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基于GIS技术的可达性分析在城市总体规划中的应用研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
我国可达性研究相对薄弱,尤其在城市尺度内的研究比较缺乏。探讨了可达性在城市规划中的应用,提出了可达性与城市规划结合的新理念;选择势能模型构建可达性分析模型,结合GIS技术中的网络分析、空间插值,评价了城市总体规划对居民可达性的影响。通过规划,居民出行时耗显著减少,居民出行便捷程度全面改善;将可达性理论与GIS技术结合应用于城市总体规划,提出了规划自检的新方法,有助于决策者做出最优决策。 相似文献
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通过对适用于环境方面的模型的分析,结合居民生活小区的用水特点,研究其对"节水""绿色""生态"等方面的要求,构建了"驱动力-压力-状态-响应"模型,为不断发展完善的居民生活小区节水评价指标体系提供基准、骨架.应用该模型对居民生活小区的节水评价指标进行筛选、归纳,并运用层次分析法对其赋权重,最终确定出节水型绿色生态居民生... 相似文献
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根据中国综合社会调查2015年数据,采用逐步回归法对中国居民能耗的影响因素进行研究.研究表明,显著影响居民能耗的因素依次为居民居住所在地、家庭规模、年龄结构、家庭支出、建筑面积、家庭收入、每周居住时长和家用电器数量,其余变量无显著相关关系.基于以上研究,为政府制定政策和居民节能消费提出建议. 相似文献
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一个旅游地旅游开发成功与否同接待地社区居民的感知与态度密切相关。对于一个刚刚建成的旅游地而论,居民的支持程度如何势必对其未来的发展有着重要的影响。以旅游资源非优质城市——芜湖为例,选择在方特欢乐世界建成初期,对当地居民预期旅游影响感知进行了调查,并运用统计分析、EXCEL等方法软件分析了当地居民对方特旅游开发所产生的旅游影响的感知与态度。调查结果显示,芜湖的旅游业处于发展阶段,当地居民对预期经济影响的正面感知较强;居民对预期环境影响的正面感知强于负面感知,多数居民认为发展方特主题公园将会改善当地环境和整体外貌,他们对方特主题公园的发展持赞同态度。基于上述分析结果,提出了相关建议以促进主题公园在资源非优区的发展。 相似文献
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不同主体的旅游开发对社会的影响--以云南石林景区为例 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用问卷调查和新测量模型相结合的方式对云南石林景区进行了实证研究,比较分析了旅游地居民和旅游者对旅游开发活动带来的旅游社会影响的不同态度,得出不同的主体对旅游社会影响的态度差异性和趋同性,并提出了具体的对策和实现途径,以期为下一步的旅游调整性规划提供有益参考. 相似文献
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针对广州市室内环境污染较为严重的现状,调查了新入住广州市各区新建楼盘的不同行业和不同文化层次的居民对室内环境污染现状的认识水平和重视程度。调查结果显示居民对室内污染防护意识较高,有86.8%的人意识到存在室内环境污染问题;但约2/3的人在房屋装修后未满半年即入住;77.6%的人装修新居时会选用环保型材料及工艺;有40.8%的被访者愿意接受相关的室内环境污染检测;显示环保装修材料、消除室内污染的产品和室内环境污染检测服务有巨大的潜在市场。本文通过对调查结果的分析,提出相应的减少室内环境污染危害和提高人们防护意识的对策。 相似文献
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Stefan Aerts Dirk Lips Stuart Spencer Eddy Decuypere Johan De Tavernier 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(1):67-76
When making an assessment of animal welfare, it is important to take environmental (housing) or animal-based parameters into
account. An alternative approach is to focus on the behavior and appearance of the animal, without making actual measurements
or quantifying this. None of these tell the whole story. In this paper, we suggest that it is possible to find common ground
between these (seemingly) diametrically opposed positions and argue that this may be the way to deal with the complexity of
animal welfare. The model will have to be acceptable for the different parties that will be affected by it and real benefits
for the animal should result from it. This will be the basis of a practical ethical approach. All this can be condensed into
a model that essentially is made up out of three basic elements: the classical welfare analysis with an existing welfare assessment
tool, an assessment of the stockholder, and an implementation of the Free Choice Profiling technique. This new framework does
not pretend to be a different or better animal welfare matrix; it is intended to integrate existing knowledge and to provide
a practical tool to improve animal welfare. It identifies whether there are welfare problems on a farm, if present whether
these problems are caused by the housing system or the stockholder, and what can be done to improve the situation. 相似文献
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Tracy K Kuczenski Donald R. Field Paul R. Voss Volker C. Radeloff Alice E. Hagen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(1):215-228
ABSTRACT: Recurrent calls for integrated resource management urge that an understanding of human activities and populations be incorporated into natural resource research, management, and protection efforts. In this paper, we hypothesize that watersheds can be a valuable geography for organizing an inquiry into the relationship between humans and the environment, and we present a framework for conducting such efforts. The framework is grounded in the emerging field of landscape ecology and incorporates demographic theory and data. Demography has been advanced by technological capabilities associated with the 1990 Census. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, we couple Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) land cover data with census‐derived housing density data to demonstrate the operation of our framework and its utility for better understanding human‐landscape interactions. In our investigation of the Kickapoo Watershed and two sub‐ watersheds, located in southwestern Wisconsin, we identify relationships between landscape composition and the distribution and social structure of human populations. Our findings offer insight into the interplay between people and biophysical systems. 相似文献
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Moberly RL White PC Webbon CC Baker PJ Harris S 《Journal of environmental management》2004,70(2):129-143
Economic analysis is a useful tool to aid decisions on what to do about wildlife impacts, such as those of vertebrate predators on livestock farmers. The case-study of lamb predation by foxes in Britain is used to develop a theoretical economic model, with the aim of determining a financially optimal solution to minimise the total costs of livestock predation at the farm-level. Total costs include output losses and expenditure on preventive and control measures, in this case indoor housing and lethal fox control. The model is tested empirically with data from a questionnaire survey of sheep farmers and field data on fox population densities in Britain. Regression analyses are used to determine the relationships between lamb losses and expenditure on indoor housing, fox population density and other non-management characteristics. The effect of fox abundance on the cost of fox control is also assessed. Marginal analysis is used to determine the total cost-minimising solution from the farmer's point-of-view, in terms of how many ewes should be housed indoors and for how long, as well as how many foxes should be killed in addition to any lethal control already carried out. Optimal solutions vary according to farm characteristics, including flock size and the regional location of farms. In all cases, to minimise the costs of predation, as many ewes as possible should be housed. However, it is not worthwhile housing them for more than a day after lambing. Efficient fox predation management does not necessarily mean that lamb losses should be reduced to zero, and additional fox control is not worthwhile on the majority of farms. The analysis provides a framework for future evaluations of wildlife impacts and cost-effective management of these problems. 相似文献
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Elaine Paterson 《Local Environment》2013,18(8):749-764
With lack of affordable housing being clearly identified as a social and economic exclusion issue for most communities, innovative ways of addressing this deficiency should be considered. Increasingly local communities are engaging with the possibility of direct provision themselves and discussion around this notion has profound implications for community cohesion. One community-based solution gaining popular support within communities, and with government ministers, is the Community Land Trust mechanism. This involves control and ownership of land to help ensure affordable housing is built and remains affordable in perpetuity for the community. The language and difficulties with definition of terms, together with the complexity of engaging relevant stakeholders in a changing policy and legislative framework can be problematic. This may lead to apparent lack of consensus within communities on the way forward. Perceptions of local housing issues and ways to address them are sometimes vague, sometimes diverse but rarely apathetic. This paper includes data from two case studies in North East England, which are examined using interviews with key players, as a means of seeking some practical solutions. 相似文献
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Abstract The German cockroach is the most common pest of urban, low-income housing in the United States and is associated with high pesticide use by residents. Cockroach allergen is implicated in asthma exacerbation and initiation and in the growing social and medical aspects of the disease. A safe and secure home environment is an environmental justice issue, and environmentally sound and effective models of cockroach control are needed in public and low-income multifamily housing. One model that offers potential is the integrated pest management (IPM) peer educator model (IPM Educator) in public housing as a component of IPM. A pre–post-analysis of an IPM Educator pilot programme in Boston public housing was undertaken. Thirty-four moderate- to high-infested units received baseline assessment and three applications of gel baits and IPM treatment by a pest control operator. Before the first pest control application, residents received written notice to prepare their units for treatment, a standard procedure. Before the second and third pest control treatments, an IPM Educator instructed residents in basic pest biology and habits, preparation for treatment, and the role of sanitation in pest control. Results showed a significant improvement in rate of preparation for pest control treatment after the IPM Educator intervention when compared with the preparation rate before the education intervention, and a significant reduction in cockroach populations by the third visit in units that were prepared and had improved sanitation, when compared with unprepared units and unclean units. The IPM peer educator is a promising, low-cost model of educating and engaging residents of urban, low-income, multifamily housing in environmentally sound pest control, thereby giving them some power and control over their living environment. It is also a potential source of professional training and jobs for public housing and other low-income housing residents. 相似文献
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The Integrated Pest Management Educator Pilot Project in Boston Public Housing: Results and Recommendations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carrie Condon H. Patricia Hynes Daniel R. Brooks Don Rivard Jim Mccarthy 《Local Environment》2007,12(3):223-238
The German cockroach is the most common pest of urban, low-income housing in the United States and is associated with high pesticide use by residents. Cockroach allergen is implicated in asthma exacerbation and initiation and in the growing social and medical aspects of the disease. A safe and secure home environment is an environmental justice issue, and environmentally sound and effective models of cockroach control are needed in public and low-income multifamily housing. One model that offers potential is the integrated pest management (IPM) peer educator model (IPM Educator) in public housing as a component of IPM. A pre-post-analysis of an IPM Educator pilot programme in Boston public housing was undertaken. Thirty-four moderate- to high-infested units received baseline assessment and three applications of gel baits and IPM treatment by a pest control operator. Before the first pest control application, residents received written notice to prepare their units for treatment, a standard procedure. Before the second and third pest control treatments, an IPM Educator instructed residents in basic pest biology and habits, preparation for treatment, and the role of sanitation in pest control. Results showed a significant improvement in rate of preparation for pest control treatment after the IPM Educator intervention when compared with the preparation rate before the education intervention, and a significant reduction in cockroach populations by the third visit in units that were prepared and had improved sanitation, when compared with unprepared units and unclean units. The IPM peer educator is a promising, low-cost model of educating and engaging residents of urban, low-income, multifamily housing in environmentally sound pest control, thereby giving them some power and control over their living environment. It is also a potential source of professional training and jobs for public housing and other low-income housing residents. 相似文献
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The resources sector in Australia makes a major contribution to the national economy, and underpins employment and population in the mining and mineral processing towns. For those towns, rapid growth in employment can generate particular pressures in local housing markets because of the relatively large size of the industry and the small housing stocks involved. Through a case study of Gladstone, the study provides a dynamic five-step population and housing model, to estimate short to medium term mining impacts of major resource developments. The model includes both the direct and indirect labour force generated by new resource sector developments and their flow-on effects on population increases. Sensitivity testing has allowed for different levels of resource development, employment multipliers and labour inflows. Three different approaches have then been applied to predict the housing price impacts of the expected population growth. 相似文献
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Haeussermann A Costa A Aerts JM Hartung E Jungbluth T Guarino M Berckmans D 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(2):557-564
Influences on dust emissions from livestock operations are number, weight, and kind of animals and characteristics of the housing system. Differences between facilities cannot be explained solely by mechanistic input variables. The objective of this study was to characterize the main input variables for modeling emissions of particulate matter with a mass median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10) from swine facilities using a data-based model. Investigations were performed in mechanically ventilated facilities for weaning, growing-finishing, and sows in Italy and Germany. The measurements included inside and outside concentration of airborne PM10 particles (scatter light photometry), ventilation rate (calibrated measuring fans), indoor air climate at a measuring frequency of 60 s, feeding times, and animal-related data such as weight and animal activity. Dust concentration and emission were simulated using a dynamic transfer function. The results indicated that the average PM10 emission rate was influenced considerably by housing system. The simulation of the PM10 emission rate resulted in a mean percentage error per data set of 21 to 39%, whereas the average simulated and measured emission rate per data set differed by about 4 to 19%. High prediction errors occurred especially during situations in which the absolute level and spatial location of the measured activity peaks did not correspond with the measured dust peaks. Further recommendations of the study were to improve continuous and accurate measurements of input variables, such as the activity level in animal houses, and to optimize the amount of measuring days in relation to the model accuracy. 相似文献
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Jacqueline C. Vischer 《Journal of environmental psychology》1985,5(3):287-298
The Canadian context of user needs research in housing is briefly outlined. The Needs and Preferences research model is described and three basic assumptions are outlined. Challenges to the three assumptions are identified, and two empirical studies are invoked to substantiate the critique. An Adaptation and Control Model of user needs research in housing is presented as a possible alternative model that has implications for methodological change and refinement. The opinion is advanced that this model potentially remedies some of the shortcomings of the Needs and Preferences Model. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: A framework for sensitivity and error analysis in mathematical modeling is described and demonstrated. The Lake Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (LEAP) consists of a series of linked models which predict lake water quality conditions as a function of watershed land use, hydrolgic variables, and morphometric variables. Specification of input variables as distributions (means and standard errors) and use of first-order error analysis techniques permits estimation of output variable means, standard errors, and confidence ranges. Predicted distributions compare favorably with those estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to data from Lake Morey, Vermont. While possible biases exist in the models calibrated for this application, prediction variances, attributed chiefly to model error, are comparable to the observed year-to-year variance in water quality, as measured by spring phosphorus concentration, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate, summer chlorophyll-a, and summer transparency in this lake. Use of the framework provides insight into important controlling factors and relationships and identifies the major sources of uncertainty in a given model application. 相似文献