Military Participation in Emergency Humanitarian Assistance

Military forces of the United States and other countries possess training, equipment and capabilities that are suited for work in disaster preparedness and assistance. Information on the use of military units in domestic and foreign disaster-related efforts, particularly by United States forces in the medical area, was obtained by review of the literature and unpublished military reports, and from interviews with people who have been involved with disaster-related activities. The historical reasons for viewing United States forces as resources in disaster situations are identified. Additionally, issues and problems related to disaster preparedness and assistance in general, and more specifically, to the past and future use of military personnel for this mission are examined. The need for a defined military mission for emergency humanitarian assistance and the need for a military organizational structure to support this mission are identified. Once these two critical issues have been properly addressed, the United States military should participate in the establishment of a disaster institute for joint civilian-military disaster planning and training, in both domestic and foreign areas.     

The impact of humanitarian context conditions and individual characteristics on aid worker retention

High employee turnover rates constitute a major challenge to effective aid provision. This study examines how features of humanitarian work and aid workers’ individual characteristics affect retention within one humanitarian organisation, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Holland. The study extends existing research by providing new theoretical explanations of employment opportunities and constraints and by engaging in the first large‐scale quantitative analysis of aid worker retention. Using a database of field staff (N=1,955), a logistic regression is performed of the likelihood of reenlistment after a first mission. The findings demonstrate that only 40 per cent of employees reenlist for a second mission with MSF Holland, and that workplace location and security situation, age, and gender have no significant effect. Individuals are less likely to reenlist if they returned early from the first mission for a personal reason, are in a relationship, are medical doctors, or if they come from highly developed countries. The paper reflects on the findings in the light of policy.     

Opportunities for British Involvement in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

The UK Science, Technology and Engineering Committee for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) was jointly established by The Fellowship of Engineering and The Royal Society, in 1990. Its purpose is to promote the aims of the IDNDR with particular reference to disaster risk reduction within developing countries.
In order to provide a forum for people with a wide range of experience in this field to meet and exchange views, the Committee convened a one-day Workshop, held at The Royal Society in London on 27 March 1992. The following is a shortened version of a position paper (originally drafted by Ian Davis and subsequently approved by the Committee), setting out seven 'priorities' for the IDNDR, which formed the basis of discussion at the Workshop.     

瘟疫灾害及其防治

本文列举的瘟灾其区域之广、损失之惨都是怵目惊心的。加强对瘟疫灾害的研究与防治不仅是世界医学界的光荣使命，也是全人类共同努力的世界工程。     

CONFERENCE REPORTS

International Conference on Disasters and Development: The Philippines Experience, Tagaytay City, the Philippines, 28–30 March, 1993
1993 Simulation MultiConference on International Emergency Mangement and Engineering, Arlington, 29 March – 1 April 1993     

黄土区冲沟,滑坡航空图像解译分析：以中国西部石油管道工程为例

本文在应用航空图像对中国西部石油管道工程黄土区冲沟、滑坡解译的基础上，分析了冲沟、滑坡的特点及形成条件，提出了防灾对策。     

Book Reviews

Warren, D.M.; Slikkerveer, L.J. and Brokensha, D.(ed.) The Cultural Dimension of Development. Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Alexander, D. Natural Disasters
Davis, J. and Lambert, R. Engineering in Emergencies: A Practical Guide for Relief Workers
Key, D. (ed.) Structures to Withstand Disasters     

青藏工程走廊道路工程阴阳坡效应研究现状及展望

青藏工程走廊整体呈东北-西南走向,加之青藏高原强烈的太阳辐射及大气透明度高,导致廊内路基工程存在显著的"阴阳坡"效应。在阴阳坡热效应作用下,路基阳坡路肩沉降变形普遍大于阴坡路肩,由此引发包括路基倾斜、边坡滑塌、纵向裂缝等一系列路基路面病害问题,严重影响了路基工程的长期稳定性,大幅增加了工程后期运营维护成本。针对这一问题,从青藏工程走廊阴阳坡效应的成因、阴阳坡效应作用下路基体冻融过程及地基温度场分布、路基的横向差异沉降变形、阴阳坡效应相关路基路面病害以及防控措施5个方面系统论述了目前的研究和工程实践现状,并结合阴阳坡效应的量化研究、防治措施的有效性等方面就未来需要开展的研究工作进行了展望,以期为青藏工程走廊内路基工程的建设与维护提供参考。     

山区线性工程地质灾害风险动态评价方法及应用

线性工程的路线长(如输变电、道路、管线工程等),特别是在地质环境条件复杂的山区,工程建设及运营期间遭受地质灾害威胁的风险大,防范管理的难度大,进行动态评价是防范风险的有效途径,也将是今后研究的主要趋势。结合藏中电力联网输变电工程地质灾害风险管理,提出了基于InSAR监测技术、考虑斜坡活动性的地质灾害风险动态评价方法。该方法构建了考虑斜坡活动性的危险性评价指标体系,建立了可以动态更新的加权信息量评价模型,针对电网工程输电塔位这一核心易损目标,初步实现了山区线性工程地质灾害风险动态评价,最后采用历史灾害分布和ROC曲线对比验证了评价方法的可行性,对于山区线性工程建设风险管理具有推广应用价值。     

750kV六分裂扩径导线跳股分析及预防建议

以750 kV白-黄II回输电线路导线跳股现象为例,通过对扩径导线结构及关键架设技术特点的分析找出扩径导线跳股原因,提出了扩径导线在设计、加工制造、施工方法等方面的具体建议。分析结果表明:加工工艺和施工方法的改进,可以有效预防导线跳股现象的发生。     

地震科技人员开发能力的灰色关联分析

应用灰色系统理论，根据江苏省地震工程研究院的地震科技开发资料，分别以项目负责人的年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科作为比较数列，对年度内完成的实际合同额进行了多因素灰色关联分析，排出了关联序。研究结果客观地揭示了开发能力与人的各种因素——年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科之间的相互关系，为市场经济条件下，地震科技人才的开发、培养和应用，提供了科学依据。     

基于公路工程规范地震需求谱的建立及应用

基于《公路工程抗震设计规范》(JT J 004-89)的弹性反应谱建立了地震弹塑性需求谱,并从解决桥梁结构的实际问题出发,根据桥梁结构的震害规律和特点,考虑桥梁结构的位移延性、耗能特性等方面因素,利用Push-over方法建立了桥梁结构的能力曲线,应用相应的地震需求谱具体分析了实际桥梁结构的破坏极限状态,为桥梁结构抗震性能评价的研究提供参考意见。     

大型商场建筑性能化防火设计实例分析

论述了商场建筑的结构和火灾危险性特点，结合我国商场建筑的发展现状提出了性能化防火设计方法。为了推进我国性能化防火设计发展，本文借助消防工程协会(SFPE)提出的一个性能化防火设计例子，介绍了性能化防火设计的步骤，并将其与传统的设计方法做了对比。     

110kV线路保护误动作分析及建议

通过对110 kV并列运行双回线和双电源环网线路负荷侧保护在线路对侧母线出线故障时误动事例的分析,从改变运行接线方式、提高线路主保护配置及退出后备段保护3个方面提出解决措施,从而简化了负荷侧保护的整定配合及投退方案,提高了可靠性。结果表明:110 kV线路配置光差保护,强化主保护功能,是电网多方式安全运行的必要保障。     

灰色系统理论在岩崩,滑坡监测中的应用

本文根据灰色系统理论，利用１９９０～１９９３年的ＧＰＳ观测结果，建立了岩崩、滑坡的预测模型ＧＭ（１．１）。同时进行了灰色关联度分析，从而求得新滩滑坡区的地壳形变规律。由于该区地处长江三峡工程的重要地段，因此进行长期监测是非常必要的     

《防灾减灾工程学报》的被引分析

利用我国优秀博硕论文全文数据库,探讨了《防灾减灾工程学报》(以下简称《学报》)的被引与共被引。结果表明,《学报》的载文具有较高的学科前沿性、理论性、实用性与综合性;《学报》的博硕论文被引与共被引次数多、层次高,学术影响的学科范围广;防灾减灾工程与土木工程、岩土工程、地震工程、地质工程等多种工程相关性强;《学报》对我国博硕研究生教育情报贡献力大。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Evaluating Road Traffic Disruption from Flooding by C.H. Green, and The Real Cost of Flooding to Households: Intangible Costs by C.H. Green, D.I. Parker and PJ. Emery When the Ground Fails – Planning and Engineering Response to Debris Flows by Martha L. Blair Natural Disasters – Acts of God or Acts of Man? By Anders Wijkman and Lloyd Timberlake Forecasting Volcanic Events Edited by Haroun Tazieff and Jean-Christophe Sabroux Crisis in Uganda, the Breakdown of the Health Services Edited by Cole P. Dodge and Paul D. Weibe     

Anatomy of an ambush: security risks facing international humanitarian assistance

The 2003 war with Iraq has generated security concerns that present unique challenges to the practice of providing international humanitarian assistance during war and conflict. Objective research studies on security management are lacking. However, case studies have proven to be an important education and training tool to advance situational awareness of security risks. These challenges are illustrated by an analysis of the events surrounding the first ambush of, and assassination attempt on, a senior US aid official in Baghdad. Before deployment to conflict areas, especially those characterised by insurgent activity, humanitarian providers must realistically assess the threats to life and to the mission. They must obtain pre-deployment situational awareness education, security training and optimal protective equipment and vehicles.     

防屈曲耗能支撑研究与应用的新进展

防屈曲耗能支撑是一种性能优良的新型耗能减震构件。本文阐述了防屈曲耗能支撑的构成和基本原理,根据约束构件的不同材料形式,将防屈曲耗能支撑划分为混凝土约束型防屈曲耗能支撑、全钢型防屈曲耗能支撑和装配式防屈曲耗能支撑。分别介绍了防屈曲耗能支撑的类型与性能、防屈曲耗能支撑框架分析与子结构试验,以及防屈曲耗能支撑在工程中的应用情况和标准化。指出了防屈曲耗能支撑研究和推广应用中存在的问题,给出了今后研究与应用的建议。     

基于GIS和AI的地震灾害危险性分析与信息系统

本文介绍了子课题“基于GIS和AI的地震灾害危险性分析与信息系统”的总体研究思路、1994年的进展以及今后的工作安排。在这一年之中,本课题进行了调研,了解了GIS技术的最新进展,总结了当前灾害研究的一些特点;对华北的一部分地区建立了试验性的地震构造信息系统,经过多种空间操作,产生了一系列新的数据集合;在矢量数据与栅格数据转换的基础上,提出了实用的网格单元特征的提取方法;初步研究了GIS与AI的结合途径。