湖泊生态安全评估项目简介

由于湖泊流域社会经济快速发展,而污染治理设施滞后,氮,磷等污染负荷削减不力,致使我国众多湖泊水库长期接纳过量营养盐,湖泊水库富营养化程度普遍较高,湖泊水库水体处于“水华”频发的高生态风险状态之下,我国大中型湖泊水库的富营养化不仅导致水生生态系统及其服务多功能的退化,其引起的频率水华暴发现状已直接影响到湖泊水库周边及下游城镇,     

湖泊富营养化的现状与治理

一、前言近年来,世界各地的湖泊以及水库的富营养化问题越来越明显。因此,湖泊富营养化的研究已成为许多国际学术会议的重点。目前,国外学者对富营养化问题持有截然不同的两种观点。一种认为防止藻类生长是不实际的,另一种观点则建议采用限制营养物的方法控制“藻花”的发生。毫无疑问,后一种态度是积极的。从各国湖泊治理的实践来看,前途是乐观的。许多事实证明富营养化是可以控制的,湖泊是可以恢复其本来面目的。当前,研     

眉山市东坡区乡镇饮用水水源地富营养化状况分析

基于2016年2月、5月、8月和10月的水质监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数和营养状态指数对东坡区10个乡镇饮用水水源地进行了富营养化评价与分析。结果表明:各乡镇饮用水水源地除1个水库为中营养状态外,其余9个水库均为轻度富营养状态。各水库枯水期的富营养化程度全年同比最低。10个水库的水质均劣于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准。水质超标及富营养化的主要污染因子为TN,主要污染来源是农业面源污染和生活污染。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的四川升钟水库富营养化研究

利用综合水质标识指数法,参照湖泊（水库）富营养化评价指标,选取总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、叶绿素（a）、透明度（D）等5项指标,对升钟水库2006--2010年水体富营养化进行评价。结果表明：综合水质指数,埘排序为3．231_2010〈3．741_2009〈4．042_2007〈4．35_2006〈4．652_2008（指数越大,水质越差）;升钟水库近5年综合水质标识指数在不同的时点上具有“高-低”演化规律,总体趋向好转;2008年的指数最大,富营养化最严重,2006-2008年水质指数呈波动变化,2009年、2010年水质有所改善;综合水质标识指数k随时间t变化的二次函数关系式为：I_wq=-0．1372t2＋550．8t-552742;升钟水库水体氮、磷严重超标。     

升钟水库富营养状况及生物群落调查评价

根据2008～2009年对升钟水库的逐月监测结果,采用综合营养状态指数法,对湖泊富营养化现状进行了评价,并对水库的浮游植物群落种类和密度进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,水库目前处于中营养状态,但在初夏和秋季由于温度和降水等气象条件的影响,可达到轻度富营养,其程度随季节变化明显：初夏和初秋形成高峰,冬、春季为低谷。从生物群落分析,浮游植物种类及密度在不同季节差别较大,初春及夏季的较其他季节多、冬季最低,优势种为蓝绿藻和硅藻。     

湖泊水环境预测及污染的综合治理措施

湖泊水环境污染问题是世界性的环境问题，本文根据湖泊水的特点及水污染的现状，主要论述了湖泊水体的污染评价方法，及水环境预测方法在湖泊水体治理中的重要作用，并综合分析了富营养化的湖泊水治理措施。     

改进的属性识别模型在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

随着经济发展,水污染日益加剧,水体富营养化问题目益突出.将改进的属性识别模型结合熵权法对新疆艾比湖的富营养化状况进行了评价,并与综合营养状态指数法和改进密切值法进行比较,结果吻合.该方法计算简便,评价结果客观、合理,为湖泊水质的富营养化评价提供一种简便实用的评价方法.     

水体富营养化

水体富营养化是指氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。当过量营养进入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后,水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖,使水中溶解氧含量急剧下降,以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下,湖泊从贫营养湖→营养湖→沼泽→陆地的演变过程极为缓慢;人类的活动将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后,将大大加速水体的富营养化进程。水体富营养化后,由于浮游生物大量繁殖,往往呈现蓝色、红色、棕色、乳白色等。这种现象在江河湖泊中称为水华,在海中则叫做赤潮。     

淄博田庄水库水质分布特征与富营养化评价

根据田庄水库的自然地理和水文特征，作者选择7个监测点，定量监测了水库和入库河段的水质分布特征，并采用卡森水质营养状态指数法和特里指数法对水库富营养化情况进行综合评价。研究结果表明，在所有监测点中NH4^＋-N、TN、TP均严重超标，田庄水库现状水体已经达到轻度富营养化水平；从入库、库区至出库的表层水体中，TP的浓度逐渐降低；除DO外，在水库的垂直剖面上，其他指标浓度随深度的增加呈增加的趋势。     

对GA优化的湖泊富营养化评价普适公式的商榷

本文介绍了李祚泳等人提出的湖泊富营养化评价的普适公式,指出了其中的错误和遗 漏之处,以引起大家的讨论。     

鲁班水库水体营养状态

四川三台鲁班水库属于大型湖库,多年来除具有特色景观作为旅游景点外,主要用于发展水产养殖业。随着时间的延续,养殖规模的不断扩大,湖库的自净能力越来越差,使有机物污染不断加重,水质越来越差,出现富营养化现象,对水环境造成了不利影响。近年来,为了改变湖库水环境质量,调整转化湖库功能,恢复水环境质量,加强了对其水质的监测,其中的营养状态指标是湖库水环境质量的主要评价指标。评价结果,除秋季和冬季个别月份外,其余各月均有测点达到轻度富营养化及中度富营养化。     

西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖水体富营养化状况及其季节变化——以成都麓山高尔夫球场人工湖为例

为评价西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖的营养状态,并探讨影响球场湖泊富营养化的原因,2010年1月至12月,以成都麓山高尔夫球场为例,对球场的4个球道人工湖(12号球道、13号球道、14号球道和16号球道)水体的水体理化性质进行监测。结果显示:人工湖的富营养化程度呈季节性变化,其在试验期内综合营养状态已达到轻度富营养的状态。水体营养盐主要来自于球场草坪的施肥,氮、磷等营养物质随降水输入人工湖,从而引起的湖泊富营养化,尤其体现在多雨的夏季。     

内源磷的释放作用及影响因素研究进展

水体的富营养化已成为目前环境研究中的焦点问题,磷在湖泊中的浓度高低是衡量湖泊富营养化水平的重要指标,是水生态系统基本营养盐之一,并且是淡水湖泊的最主要限制性营养因子。在外源磷得到有效的控制之后,内源磷的污染仍然能够保持湖泊的富营养化状态,此时内源磷的控制就成为了难点和重点。在底泥中的结合态磷,主要是以无机磷和有机磷的形式存在,有机磷与微生物活性密切相关,无机磷则主要与底泥存在的环境联系紧密。湖泊底泥内源磷释放受到一系列物理、化学、生物过程的控制,其影响因素主要包括扰动、氧化还原电位、pH值等,是多种因子综合作用的结果,同时,扰动引起的底泥再悬浮对内源磷有吸附固定作用。故底泥内源磷的释放机理有待进一步探索,在多种影响因素作用下,进一步研究底泥再悬浮对磷的吸附释放作用,从而明确内源磷的主要来源及吸附释放过程,为内源磷的控制提供理论依据,进而控制水体富营养化。     

Regional Scale Stressor‐Response Models in Aquatic Ecosystems1

Abstract: A systematic method for identification and estimation of regional scale stressor‐response models in aquatic ecosystems will be useful in monitoring and assessment of aquatic resources, determination of regional nutrient criteria and for increased understanding of the differences between regions. The model response variable is chlorophyll a, a measure of algal density, while the stressors include nutrient concentrations from the USEPA Nutrient Criteria Database (NCD) for lakes/ponds and reservoirs of the continental United States. The NCD has observations for both stressors and biological responses determined using methods that are not consistently available at the continental scale. To link multiple environmental stressors to biological responses and quantify uncertainty in model predictions, we take a multilevel modeling approach to the estimation of a linear model for prediction of log Chlorophyll a using predictors log TP and log TN. The multilevel modeling approach allows us to adjust the impact of covariates at all levels (observation, higher level groups) for the simultaneous operation of contextual and individual variability in the outcome. Here, we wish to allow separate regression coefficients for inference regarding similarities and differences between each of 14 ecoregions, and between the two water‐body types, lakes/ponds and reservoirs. We are also interested in the nuisance effects of the categorical variables indicating the type of nitrogen measurements (three levels) and the type of chlorophyll a measurements (four levels) used. Model‐based determination of nutrient criteria points to an apparent incompatibility of criteria developed for nutrient stressors and eutrophication responses using current Environmental Protection Agency’s guidance.     

Source and Delivery of Nutrients to Receiving Waters in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic Regions of the United States1

Moore, Richard B., Craig M. Johnston, Richard A. Smith, and Bryan Milstead, 2011. Source and Delivery of Nutrients to Receiving Waters in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic Regions of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):965‐990. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00582.x Abstract: This study investigates nutrient sources and transport to receiving waters, in order to provide spatially detailed information to aid water‐resources managers concerned with eutrophication and nutrient management strategies. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) nutrient models were developed for the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic (NE US) regions of the United States to represent source conditions for the year 2002. The model developed to examine the source and delivery of nitrogen to the estuaries of nine large rivers along the NE US Seaboard indicated that agricultural sources contribute the largest percentage (37%) of the total nitrogen load delivered to the estuaries. Point sources account for 28% while atmospheric deposition accounts for 20%. A second SPARROW model was used to examine the sources and delivery of phosphorus to lakes and reservoirs throughout the NE US. The greatest attenuation of phosphorus occurred in lakes that were large relative to the size of their watershed. Model results show that, within the NE US, aquatic decay of nutrients is quite limited on an annual basis and that we especially cannot rely on natural attenuation to remove nutrients within the larger rivers nor within lakes with large watersheds relative to the size of the lake.     

重庆市应用湖库水水源热泵系统条件分析

通过对重庆市气候条件、湖库水水资源状况以及湖库水水温和水质分析,结果显示:重庆地区采用传统空气源热泵系统已不适宜,而采用水源热泵系统具有较高的节能优势。丰富的湖库水水资源量以及重庆市建筑沿湖库水而建特点,为在重庆市开展湖库水水源热泵系统创造便利条件;湖库水水温和水质基本能满足地表水水源热泵系统的水源要求;湖库水藻类易爆发,因此发展湖库水水源热泵主要解决的水质问题是藻类的堵塞问题。     

Chemical and Physical Controls on the Oxygen Regime of Ice‐Covered Arctic Lakes and Reservoirs1

Abstract: We examined the chemical, morphological, and anthropogenic controls on winter‐oxygen biogeochemistry in ice‐covered lakes and reservoirs on the North Slope of Alaska. We measured dissolved oxygen (DO), solute concentrations, water depth, and ice thickness at three natural thaw lakes and four reservoirs (flooded gravel mines) for two winters. In all seven study sites, DO concentration and pH decreased with depth, and temporally through the winter (November to April). DO concentration was four to six times greater in the deeper reservoirs (8‐13 mg/l) compared with shallow natural lakes (ca. 2 mg/l). Lakes and reservoirs with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were susceptible to large decreases in oxygen over the winter. DO concentration differed markedly between years, but was not attributed to changes in water‐use or winter water‐chemistry. Alternatively, we suggest that dissolved oxygen concentration was lower during freeze‐up, possibly associated with higher lake‐productivity during the summer. Our results suggest that current water‐use practices on the North Slope of Alaska caused little to no change in DO concentration over the winter. In particular, considering the high pumping activity and shallow depth, lakes with low DOC concentration (≤6 mg/l) showed strong resilience to change in chemistry over the winter. We suggest that both lake and reservoir depth, and DOC concentration are key factors influencing oxygen consumption in ice‐covered arctic lakes and reservoirs.     

Eutrophication of Lake Waters in China: Cost, Causes, and Control

Lake water eutrophication has become one of the most important factors impeding sustainable economic development in China. Knowledge of the current status of lake water eutrophicatoin and determination of its mechanism are prerequisites to devising a sound solution to the problem. Based on reviewing the literature, this paper elaborates on the evolutional process and current state of shallow inland lake water eutrophication in China. The mechanism of lake water eutrophication is explored from nutrient sources. In light of the identified mechanism strategies are proposed to control and tackle lake water eutrophication. This review reveals that water eutrophication in most lakes was initiated in the 1980s when the national economy underwent rapid development. At present, the problem of water eutrophication is still serious, with frequent occurrence of damaging algal blooms, which have disrupted the normal supply of drinking water in shore cities. Each destructive bloom caused a direct economic loss valued at billions of yuan. Nonpoint pollution sources, namely, waste discharge from agricultural fields and nutrients released from floor deposits, are identified as the two major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, all control and rehabilitation measures of lake water eutrophication should target these nutrient sources. Biological measures are recommended to rehabilitate eutrophied lake waters and restore the lake ecosystem in order to bring the problem under control.     

A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR SMALL LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus loading tolerances of small lakes are analyzed by means of a statistical model of lake eutrophication based upon the work of Vollenweider and Dillon. Using a sample of 195 midwestern and eastern U. S. lakes, it was found that Vollenweider and Dillon's method of predicting the trophic status of relatively deep, slow-flushing lakes can be applied to shallower lakes with much shorter retention times. The statistical model used to replicate the results of Vollenweider and Dillon is stated in detail, for convenience of application to small lake water quality management problems. The model extends the Vollenweider and Dillon results by associating each alternative phosphorous loading with a probability that a given lake can achieve or maintain noneutrophis status. It is applicable to lakes for which only minimal data are available. The major policy conclusion is that the highly variable tolerance for phosphorus loading must be considered in legislating efficient effluent limitations. The paper concludes with a comparison to a recent contribution employing a similar approach.     

我国湖泊的环境问题及治理对策

我国湖泊众多,类型多样,分布不均衡;以浅水、小型、老年消亡期为主,富营养化特征系浮游植物响应型为主;水源污染主要是富营养化和有机污染;污染治理对策应以生态系统修复为根本,控制陆源污染物为前提。