氧化亚铜光催化降解对硝基苯酚

采用生物效应灯模拟自然光源 ,研究氯化亚铜水解法制备的超细颗粒Cu2 O对对硝基苯酚的光催化降解作用 .结果表明 ,1 1 2mg·l- 1 ,2 2 4mg·l- 1 和 44 8mg·l- 1 对硝基苯酚 1 0h的降解率均达到 90 % ,降解反应符合一级反应动力学 ,且 7次重复使用试验显示 ,催化剂的使用寿命比硼氢化钠法制备的催化剂明显延长 ,降解的主要中间产物为对苯醌与对苯二酚 .     

Fenton试剂氧化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了Fenton试剂氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,在H2O2浓度1.5mmol·l-1,Fe2 浓度0.10 mmol·l-1,反应温度为25±1℃,pH值为4.18及反应时间为30min的条件下,浓度为0.41mg·l-1的MC-LR去除率可以达到92.4%,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学.Fenton试剂氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR,特别是在紫外光的照射下,MC-LR的降解速率得到大幅度提高.紫外光能促进Fe3 还原为Fe2 ,所以光助Fenton试剂氧化反应中可以使用Fe3 代替Fe2 .     

催化剂对甲醛废水湿式氧化的增效作用

在设定的湿式氧化条件下 ,从若干种金属盐中筛选了Cu(NO3) 2 作为氧化甲醛废水的催化剂 ,考察了Cu(NO3) 2 用量、废水的初始浓度及温度对有机物去除率的影响 ,结果表明 :Cu(NO3) 2 以 5mg·l- 1 Cu2 计量投加为宜 ,甲醛初始浓度在 480mg·l- 1 — 1 5 0 0mg·l- 1 范围内一直保持较高的去除率 ,反应的适宜温度为 1 40℃以上 ;根据反应过程数据建立了该催化氧化反应的分段一级动力学模型 ,求得甲醛氧化动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能分别为7 2 9kJ·mol- 1 和 1 4 45kJ·mol- 1 ;而COD降解动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能则分别为2 0 47kJ·mol- 1 和 2 9 5 2kJ·mol- 1 .     

响应面法优化酸性玫瑰红B光催化氧化的影响参数

利用中心组合设计和响应面分析方法对影响UV/TiO2光催化降解酸性玫瑰红B的主要因素(初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度、TiO2浓度)进行分析.其中初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度和TiO2浓度的高、低水平分别为4-5.6,26-36mg·l-1和0.53-1.87mg·l-1,分析参数为脱色率的变化.通过使用Design-Expert 5软件可得到1个2次响应曲面模型,最佳的初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度和TiO2浓度分别为4.69,29.73mg·l-1和1.18 mg·l-1,脱色率达到最大(94.21%).     

土壤中TNT的TiO_2光催化降解动力学研究

为了高效修复受TNT污染的军事训练场地土壤,利用纳米TiO_2光催化降解土壤中的TNT污染物,并采用高效液相色谱法测定降解后剩余的TNT含量.研究了光催化降解TNT的影响因素(如初始TNT浓度、p H、TiO_2用量、土层厚度等)及其动力学规律.研究结果表明,加入TiO_2催化剂后能将土壤中浓度为500 mg·kg-1的TNT的去除率从36%显著提高到95%以上;另外,在土层厚度8mm、TiO_2用量为0.5wt%—3wt%的条件下,TNT的光催化降解符合拟一级动力学规律,且可用L-H模型描述;当催化剂用量为0.1wt%时,此时为零级反应.通过正交实验可知土层厚度大小对TNT的光催化降解影响最大.     

光电协同催化降解2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚

以2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚作为模型物,以TiO2为催化剂,低压汞灯作为光源,采用外循环悬浮态多相光催化反应体系,考察紫外光与电场协同催化降解的影响因素,实验结果表明,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚初始浓度为0.0125mmol·l-1,TiO2用量250mg·l-1,循环流量20L·h-1,pH值为10,外加偏压3V,曝气,反应时间270min时,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚降解率可达到98.7%.     

TiO2光催化降解乙酰甲胺磷

在TiO2悬浮体系中,利用光催化技术消除乙酰甲胺磷(DMAPT).探索了催化剂用量和目标物浓度对消除速率的影响.结果表明,催化剂的最佳用量为4g·l-1,DMAPT的光催化降解规律符合L-H模型,吸附常数和反应速率参数分别为2mmol-1·l和0.6mmol·l-1·min-1.反应中主要的活性物种为·OH.反应的主要中间产物和矿化产物有O,S-二甲基硫代磷酰胺酯,O,O',S-三甲基硫代磷酸酯和磷酸甲酯等.DMAPT的降解从C-N键的断裂开始,随后经过P-N,P-S,P-C键的氧化分解,生成低毒和无毒的中间产物,并随着反应的继续最终达到彻底矿化,最终产物为SO2-4,NO-3,PO3-4和CO2.     

纳米ZnO光催化降解溴化乙锭(EB)的初步研究

对ZnO光催化降解溴化乙锭(EB)中的光源、反应介质、pH值、光催化剂用量、光照时间及氧化剂的加入等因素进行了考察.结果表明,在日光和紫外光照射下,EB都能得到较好的降解.在EB初始浓度50mg·l-1,pH 9的水溶液中,紫外光照射240min,ZnO(80mg)光催化降解EB的降解率可达到92.9%.     

可见光照射下α-FeOOH光催化降解有机污染物的研究

以α-FeOOH为光催化剂,酸性桃红(SRB)为目标化合物,研究了可见光照射下光催化剂对SRB的降解,结果表明:在可见光(λ＞420nm)照射下, SRB 浓度为1.2×10-5 mol·l-1,H2O2浓度为1.5×10-3 mol·l-1,α-FeOOH 为0.16 g·l-1,pH=7.05时,SRB的降解效果最好,红外光谱分析表明,SRB降解产物为羧酸及胺类化合物.另外,采用苯甲酸荧光分析法间接测定体系中自由基的含量,表明此光催化降解过程主要涉及·OH历程.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).