辽东湾沿岸贝类和环境中的粪大肠菌和细菌总数

对辽东湾沿岸海域几种主要经济贝类体内及其生存环境中的粪大肠菌群和细菌总数进行了调查与研究。结果表明,贝类中粪大肠菌群超标率为53.8%;表层海水中超标率为46.2%;表层沉积物中超标率为12.5%。各种样品中细菌总数的检出结果也表明,该沿岸海域环境和贝类受到了一定的有机污染影响。     

2010-2013年舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域的表层水质评价

根据2010—2013年对浙江舟山2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域14个站位的表层海水铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、总铬、总汞、p H值、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类、化学耗氧量、悬浮物和粪大肠菌群等14项污染因子的调查,采用单因子指数法和营养指数法对监测海域海水水质进行评价。结果表明,舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域表层海水质量总体良好,基本符合第二类海水水质标准;主要污染因子为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和悬浮物,其他水质指标则较低;2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域海水均呈高富营养化状态,并受到一定程度的铅污染。     

四种人肠道病毒在大连金石滩浴场中的分布

于2007年5～10月,每月一次采集大连金石滩浴场各站位10 L表层海水,用超滤的方法进行病毒浓缩,采用PCR方法分析了该浴场表层海水中的四种主要肠道病毒-轮状病毒、星状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和腺病毒.调查结果为:在所采集的24个样品中轮状病毒检出率为12.5%、星状病毒0.9%、脊髓灰质炎病毒和腺病毒分别达29.2%;每个月份均有病毒检出,依据病毒的阳性检出率,8月份该浴场受到的污染最严重,10月份和9月份次之.     

浅析黑龙江省松花江入境水质指标的变化规律

在黑龙江省松花江入境断面(肇源断面)内选择监测点,对不同月份的水体中化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮和粪大肠菌群数量的动态监测。结果表明,不同时期河流中的化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮和粪大肠菌群数量变化趋势不同,在夏季时化学需氧量和总磷的浓度较高,而氨氮的浓度在1月份较高,粪大肠菌群数量在8月份最大。     

阳光对海水污染指示细菌生存的影响

海水中污染指示细菌——粪火肠菌(FC)和粪链球菌(FS)的种群丰度,是评价海水水质特别是近岸养殖场和海水浴场水质是否遭受了生活污水污染的重要指标。所以,许多沿海国家将污染指示细菌种群数作为一项重要的海水卫生学指标加以限制。例如,我国海水水质标准中规定,供人生食的贝类养殖水域中大肠菌群数应不超过700个/1,其它海水养殖、海水浴场等水域的大肠菌群数应不超过10,000个/1(1)。日本、苏联、美国对水产一级     

水体污染及其防治

人j22(X)3(X) 155渤、黄海沿岸几种经济贝类及其生存环境中的粪大肠菌群/贺杰…(国家海洋环境监测中心)//海洋环境科学/国家海洋环境测中心一2(X)2,21(2)一42一46环图X一14 报道了渤、黄海6个重点沿岸海域(吕泅、青岛、北戴河、盘锦、大连和庄河)表层海水和几种经济贝类中的粪大肠菌群(FC)检测结果,结果表明,16个表层海水样品中的FC含量波动范围为<40一)48(XX)/L。36个经济贝类样品中的FC数为<2一)2《刃/g鲜重。上述结果说明,渤、黄海某些重点沿岸海域(如青岛、北戴河沿岸)受人畜粪便等生活污水和人为活动影响较严重,海域环境卫生状况…     

渤海湾天津沿岸海水中甲肝病毒的检测和定量

甲肝病毒（hepatitis A virus, HAV）是能引起传染性甲型肝炎的单链RNA病毒.用常规RT-PCR（反转录PCR）和SYBR Green实时定量RT-PCR方法,根据甲肝病毒保守的VP1-VP2基因序列设计引物,对渤海湾天津沿岸海水中的甲肝病毒进行了检测和定量分析. 9个样品取自渤海湾天津塘沽以南沿岸海水,取样时间分别是2007年夏、秋、冬季和2008年春季. 海水样品先用小型超滤装置（Millipore Pellicon Mini TFF）或超滤离心管（Millipore Centricon Plus-70）浓缩,然后进行RT-PCR检测.结果表明,从9个海水样品中都能扩增出192 bp的HAV cDNA,这些cDNA的核苷酸序列与GenBank中的同源序列相似性为95%～100%. 用SYBR Green 实时定量RT-PCR检测了春季和冬季的6个海水样品,结果表明,海水中甲肝病毒的浓度范围为5.35×10⁶～4.51×10⁷ virus particles/L.     

江苏如东滩涂环境中细菌总数和大肠菌群分布特征及污染评价

按照<海洋监测规范>相关方法要求,分别于2010年3月、5月对江苏如东滩涂文蛤产地环境中大肠菌群和细菌总数以及各环境因子进行调查检测,分析研究该环境中细菌总数和大肠菌群的分布特征、污染程度以及与各环境因子的相关性,并用单因子污染指数法评价其受大肠菌群污染状况.结果表明,表层海水细菌总数范围10～4.8×104/mL,平...     

夏季嘉兴电厂附近表层海水中细菌数量的分布

报道了2005年夏季(8月)杭州湾北侧嘉兴电厂附近表层海水中异养细菌、弧菌、粪大肠菌、石油降解菌的数量分布以及它们与水体理化因子之间的关系.测区异养细菌含量较高,在表层水体中的分布为1.3×106～2.1×107/L,最高值出现在强温升区的S4站位,电厂排水口处异养细菌数量则有所下降;弧菌数量的分布在170～1200/L,其数量与温度、COD、非离子氨、悬浮物间具有正相关性,在营养盐丰富的海域,温度的升高对弧菌的生长可能有一定的促进作用;石油降解菌同海水温度以及油分含量之间的相关性不明显,其数量分布状况是环境中许多因子共同影响的结果,同时也发现近岸海水表层粪大肠菌群数高于远离海岸海域,其数量主要受到陆源污染和人类活动的影响.     

辽河口粪便污染指示菌的时空分布特征

2013年分别于夏季和秋季对辽河口海域的粪便污染指示菌(总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌)及环境、水化学要素进行分析,研究粪便污染指示菌在海水中的数量、分布特征及其与环境、水化学指标间的相关性,在此基础上,选取河口地区合适的粪便污染指示菌.结果表明:夏季总大肠菌群数量在1.7×105~6.2×106CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~8.7×104CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在1.0×101~2.5×102CFU·L-1之间;秋季总大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~1.1×105CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在4.0×102~1.0×103CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在3~95 CFU·L-1之间.总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量变化与环境指标之间有着密切联系,特别是与盐度存在显著相关性;粪大肠菌群、肠球菌与水化学指标Si O4-4-Si、NH+4-N、TP和COD之间均存在显著相关性;其中粪大肠菌群与SiO4-4-Si和TP的相关性系数均大于0.742(p0.01),肠球菌与TP和COD的相关性系数均大于0.742.实验结果表明,辽河口粪便污染指示菌的数量在夏季高于秋季,近岸高于远海,其中粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量、分布特征与陆源污染物特别是氮磷的输入量密切相关,而且两者之间呈显著正相关关系.粪大肠菌群与肠球菌在一定程度上可以反映河口粪便污染情况,建议采用粪大肠菌群与肠球菌作为河口粪便污染的指示菌.     

大连重要海水增养殖区粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布

开展海水增养殖区卫生安全评价对于减少人体健康风险、提高增养殖区的有效管理尤为重要。本研究于2013年3月、5月、8月和10月对大连市金石滩、大长山岛、大李家3个重要海水增养殖区的贝类和海水进行了粪便污染指示菌总大肠菌群（TC）和粪大肠菌群（FC）的监测,同时监测了弧菌总数（TV）和主要环境要素（包括水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a）。结果表明:这3个海区贝类组织中TC及海水中的TC、FC浓度均呈显著的时间和空间分布变化。贝类组织中TC含量随时间的分布趋势为:8月> 5月> 3月> 10月,空间分布为:大长山岛>金石滩,大长山岛>大李家,而金石滩和大李家差异不显著（P < 0.05）;海水中TC和FC浓度分布特征相似,时间分布特征均为:金石滩8月份最高,大李家5月份最高,而大长山岛各月份均低于最低检测限（2 MPN/100 mL）,空间分布特征均为:大李家增养殖区污染较为严重,而金石滩和大长山岛差异不显著（P < 0.05）。3个增养殖区8月份和10月份的海水中TV浓度较高,为3.3×102~4.23×105 CFU/100 mL。通过分析不同季节海水增养殖区中TC、FC、TV之间及其与水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a的相关性,表明环境要素以及增养殖区水域特点对于粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布具有重要的影响。为更好地反映增养殖区的卫生安全状况,海水和养殖生物体内指示生物应同时监测,在监测传统粪便污染指示菌的同时,建议将弧菌作为重要的病原菌指标。     

辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究

于2008年10月、2009年5月和8月采集辽河口湿地31个表层土壤样品,利用GC-FID技术定量分析其16种优控多环芳烃（PAH）含量.结果表明,PAHs总量分布范围为293.4～1936.9 ng·g^-1,平均值为851.5 ng·g^-1,其中油井区苇田PAHs含量最高（1717.5 ng·g^-1）,滩涂区最低（614.6 ng·g^-1）.2008年10月PAHs总量和中高环组分比重均高于2009年5月和8月.应用不同环数的相对丰度和比值法进行来源解析,结果表明,燃烧是2008年10月的主要来源,石油污染和燃烧源的混合来源为2009年5月和8月的主要来源.主成分分析和多元线性回归法显示交通污染和燃煤混合来源为2008年10月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率为45.5%;石油和交通混合污染是2009年5月和8月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.2%和42.2%.     

辽河口湿地表层土壤中PAHs的源解析研究

分别于2008年10月,2009年5月和8月采集31个辽河口湿地表层土壤样品,利用GC-FID技术定量分析其中多环芳烃(PAH)含量.结果表明, PAHs呈现出一定的时间分布特征,10月份的PAHs平均含量为1001.9ng/g,高于5月(877.1ng/g)和8月(675.4ng/g).应用比值法识别土壤PAHs主要来源,结果显示,2008年10月主要源于燃烧源,并表现出油类、生物质和煤的燃烧为主要来源的特征;2009年5月和8月均表现出石油源和燃烧源的混合源.正定矩阵因子模型解析结果表明,燃煤、交通燃油和生物质燃烧在2008年10月的贡献率最高,分别为26%、21%和20%.石油与交通污染、石油污染和生物质燃烧是2009年5月最重要的3种污染源,贡献率依次为33%、24%和17%.2009年8月以石油污染和交通污染与生物质燃烧混合源的贡献率最高, 贡献率分别为37%和19%.     

文蛤对环境中TN、TP的影响及其指示微生物活性指标的确定

为确定文蛤活动对海水及沉积物中TN、TP的影响并筛选指示文蛤活动对环境中总氮、TP影响的微生物活性指标,本研究进行了围塘埋栖文蛤的现场实验以及室内模拟实验。于2009年8月在双台子河口盘山海域的滩涂高潮线附近设置了投放文蛤的实验池塘和未投放文蛤的对照池塘。于2010年8月、10月、12月及2011年5月分别采集了实验池塘和对照池塘的海水及表层沉积物,并对其进行了主要微生物活性指标(微生物生物量碳、微生物基础呼吸、海水及沉积物中细菌总数、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量)以及TN、TP的测定,从而确定文蛤活动对海水及沉积物中TN、TP的影响。通过相关性分析,确定能指示文蛤活动对TN、TP影响的微生物活性指标。同时进行室内模拟实验测定上述指标。通过对现场和室内模拟实验结果的综合分析发现,投放文蛤之后,海水中的TN、TP含量下降,海水及沉积物中的细菌总数下降,说明文蛤的投放对海水富营养化起到缓解的作用。此外通过相关性分析发现海水中细菌总数、沉积物中细菌总数及微生物生物量碳这3个微生物指标与海水及沉积物中TN、TP之间均具有显著相关性,可用于反应文蛤扰动对环境中TN、TP的影响。     

A 1-Year Study on the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in New Caledonia

Human enteric viruses occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters. Due to the lack of data on the prevalence of enteric viruses in New Caledonia, the presence and the concentrations of enteric viruses in wastewater and seawater were determined. Untreated wastewater and seawater samples were collected monthly for 1 year from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and from the WWTP’s outlet, located directly on a popular recreational beach. Samples were tested for norovirus genogroups I and II (NoV GI and GII), astroviruses (AsV), sapoviruses (SaV), enteroviruses (EV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). To support these data, faecal samples from cases of gastroenteritis were tested for the first time for NoV and detected in the population. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, HAdV and HPyV were detected in all wastewaters, RoV in 75 % and AsV in 67 %. HAV were not detected in wastewater. Overall, 92 % of seawater samples were positive for at least one virus. HPyV were detected most frequently in 92 % of samples and at concentrations up to 7.7 × 10³ genome copies/L. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, RoV and HAdV were found in 33, 66, 41, 33, 16 and 66 % of seawater samples, respectively. AsV were not detected in seawater. This study reports for the first time the presence of NoV and other enteric viruses in New Caledonia and highlights the year-round presence of enteric viruses in the seawater of a popular beach.     

Assessment of the Virological Quality of Marine and Running Surface Waters in NW Greece: A Case Study

The virological quality of surface marine and running water samples collected from Igoumenitsa gulf and Kalamas river (NW Greece) was assessed from October 2012 to September 2013. Sampling sites were exposed to different land and/or anthropogenic effects. Seawater samples were collected monthly from five sampling stations (new harbor, old harbor, wastewater treatment plant outlet, protected Natura area, Drepano beach). Viral targets included human adenoviruses (hAdVs), as index human viruses, while noroviruses (NoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) were also studied. Kalamas river samples were collected seasonally, from three sampling stations (Soulopoulo, Dam, Sagiada-estuaries), while viral targets included also porcine adenoviruses (pAdVs) and bovine polyoma viruses (bPyVs), as additional index viruses. All water samples were analyzed for standard bacterial indicators, as well. Physicochemical and meteorological data were also collected. Based on the standard bacterial indices, both sea and river water samples did not exceed the limits set according to Directive 2006/7/EU. However, positive samples for hAdVs were found occasionally in all sampling sites in Igoumenitsa gulf (23.3%, 14/60) showing fecal contamination of human origin. Moreover, HAV was detected once, in the sampling site of the old port (at 510 GC/L). Most of the Kalamas water samples were found positive for hAdVs (58.3%, 7/12), while human noroviruses GI (NoVGI) (8.3%, 1/12) and GII (NoVGII) (16.7%, 2/12) were also detected. HAV, pAdVs, and bovine polyomaviruses (bPyVs) were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. No statistically significant correlations were found between classic bacterial indicators and viral targets, nor between viruses and meteorological data. Overall, the present study contributed to the collection of useful data for the biomonitoring of the region, and the assessment of the overall impact of anthropogenic activities. It provided also valuable information for the evaluation of the risk of waterborne viral infections and the protection of public health. It was the first virological study in the area and one of the few in Greece.     

Occurrence of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Wild Mussels Collected from the Baltic Sea

The aim of the study was to define the occurrence of human noroviruses of genogroup I and II (NoV GI and NoV GII) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the Baltic Sea mussels. The shellfish samples were taken at the sampling sites located on the Polish coast. In total, 120 shellfish were tested as pooled samples using RT-PCR and hybridisation with virus specific probes. NoV GI was detected in 22 (18.3 %), NoV GII in 28 (23.3 %), and HAV in 9 (7.5 %) of the shellfish. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the detected NoV GII strains showed a 97.3–99.3 % similarity to GII.4 virus strain. This is the first report describing the NoV and HAV occurrence in wild Baltic mussels and their possible role as bioindicators of seawater contamination with human enteric viruses.     

渤海湾天津近岸海域化学需氧量的分布特征、影响因素及与富营养化的关系

本文根据2014年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）、秋季（10月）天津近岸海域18个站位的海水质量监测数据,分析了海水中化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD）的时空分布特征和海域富营养化状况,研究了COD与营养状态质量指数（NQI）的关系,浅析了赤潮生消过程中COD浓度的变化。结果表明,夏季COD高于春季和秋季,季节性差异显著;COD基本呈现近岸高外海低、南部高北部低的趋势;NQI指数的变化范围为1.68~12.50,平均值为4.46,富营养化严重;COD与NQI指数具有显著正相关性,一定程度上可以反映海域富营养化状况;COD与赤潮生物密度、Chl a呈极显著正相关关系,在反映赤潮生消过程中有重要作用。     

Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus,Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed wastewater, their removal by efficient treatment processes and the public health hazards associated with their release into the environments are of great significance in environmental microbiology. In this study, TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over a twelve-month sampling period. The correlation between the concentrations of viruses in the effluents samples and faecal coliform (FC) densities were assessed as to validate the use of FC as microbiological indicator in water quality assessment. HAdV was detected in 62.5 % (30/48) of the samples with concentrations ranging between 8.4 × 10¹ and 1.0 × 10⁵ genome copies/L while HAV and RV were only detected at concentrations below the set detection limits. FCs densities ranged from 1 to 2.7 × 10⁴ CFU/100 ml. Adenovirus species HAdV-B (serotype 2) and HAdV-F (serotype 41) were detected in 86.7 % (26/30) and 6.7 % (2/30) of the HAdV-positive samples, respectively. No consistent seasonal trend was observed in HAdV concentrations, however, increased concentrations of HAdV were generally observed in the winter months. Also, there was no correlation between the occurrence of HAdV and FC at both the treatment plants. The persistent occurrence of HAdV in the discharged treated effluents points to the potential public health risk through the release of HAdV into the receiving watersheds, and the possibility of their transmission to human population.