生物脱硫技术用于清洁燃料生产的初步研究

从高硫油田筛选的红球菌Rhodococcus sp．FS-2可以通过专一性断裂C-S键的“4S”途径将二苯并噻吩（DBT）转化成2-羟基联苯，从而降低油品中的硫含量。利用该菌株对DBT和汽油、柴油的脱硫研究结果表明，FS-2菌株对DBT及柴油中的有机硫有良好的选择性脱除作用，而且脱硫前后的烃类组分基本没有改变。说明该菌的脱硫过程不会破坏燃料油的有效成分，可以用于燃料油的深度脱硫。     

NiCeY改性沸石吸附燃料油中二苯并噻吩的研究

用NaY沸石制备了负载二元金属Ni和Ce的NiCeY燃料油脱硫吸附剂,并通过静态吸附实验考察了NiCeY沸石对模拟燃油中二苯并噻吩（DBT）的吸附性能。结果表明,在正辛烷/DBT体系中,NiCeY 对DBT的吸附平衡时间为2 h;剂油比对脱硫率有明显影响,剂油比为0.1 g/mL时脱硫率达100%。在正辛烷/DBT/环己烯体系中,吸附剂对DBT吸附量的大小顺序为：NaY＜NiY＜CeY相似文献   

煤矸石微生物脱硫试验研究

采用本试验室自主分离筛选出的氧化硫硫杆菌,通过煤矸石浸泡的微生物脱硫和煤矸石柱状淋洗的微生物脱硫试验,研究该菌株对大武口高硫煤矸石的脱硫效果.煤矸石浸泡试验表明,微生物对煤矸石脱硫效果明显,浸泡煤矸石2 h后脱硫量达0.79 g/L,脱硫率达24.5%,21 d持续稳定升高,脱硫率达28.3%,为煤矸石的快速脱硫提供了技术支持.煤矸石柱状淋洗试验表明,前9 d是氧化硫硫杆菌脱硫的活跃期,该菌株有较高的氧化煤矸石的能力.     

一株高效脱硫菌的分离鉴定和脱硫特性研究

从污水净化厂二沉池回流污泥中分离到一株硫杆菌菌株dj-5,该菌株是一种兼性厌氧菌,通过生理生化特性鉴定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析及鉴定,该菌株可以确定为脱氮硫杆菌（Thiobacillus denitrificans）。该菌株的生长曲线表明菌体生长迅速,延滞期约为8 h,然后细菌进入对数生长期,这一阶段持续时间大约20～24 h,稳定期较短,细菌很快进入衰亡期。通过脱硫工艺实验考察了pH值、温度和搅拌速度对脱硫率和菌体生长的影响,结果表明,在进气量180 L/h、pH=6～8、温度为25～35℃和搅拌速度为270 r/min时,该菌株能正常生长,对进气浓度高达2 500 mg/m³的硫化氢脱除率在91%以上。     

复合型除尘器除尘脱硫一体化工艺实验研究

试验研究了专利产品"高压静电滤槽复合型卧式除尘器"的除尘脱硫一体化工艺.试验表明,在布袋前方的末级电场中实行半干法脱硫工艺具有可行性,可达到除尘脱硫一体化目的.试验同时研究了钙硫比、脱硫灰循环率、饱和温距、喷水量和SO2浓度等对脱硫率的影响.该工艺适用于以低硫煤为燃料的锅炉进行除尘脱硫.     

紫外诱变选育脱硫微生物

为了深度脱除石油及其产品中的有机硫,实验从天津大港油田被原油污染的土壤中驯化、分离出对多种硫化合物具有一定脱除能力的枯草芽孢杆菌。以此枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,紫外线为诱变剂进行诱变育种,经过多级水平筛选,并连续进行3次复证后,获得了脱硫效果显著,有效脱硫时间明显缩短的正突变脱硫菌种。该突变菌株对100μg／mLDBT脱硫反应24h,其平均比脱硫活性由突变前的3．78mmol／（h·g）提高到21．70mmol／（h·g）,诱变效果显著,并可直接应用于低硫油品的深度脱硫,有一定的实际应用价值。     

诺模图法估算二氧化硫排放

为了防止二氧化硫污染大气,环境工作者经常会遇到排放烟气中SO_2量以及脱硫效率方面的计算问题。本文介绍一种简易的算法,即可根据燃料(煤或燃料油)中硫的百分     

制备条件对Ni-Y分子筛的性质及其吸附二苯并噻吩性能的影响

采用液相离子交换法制备Ni-Y分子筛,考察制备条件对它的性质及其吸附燃料油中二苯并噻吩(DBT)性能的影响。结果表明:(1)采用液相离子交换法制备Ni-Y分子筛适宜使用0.1mol/L的Ni(NO3)2溶液作为离子交换液,交换温度提高有利于Ni-Y分子筛的含Ni量增大。(2)当活化温度为300～450℃时,脱硫率随活化温度提高而增大,原因是温度升高有利于除去分子筛的吸附水和结晶水,增加其与有机物质的亲和力。活化温度高于450℃后,Ni-Y分子筛的脱硫率大幅下降,可能是因为高温下分子筛表面的Ni2+反应生成NiO化合物,同时使Ni2+由超笼向稳定的SI位置迁移。(3)在甲苯等干扰物质存在的条件下,Ni-Y分子筛的吸附性能优于其他分子筛,其对DBT为500mg/L、甲苯体积分数为5%的模拟燃油中DBT吸附量分别是Na-Y、Mg-Y及Cu(Ⅱ)-Y分子筛的2.57、2.32、4.24倍,因而更具有实际应用价值。     

电厂脱硫灰烧成硫铝酸盐水泥的试验研究

电厂脱硫灰由于成分复杂和高硫高钙的特点,为其综合利用造成了很多困难.试验证明,只需添加部分CaO或CaCO2,用脱硫灰作生料即可在1 300℃左右烧成硫铝酸盐水泥.这种方式可以完全利用脱硫灰中的游离CaO,CaCO3,Ca(OH)2和含硫矿物CaSO3与CaSO4,使其转化为水泥熟料矿物,如硫铝酸钙(Ca4Al6O12SO4)、硅酸二钙(Ca2SiO4)等,还能完全利用脱硫灰中的未燃烬碳,因而能达到物尽其用,是一种全新高效的利用方式,具有广阔的应用前景.     

"十一五"脱硫计划实施前后长三角地区的硫沉降变化

采用RAINS ASIA模型研究了"十一五"期间长三角地区实施脱硫措施前后硫沉降超临界负荷的变化.结果表明,在90%保证率下,长三角地区硫沉降的临界负荷(以S计,下同)总值为78.38万t/a;2005年该地区硫沉降的超临界负荷总值为27.98万t/a,有45.6%区域面积的硫沉降超过临界负荷;如果不实施脱硫措施,到2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷的情景将急剧恶化,硫沉降超临界负荷总值将增长18.4%,超临界负荷的区域面积将增加到48.7%;"十一五"脱硫计划如期实施后,2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷总值将在2005年的基础上下降27.4%,但仍有39.1%的区域面积超过临界负荷,须采取更严格的措施控制硫沉降量.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.