飞灰/石灰吸着剂制备及其脱硫脱硝性能的研究

以飞灰和石灰为原料,采用常压水合、蒸汽水合、加压水合三种水合方式制备干法脱硫脱硝吸着剂,并探讨了吸着剂表面及孔结构特性对脱硫脱硝性能的影响。研究了制备条件如:飞灰/石灰比、水合温度、压力等因素对吸着剂表面及孔结构特性及其脱硫脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,以飞灰和石灰水合制得的吸着剂的比表面积和孔体积均远大于原料石灰或飞灰的比表面积和孔体积。水合制得的飞灰/石灰吸着剂比表面积最大可达97.55m2/g,孔隙体积更是较两种原料增大了10～100倍;水合法制备飞灰/石灰吸着剂时,飞灰/石灰比对吸着剂的表面及孔结构特性影响最大,在飞灰/石灰比为1/1时,制得的吸着剂的脱硫脱硝性能较优;水合制备的飞灰/石灰吸着剂,比表面积40m2/g以上,且孔径在250～270A觷时,表现出具有较高的脱硫脱硝活性。     

脱硫剂微观结构对脱硫性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和压汞仪对3种贝壳和1种石灰石的微观结构及孔径分布进行了测量,采用热重分析方法对各种脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了测试.比较发现,各种贝壳煅烧后的晶粒呈薄片状,晶粒之间孔径均大于0.2μm,比孔容较大;石灰石煅烧后晶粒呈颗粒状,晶粒之间孔径多数在0.01～0.16μm之间,比表面积很大,但比孔容较小.贝壳中直径大于0.2μm的气孔,允许气体扩散至颗粒内部,气孔表面同时参加脱硫反应,且反应过程中不易被反应产物所堵塞,脱硫反应进行较彻底,钙利用率较高.另外,在满足气体扩散的前提下,减小孔径尺寸,增加反应比表面积,将对脱硫反应有利.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰制备高温脱硫剂及其性能评价

利用不同地方的垃圾焚烧飞灰来制备高温炉内的脱硫剂,并利用热天平来研究飞灰脱硫剂(FA-脱硫剂)的固硫性能.实验结果表明,FA-脱硫剂的孔隙分布在2000nm左右,并且比生石灰具有更好的固硫能力.添加石膏后的FA-脱硫剂,其机械强度大大提高,但孔径结构变小,脱硫率也有所下降.添加10%(质量分数)水玻璃的FA-脱硫剂的机械强度相当于生石灰,脱硫效果更明显,比没有添加水玻璃时效果更好,孔径结构基本不变.这是由于水玻璃中的钠跟二氧化硫反应生成钠硫酸盐.     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率的探讨

热电厂循环流化床锅炉通过使用燃煤中添加以石灰石为主要原料的脱硫剂的方法实现高效脱硫,具有燃烧效率高、煤种适应性宽、氮氧化物排放量低、易实现炉内高效脱硫等特点,近年来一直被热电行业广泛运用。循环流化床锅炉炉温较低,一般在850℃～950℃之间,便于采用脱硫剂脱硫。常用脱硫剂一般以石灰石为主要原料,采用在锅炉内直接与燃煤燃烧接触,达到燃烧中脱硫,而钙硫比的高低对炉内脱硫效果影响较大。以实际范例研究了通过物料衡算方法进行脱硫效率实验来选择脱硫剂及用量的方法。     

简易干法烟气脱硫技术的试验研究

为了开发研究低投资,低成本的脱硫方法,在研制高活性多孔脱硫剂的过程中,研究了各种因素的影响,并对脱硫剂进行物化特性的表征。脱硫剂比表面积可达４１ｍ＾２／ｇ,粒径分布：０－１μｍ占２４．１％．－１０－２０μｍ占２０．１％;２０－４０μｍ占２９．０％,４０μｍ－６０μｍ占１０．３％。实验室小试,用固定床反应器模拟研究干法烟气脱硫反应过程,烟气相对湿度,脱硫剂比表面积,反应温度等为影响脱硫剂与ＯＳ２反应     

改性烟气脱硫球形活性炭的研究

以糠醛渣和炭粉的混合物为原料,分别掺入一定比例的CuO V2O5,MnO2,制备具有低温催化活性的炭载脱硫催化剂,并对其脱硫效果、孔径、脱硫反应前后Cu,V,Mn离子的存在形式进行了研究。结果表明,CuO V2O5,MnO2的加入使球形炭的比表面积降低,平均孔径增大,但脱硫效果却进一步提高,说明这两种金属活性组分在脱硫过程中确实起到了催化的作用。     

有机钙孔隙结构与脱硫性能研究

在定碳炉上对有机钙进行煅烧试验,利用氮吸附仪测定样品的微观孔隙结构,采用智能定硫仪对有机钙进行了脱硫实验研究.结果表明.900℃下煅烧.醋酸钙镁的比表面积高达46.6 m2/g,大约为普通石灰石比表面积的4倍.醋酸钙比表面积主要分布在孔径小于5 nm的微孔和中孔,醋酸钙镁比表面积主要集中在孔径为5 nm左右的中孔.醋酸钙的烧结主要发生在微孔和中孔,醋酸钙镁的烧结发生在整个孔径分布区域,有机钙表现出良好的抗烧结特性.1 000℃下按钙硫比为1添加钙基,有机钙的脱硫效率为68.28%-75.55%.比普通石灰石高1倍以上.煅烧形成的良好孔隙结构使得有机钙具有较高的脱硫效果.     

利用炼钢炉尘制备氧化铁脱硫剂的研究

研究以炼钢废弃炉尘经过助溶酸浸法浸出铁成分,然后利用浸出物制备焦炉煤气脱硫用氧化铁脱硫剂的工艺,探讨了硫酸浓度、反应时间、反应温度、盐酸用量和助溶剂用量等因素对铁浸出率的影响。理化性能评价结果显示制得的脱硫剂能够满足焦炉煤气干法脱硫的工业应用要求。     

生物膜法污水处理用新型纤维素载体的制备与性能

以麦草浆粕为原料,研究开发出了一种适用于生物膜法污水处理的多孔生物膜载体.实验通过对麦草浆粕碱化、黄化制备出酯化均匀的纤维素粘胶,并在此基础上选取合适的发泡成孔技术和纤维素再生工艺得到多孔纤维素载体成品.实验考察了各制备条件对载体性能的影响,总结出了该工艺下性能最优的载体的制备条件.研究结果表明,制得载体的孔隙率可达85%,比表面积在11m2·g-1以上,孔径从100μm～800μm均可人为控制.制得的多孔纤维素载体成本低廉,用于污水处理效果十分良好.     

干法烟气脱硫反应的实验研究

本文建立了干法烟气脱硫反应的实验装置 ,对以氧化钙为脱硫剂的干法烟气脱硫反应进行了实验研究 ,并利用压汞仪分析反应过程中参与反应的固体颗粒的孔隙结构的变化情况 ,对干法烟气脱硫反应过程中的固体颗粒孔隙结构特性进行动态分析 ,揭示和确定了反应过程中固体颗粒孔隙结构变化规律和脱硫转化率。研究结果表明 ,孔隙结构 ,包括孔径分布、最可几孔半径等是决定和影响干法烟气脱硫反应的因素 ,其中孔隙率决定脱硫反应的最终转化率 ,孔隙分布则控制着反应的过程特性。     

Abatement of SO2–NOx binary gas mixtures using a ferruginous active absorbent: Part I. Synergistic effects and mechanism

A novel ferruginous active absorbent, prepared by fly ash, industrial lime and the additive Fe(VI), was introduced for synchronous abatement of binary mixtures of SO₂–NOx from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The synergistic action of various factors on the absorption of SO₂ and NOx was investigated. The results show that a strong synergistic effect exists between Fe(VI) dose and reaction temperature for the desulfurization. It was observed that in the denitration process, the synergy of Fe(VI) dose and Ca/(S + N) had the most significant impact on the removal of NO, followed by the synergy of Fe(VI) and reaction temperature, and then the synergy of reaction temperature and flue gas humidity. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS) were used to observe the surface characteristics of the raw and spent absorbent as well as fly ash. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on chemical analysis of sulfur and nitrogen species concentrations in the spent absorbent. The Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constants and partial pressures of the SO₂–NOx binary system were determined by thermodynamics.     

Abatement of SO2-NOx binary gas mixtures using a ferruginous active absorbent: Part I. Synergistic effects and mechanism

A novel ferruginous active absorbent, prepared by fly ash, industrial lime and the additive Fe(VI), was introduced for synchronous abatement of binary mixtures of SO2–NOx from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The synergistic action of various factors on the absorption of SO2 and NOx was investigated. The results show that a strong synergistic effect exists between Fe(VI) dose and reaction temperature for the desulfurization. It was observed that in the denitration process, the synergy of Fe(VI) dose and Ca/(S + N) had the most significant impact on the removal of NO, followed by the synergy of Fe(VI) and reaction temperature, and then the synergy of reaction temperature and flue gas humidity. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer(EDS)were used to observe the surface characteristics of the raw and spent absorbent as well as fly ash. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on chemical analysis of sulfur and nitrogen species concentrations in the spent absorbent. The Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constants and partial pressures of the SO2–NOx binary system were determined by thermodynamics.     

Experimental study on the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification by duct injection

The highly active absorbent with oxidization based on fly ash, lime and additive was prepared.Experiments of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification were carried out using fixture bed and duct injection.The influencial factors for the absorptive capacity of the absorbent were studied. The absorptive capacities of 120.7 mg for SO2 and 43.7 mg for NOx were achieved at a Ca/(S N) molar ratio 1.2, respectively, corresponding removal efficiencies of 87% and 76%, while spent absorbent appeared in the form of dry powder. The optimal temperature and humidity of flue gas treated with this process were shown to be approximately 50℃, and 5% respectively. The mechanism of removal for SO2 and NOx was investigated. In comparison with traditional dry FGD,this process appears to have lower cost, less complicated configuration and simpler disposal of used absorbent. The valuable references can be provided for industrial application by this process. The foreground of application will be vast in China and in the world.     

CFB锅炉钙基飞灰的雾化喷水悬浮式脱硫特性

以循环流化床(CFB)锅炉钙基飞灰为原料,实验研究了不同条件下飞灰的雾化喷水悬浮式脱硫工艺技术特性。结果表明:增湿飞灰具有良好的低温脱硫能力,其脱硫过程分为快速、慢速反应2个阶段,增湿前后脱硫剂的总钙利用率从41%提高到70%左右。飞灰颗粒的增湿效果与反应温度是影响硫盐化速率的主要因素。采用50 μm雾化水粒径、增湿水分级喷入方式,可使飞灰颗粒获得更好的增湿效果,并延长快速反应的持续时间,使反应更充分;反应温度对增湿脱硫同时存在促进与抑制2方面作用,最佳反应温度在80℃左右;SO₂浓度对脱硫的影响不显著;飞灰经过雾化喷水活化后,颗粒表面的孔隙、裂缝增多,改善的微观结构促进了气固传质和脱硫反应。     

铜尾矿与陶瓷抛光泥复合蒸压加气混凝土的制备及其性能研究

利用废弃物铜尾矿与抛光泥复合取代粉煤灰,与水泥、石灰、石膏等材料制备蒸压加气混凝土。重点研究了铜尾矿与陶瓷抛光泥的颗粒细度、掺加量、工艺参数等对蒸压加气混凝土砌块抗压强度、绝干密度等性能的影响,通过XRD、SEM对其微观机理进行研究。结果表明:铜尾矿与抛光泥粉磨时间为20 min时,铜尾矿的比表面积达到244.5 m2/kg,抛光泥比表面积为350.4 m2/kg。原材料中铜尾矿、抛光泥、水泥、石灰、石膏的质量比为45∶20∶10∶22∶3时,制备的砌块最大抗压强度达到5.1 MPa,平均抗压强度达到4.7 MPa,绝干密度低于625 kg/m3,达到A3.5,B06的蒸压加气混凝土砌块的要求。砌块中的托贝莫来石与C-S-H （B）等水化产物与未反应的石英相互致密穿插,使砌块的微观孔结构更加致密,砌块的抗压强度更高。     

Removal of elemental mercury by iodine-modified rice husk ash sorbents

Iodine-modified calcium-based rice husk ash sorbents(I2/CaO/RHA) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray fluorescence,and N2 isotherm adsorption/desorption.Adsorption experiments of vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) were performed in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor.I2/CaO/RHA performances on Hg0 adsorption were compared with those of modified Ca-based fly ash sorbents(I2/CaO/FA) and modified fly ash sorbents(I2/FA) .Effects of oxidant loading,supports,pore size distribution,iodine impregnation modes,and temperature were investigated as well to understand the mechanism in capturing Hg0.The modified sorbents exhibited reasonable effciency for Hg0 removal under simulated flue gas.The surface area,pore size distribution,and iodine impregnation modes of the sorbents did not produce a strong effect on Hg0 capture effciency,while fair correlation was observed between Hg0 uptake capacity and iodine concentration.Therefore,the content of I2 impregnated on the sorbents was identified as the most important factor influencing the capacity of these sorbents for Hg0 uptake.Increasing temperature in the range of 80-140°C caused a rise in Hg0 removal.A reaction mechanism that may explain the experimental results was presumed based on the characterizations and adsorption study.     

Experimental study on simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification based on highly active absorbent

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO from flue gas by the highly active absorbent prepared from fly ash, lime and a few oxidizing manganese compound additive was studied using a flue gas circulating fluidized bed （CFB） under different experimental conditions. The effects influencing the removal effiencies were discussed. The optimal flue gas temperature, flue gas humidity, gas velocity of CFB and Ca/（S＋N） molar ratio with this process were approximately 110℃, 6%, 1.8 m/s and 1.05, respectively. Removal efficiencies of 92.3% for SO2 and 60.88% for NO were obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. While the spent absorbent appeared in the form of dry powder, the mechanism of removal for SO2 and NO based on the highly active absorbent was investigated by a scanning electron microscope （SEM）, a X-ray energy spectrometer and the chemical analysis methods. The valuable references can be provided for industrial application by the process. The foreground of application will be vast in China and in the world.     

Mg (OH)2@粉煤灰复合材料对重金属离子的去除研究

根据“粒子设计”思想，以粉煤灰为载体，采用非均匀形核法制备了一种核壳结构粉煤灰负载纳米氢氧化镁复合材料，并对其吸附废水中Cu （II）、Ni （II）和Pb （II）性能进行研究.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、EDS能谱、比表面积分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）等技术对包覆前后的复合粉体进行了表征.结果表明，复合粉体表面均匀包覆了大量纳米氢氧化镁和少量水合碳酸镁，比表面积增大到原来（粉煤灰1.79m²/g）的30多倍，平均孔径由11nm增加至14.7nm.平均孔隙宽度从12.8nm增加至15.4nm.粉煤灰表面的Si-O-Si、Si-O-C与氢氧化镁之间形成Si-O-C-O-Mg和Si-O-Mg-OH.复合粉体材料去除重金属的效率明显高于原粉煤灰和氢氧化镁，其单位饱和吸附量分别达到了216.30、116.50、160.96mg/g.根据Zeta电位、FTIR及模拟方程分析了复合粉体吸附重金属离子机理，结果表明复合粉体材料对重金属离子通过沉淀反应、静电吸引、离子交换等方式进行吸附，吸附过程等温线符合Langmuir等温模型，动力学符合颗粒内扩散模型，热力学符合自发吸热反应.通过解吸再生试验发现，经过5次循环再生利用后，复合粉体对重金属离子的去除率达到50%以上，这说明复合粉体在吸附过程中具有良好的再生性能.