 h为64%。再利用模型对2021年12月进行试预报可得：4级风6 h准确率为75%,24 h为73%。上述结果表明,该神经网络模型可以为南通机场风速预报提供一定的依据。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯生物降解性研究

研究了从污水处理厂的活性污泥和塑料厂排污口土壤中分离到的两株邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DE-HP)降解菌CQ0110Y和CQ0110G对DEHP的适宜降解条件以及其降解特性．结果表明，CQ0110Y和CQ0110G的适宜pH范围分别为6．0—8．0和6．0—7．5；适宜温度范围分别为20-35℃和25—35℃．当DEHP初始浓度小于1350mg／L时，它们对DEHP的降解反应符合一级动力学特征，DEHP半减期分别为：t1/2(CQ0110Y)=1.59d,t1/2(CQ0110G)=2.00d.，两株菌对DEHP均具有高效降解能力．图2表2参7     

核素迁移柱法实验和模拟计算

提出了一种计算土柱实验中核素迁移参数的方法,并采用脉冲源法测定了核素在土柱中的水流速度、弥散系数,使用计算软件对核素的流出曲线进行了数值模拟,并对影响核素流出时间的参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,在本实验条件下,CXTFIT程序能对实验值给出很好的拟合,含有化学平衡吸附的对流-弥散模型可较好地模拟核素在土柱中的运移特性,水流速度对核素的流出时间影响最大.     

疫情常态化管控下济南市春节前后PM2.5中二次组分变化特征

为研究新冠肺炎疫情常态化管控下,济南市春节前后PM_2.5中二次组分的变化特征、气粒分配规律及其影响因素,本文对2021年2月1-27日春节前、春节期间和春节后的3个时段济南市区在线监测的水溶性离子、碳组分及气态前体物质量浓度小时数据进行分析.结果表明,2021年疫情常态化管控下济南市春节前后二次组分浓度与2020年同比均明显下降,ρ(NO₃^-)、ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NH₄⁺)和ρ(SOA)分别下降53.09%、58.32%、51.17%和61.84%,其中二次无机组分(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺之和)和SOA在PM_2.5中的占比分别为54.07%和8.20%,春节期间PM_2.5及二次组分在10—18时浓度较低,与春节期间白天人为活动相对减少,机动车、建筑工...     

羰基硫(COS)紫外光解动力学的研究

在185nm紫外光照射下,研究了COS体系、COS-O2体系以及COS-空气体系中COS的转化反应,并考察了光照时间、O2分压和水气对COS光解的影响．推导了COS光解速率方程,并计算了其表观量子产率,据此提出了185nm紫外光作用下COS在不同体系中的反应机理．实验表明,平流层紫外光解是COS的重要汇,也是平流层含硫气溶胶的主要来源之一．     

国外关于稳定化/固化的有毒有害污染物的渗漏实验方法的研究进展

以水泥为基质的稳定化 /固化 (Stabilization/solidification)的方法在国外广泛用于无机、有机、有毒有害污染物的最终处置 ,已经有数十年的历史。论文较全面地介绍了拟合被这种稳定化 /固化过程处理过的污染物在自然界条件下短期和长期的污染物泄漏过程 ,即所谓短期、长期的渗漏行为的实验方法和数学模型 ,并总结了现有几种用来模拟短期或长期渗漏行为的渗漏实验方法和适用于这些实验方法的数学预测模型的应用条件。     

Estimation methods for nonlinear state-space models in ecology

The use of nonlinear state-space models for analyzing ecological systems is increasing. A wide range of estimation methods for such models are available to ecologists, however it is not always clear, which is the appropriate method to choose. To this end, three approaches to estimation in the theta logistic model for population dynamics were benchmarked by Wang (2007). Similarly, we examine and compare the estimation performance of three alternative methods using simulated data. The first approach is to partition the state-space into a finite number of states and formulate the problem as a hidden Markov model (HMM). The second method uses the mixed effects modeling and fast numerical integration framework of the AD Model Builder (ADMB) open-source software. The third alternative is to use the popular Bayesian framework of BUGS. The study showed that state and parameter estimation performance for all three methods was largely identical, however with BUGS providing overall wider credible intervals for parameters than HMM and ADMB confidence intervals.     

Is the Mantel correlogram powerful enough to be useful in ecological analysis? A simulation study

The Mantel correlogram is an elegant way to compute a correlogram for multivariate data. However, recent papers raised concerns about the power of the Mantel test itself. Hence the question: Is the Mantel correlogram powerful enough to be useful? To explore this issue, we compared the performances of the Mantel correlogram to those of other methods, using numerical simulations based on random, normally distributed data. For a single response variable, we compared it to the Moran and Geary correlograms. Type I error rates of the three methods were correct. Power of the Mantel correlogram was nearly as high as that of the univariate methods. For the multivariate case, the test of the multivariate variogram developed in the context of multiscale ordination is in fact a Mantel test, so that the power of the two methods is the same by definition. We devised an alternative permutation test based on the variance, which yielded similar results. Overall, the power of the Mantel test was high, the method successfully detecting spatial correlation at rates similar to the permutation test of the variance statistic in multivariate variograms. We conclude that the Mantel correlogram deserves its place in the ecologist's toolbox.     

Age-structured population models and their numerical solution

This paper considers the state of the art of the numerical solution of age-structured population models. The different numerical approaches to this kind of problems and the stability and convergence results for them are reviewed. Both characteristic curves methods and finite difference methods are compared with regards to accuracy, efficiency and their qualitative behaviour depending on the compatibility conditions between initial and boundary data of the problems. The paper is the first of a series of two considering the numerical solution of general structured population models.     

Contaminant transport in an unsaturated soil: laboratory tests and numerical simulation model as procedure for parameters evaluation

In this paper, lab tests coupled to a semi-pilot test section are used to derive data for the calibration of a numerical model. The paper is aimed at proposing a set of experiments, which can be used to calibrate a numerical model before using it on defined soils. The complexity of the phenomenon of transport of reactive pollutants in soil has to be faced in the most complete way. The different behaviour of soil after wet/dry cycles with respect to the fluidodynamic characteristics and the importance to consider the local biomass behaviour in case of organic contaminant has been underlined. An optimal approach has to take into account all the different components and here a simple series of experimental procedure is presented. The sensitivity analysis of the numerical model has shown that its results are not so much dependent on the classical numerical aspects (time or space increments) but mainly on a set of parameters related to soil structure which must then be derived through a good calibration.     

Induced defenses in herbivores and plants differentially modulate a trophic cascade

Inducible defenses are dynamic traits that modulate the strength of both plant-herbivore and herbivore-carnivore interactions. Surprisingly few studies have considered the relative contributions of induced plant and herbivore defenses to the overall balance of bottom-up and top-down control. Here we compare trophic cascade strengths using replicated two-level and three-level plankton communities in which we systematically varied the presence or absence of induced defenses at the plant and/or herbivore levels. Our results show that a trophic cascade, i.e., significantly higher plant biomass in three-level than in two-level food chains, occurred whenever herbivores were undefended against carnivores. Trophic cascades did not occur when herbivores exhibited an induced defense. This pattern was obtained irrespective of the presence or absence of induced defenses at the plant level. We thus found that herbivore defenses, not plant defenses, had an overriding effect on cascade strength. We discuss these results in relation to variation in cascade strengths in natural communities.     

Modelling nature-like fishway flow around unsubmerged obstacles using a 2D shallow water model

In the scope to create efficient nature like fish ramps using large-scale roughness elements, the present study is an audit of modelling such complex 3D free surface flows using an industrial 2D code solving shallow water equations. Validation procedure is based upon the comparison between numerous experimental measurements and numerical runs around large-scale roughness patterns disposed on the flume bottom in order to determine what 2D reliable numerical results can be expected. In this paper, we focused on cases of unsubmerged obstacles. The results demonstrate that 2D shallow water modelling using an industrial code such as TELEMAC-2D can be a convenient way for the hydraulic engineer to help design a nature-like fishway. This article emphasizes the limitations due to 2D depth integration of velocities and turbulence modelling and gives the domain of validity of the method.     

Determining the role of eudaimonic values in conservation behavior

Values are the fundamental reasons why people engage in conservation behaviors. Recent research has called for a more refined approach to studying values in a way that accounts for the concept of eudaimonia. However, the empirical properties for a eudaimonic value scale have not been tested given that previous investigations have remained at the theoretical level. Drawing from an on-site survey of visitors to Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, we used a latent profile analysis to better understand the expression of multiple values of nature. Specifically, we segmented respondents by their value orientations with a particular focus on evaluating eudaimonic and hedonic values, alongside the established dimensions of altruistic, biospheric, and egoistic values. We identified 4 distinct subgroups defined by value orientations and validated these subgroups based on measures of conservation behavior and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age). These results indicated campaign messaging should harness a combination of eudaimonic, biospheric, and altruistic values to propel individual behavior. We also observed that hedonic and egoistic values defined how people related to nature and played a role, albeit less pronounced, in motivating them to take action. Our study is one of the first efforts to operationalize eudaimonia in a conservation context; thus, we have opened a new avenue for protected-area managers to align their strategies with the underlying values of stakeholders.