重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.     

银川市农田土壤中四环素类抗生素的污染特征及生态风险评估

采集银川市农田表层土壤样品共43个,采用高效液相色谱法检测了土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）、金霉素（CTC）和强力霉素（DOC）的含量,结合空间克里金插值方法,分析了银川市农田土壤中这4种四环素类抗生素（TCs）的污染特征及空间分布状况,采用风险商值法评价了农田土壤中OTC、TC、CTC和DOC的生态风险.结果表明,四环素类抗生素在所有土壤样品中均有检出,土壤中ΣTCs含量在40.68~1074.42 μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为462.24 μg·kg^-1,在ΣTCs中平均占比为：CTC（69.26%） > OTC（16.34%） > TC（12.86%） > DOC（1.54%）,CTC为主要污染物;在空间分布上OTC、CTC和DOC这3种抗生素的浓度呈现中部高四周低的趋势,而TC则在西北部浓度最高;在不同种植类型土壤中ΣTCs的平均含量为：设施菜地（596.01 μg·kg^-1） > 牧草地（487.04 μg·kg^-1） > 耕地（437.52 μg·kg^-1） > 园地（404.99 μg·kg^-1）;生态风险评价结果显示,农田土壤中OTC、TC、CTC和DOC的风险平均值分别为0.14、0.69、0.14和1.02,其中23.26%样品的TC与6.98%样品的DOC处于高风险水平,应当引起重视.     

石家庄市土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素空间分布特征及其与微生物群落相关性

微生物群落作为土壤生态系统重要组分,长期低含量抗生素干扰会影响土壤中微生物群落结构及其功能.选取石家庄市为研究区,在2020年9月采集12个样点的表层土壤（0~25 cm）,并根据空间方位将其划分为4个区（S1、S2、S3和S4）;运用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS/MS）方法测定土壤中典型抗生素——喹诺酮类（quinolones,QNs）含量,明晰QNs在土壤中的空间分布特征,同时利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对土壤中微生物群落结构及功能进行研究,识别其主要环境影响因子.结果表明：①4个区域的QNs总含量平均值由大到小依次为：S3（313.5 μg·kg^-1）>S4（65.54 μg·kg^-1）>S1（46.19 μg·kg^-1）>S2（12.63 μg·kg^-1）.其中诺氟沙星（NOR）含量最高（平均值为91.99 μg·kg^-1）,而喹草酸（OXO）含量最低（平均值为0.4486 μg·kg^-1）;②土壤颗粒以粉粒（2~50 μm）占比最高（66.7%~93.2%）,而黏粒（小于2 μm）占比最低（2.50%~9.10%）;土壤中总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）无显著空间差异,而硝氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝氮（NO₂^--N）和土壤粒径呈现显著空间差异;③6种,优势菌属有5种,其中放线菌门（18.3%~34.6%）和变形菌门（13.6%~34.1%）为主要优势菌门,Arthrobacter（3.24%~8.61%）和Nitrososphaeraceae（2.93%~9.46%）为主要优势菌属;α多样性分析结果表明,Shannon值在S2区最高（6.48）,而在S3区最低（5.89）;④相关性结果表明,QNs和土壤理化参数均会显著改变微生物群落的结构组成,OXO、NO₃^--N和土壤粒径会影响微生物群落多样性,而FLU、NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N和土壤粒径会对微生物群落的功能产生影响.因此,需进一步加强石家庄市土壤环境中抗生素的风险管控.     

关中平原春节前后碳质气溶胶分布特征及来源解析

以2023年春节期间西安、宝鸡、咸阳、渭南和铜川大气PM_2.5中的OC和EC为对象,利用反距离加权空间插值法（IDW）、二次有机碳（SOC）估算和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）分析了关中平原碳质气溶胶的时空变化特征及潜在来源. 结果表明,在时间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：春节后[（18.6 ±11.0）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（16.2 ±15.1）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：春节后[（2.2 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（1.7 ±1.5）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（1.4 ±1.1）μg·m^-3],OC和EC污染在春节后最严重;在空间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：咸阳[（21.4 ±17.3）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（15.8 ±12.8）μg·m^-3]>西安[（13.6 ±11.3）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（11.6 ±9.1）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：咸阳[（2.1 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（1.8 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>西安[（1.8 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（1.6 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（1.2 ±0.9）μg·m^-3],总体上咸阳的PM_2.5和碳质气溶胶污染最严重,铜川污染最轻. IDW结果显示：OC和EC浓度的高值中心[ρ（OC）>27.3 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）>2.9 μg·m^-3]在平原中部,低值中心[ρ（OC）<7.0 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）<1.0 μg·m^-3]在平原北部,OC分布西高东低,EC分布东高西低. SOC在OC中的占比为：春节后（51.7%）>春节期间（41.1%）>春节前（36.8%）. 各城市SOC/OC大小和各城市SOC在关中平原的贡献率大小表明,铜川、宝鸡和咸阳受有机碳二次转化影响较大. 春节前、春节期间和春节后OC与EC的相关系数（r = 0.85、 r = 0.98和r = 0.94）表明二者具有高度的同源性. 碳质气溶胶在春节前和春节期间与湿度和风速有一定相关性,春节后与各气象因子呈弱相关;碳质气溶胶总体上与CO和NO₂有较强的相关性且在春节后相关性最强,与SO₂的相关性在春节期间最强. 5个城市碳质气溶胶潜在源区主要集中在本地和周边的甘肃南部、陕北以及陕南地区,春节前还受到来自西北方向长距离输送的影响.     

广州市土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评估

为全面研究广州市土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征,采集广州市222个表层土壤样品进行分析,利用效应区间低/中值法（ERL/ERM）和（BaP）毒性当量法评价土壤PAHs污染生态风险状况,终生癌症风险增量模型评价土壤PAHs污染健康风险状况,特征化合物比值法和PMF模型对PAHs来源进行解析.结果表明,广州市表层土壤ω（∑16PAHs）为38~11 115 μg·kg^-1,平均值为526 μg·kg^-1,16种多环芳烃单体均为强变异;广州存在潜在生态风险,个别采样点的PAHs污染已存在较大的生态风险,整体处于轻度污染的状态;基于健康风险评价结果表明,成年和儿童的总致癌风险的贡献率都呈现为：皮肤接触 > 误食土壤 > 呼吸摄入,儿童的健康风险大于成年,健康风险总体处于可接受范围;源解析表明广州市土壤PAHs的主要来源为：煤炭源（37.1%） > 柴油源（32%） > 炼焦源 （17.3%） > 交通排放、生物质燃烧和石化产品挥发的混合源（13.6%）,整体土壤PAHs来源属于混合源.研究结果丰富了对广州市表层土壤PAHs污染特征的认识,有助于推动土壤污染防治行动的开展.     

贵阳市喀斯特地区表层土壤Cd空间分异特征及其影响因素

为探究地质高背景区土壤Cd含量的空间分异特征及其变异规律,以贵阳市喀斯特地貌区表层土壤为研究对象,采集14 421件表层土壤,综合运用全局Moran''s I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数与克里金插值等方法,揭示土壤Cd含量的空间结构和分布规律,并通过方差分析与地理探测器分析环境因子对土壤Cd含量的影响及其主控因子. 结果表明：①贵阳市喀斯特表层土壤ω（Cd）范围介于0.03~1.36 mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为0.440 mg·kg^-1,分别为贵州省土壤Cd背景值和中国土壤Cd背景值的1.77倍和5.95倍;土壤Cd超标率为30%,是我国土壤Cd超标率（7%）的4.29倍. ②土壤Cd含量存在显著的空间正相关性,全局空间上呈现聚集分布,而局部区域上东北和西南地区表现为热点区,北部为冷点区;土壤Cd含量的块金系数为10.37%,表明土壤Cd主要受结构性因素影响. ③空间分布上,土壤Cd呈现不同的累积趋势,息烽县、修文县、清镇市、花溪区和南明区等区域部分块状土壤ω（Cd）小于0.3 mg·kg^-1;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.3~0.6 mg·kg^-1分布面积最广,白云区、乌当区、观山湖区和云岩区土壤Cd整体上介于这一含量范围;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.6~0.9 mg·kg^-1集中分布于清镇市西南部、花溪区南部以及开阳县北部,而土壤ω（Cd）介于0.9~1.2 mg·kg^-1主要聚集在清镇市西南部;土壤ω（Cd）极值（ > 1.2 mg·kg^-1）多分布于开阳县、修文县、清镇市和花溪区等地区. ④方差分析与地理探测器结果表明,不同环境因子对土壤Cd空间分异影响显著,但对土壤Cd含量的解释力具有差异,其大小依次为：地层（0.176 5） > 土壤类型（0.0260） > 有机质（0.0251） > 海拔（0.0105） > 母岩（0.0073） > 土地利用（0.0064） > pH（0.001 3）,并且地层与任意环境因子的交互作用均最大,因此地层是影响土壤Cd含量空间分异的主要因子.     

不同镉水平下纳米沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响

通过室内培养试验及土培试验研究了不同镉水平（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）下纳米沸石和普通沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响.结果表明,室内培养试验中,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）均显著提高了不同镉（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）处理中的土壤pH和土壤CEC值,降低了土壤可交换态镉含量,增加了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机态和残渣态镉含量,以纳米沸石（20 g·kg^-1）对土壤可交换态镉的降低效果最好.土壤pH、土壤CEC与土壤可交换态镉含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与铁锰氧化态镉含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.土培试验中,在1 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）使土壤可交换态镉FDC降低了6.4%~63.2%,使大白菜地上部去离子水提取态镉和乙醇提取态镉的分配比例分别降低了2.1%~56%和11.8%~100%,相同沸石使用量下的降低效果以纳米沸石优于普通沸石.在1 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC与土壤CAB-F和OM-F的FDC有显著相关性（P<0.05）;在5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC主要与土壤OM-F和RES-F形态的FDC存在显著相关性（P<0.05）.     

2018~2021年成都市碳质气溶胶变化特征分析

碳质气溶胶是细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的重要组成部分,可影响全球气候变化、大气能见度、区域空气质量和人类健康. 为了探究减排背景下碳质气溶胶的长期变化特征,通过实时在线监测获取了2018～2021年成都市PM_2.5样品中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度以及相应的气象数据. 结果表明,监测期间ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）均值分别为（10.9 ±5.7）μg·m^-3和（2.6 ±1.9）μg·m^-3,在PM_2.5中占比分别为25.2%和6.0%,ρ（SOC）均值为（5.7 ±3.3）μg·m^-3,在OC中的占比为52.9%. OC和EC浓度随PM_2.5年际变化趋势一致,2018~2020年呈下降趋势[PM_2.5：年均下降浓度为-7.1 μg·（m³·a）^-1,年均降幅为-14.6 %·a^-1;OC：年均下降浓度为-1.7 μg·（m³·a）^-1,年均降幅为-14.2 %·a^-1;EC：年均下降浓度为-0.1 μg·（m³·a）^-1,年均降幅为-4.4 %·a^-1],2021年各污染物浓度较2020年均有不同幅度反弹. PM_2.5和OC浓度大小为：冬>春>秋>夏,EC浓度大小为：冬>秋>春>夏,OC和EC占比分别呈夏季和秋季高于其他季节,对应季节OC和EC占比分别为26.8%和6.9%. 随着污染程度的加重,OC、EC和SOC浓度逐步上升,但在PM_2.5中的占比却呈下降趋势,说明成都市PM_2.5污染的控制因子并不是碳组分. 源解析结果表明,成都市碳质气溶胶主要受机动车、工业源、生物质燃烧源、VOCs二次转化影响. 2019~2021年,EC受VOCs中机动车特征组分影响逐年下降,春季和秋季OC和EC受VOCs影响大于其他季节,春秋季节应加大VOCs排放治理,减少二次转化影响.     

地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟CH4和N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.本试验设置常规和覆膜两种处理方式,研究地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟中CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能极显著提高土壤全年pH（P<0.01）,显著提高全年的地表温度和地下5 cm温度（P<0.05）,显著提高萝卜季土壤含水率（P<0.05）.不论是辣椒季还是萝卜季,覆膜显著降低了垄的CH₄排放（P<0.05）,辣椒季垄的CH₄平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理分别为0.110 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.028 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.011 mg·（m²·h）^-1和-0.019 mg·（m²·h）^-1,但覆膜对沟的CH₄排放没有显著影响（P>0.05）,辣椒季常规和覆膜处理分别为0.058 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.057 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.083 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.092 mg·（m²·h）^-1,对比垄和沟,除了辣椒季常规处理下垄CH₄排放量显著高于沟,其它均为沟显著高于垄,这与西南地区较高的降雨量下沟内较稳定的缺氧环境有关.覆膜处理对N₂O没有显著影响,辣椒季垄N₂O的平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理下分别为65.41 μg·（m²·h）^-1和68.39 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为78.43 μg·（m²·h）^-1和66.19 μg·（m²·h）^-1,辣椒季沟N₂O的平均排放通量分别为19.82 μg·（m²·h）^-1和22.85 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为35.80 μg·（m²·h）^-1和40.00 μg·（m²·h）^-1,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,对比垄和沟,垄N₂O的排放量显著高于沟,N₂O主要由垄向大气排放.CH₄排放通量与地表及地下5 cm温度呈显著正相关,N₂O的排放通量仅与碱解氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

来利山锡尾矿区优势植物调查与生态修复潜力分析

为了筛选用于锡矿区生态恢复的优势植物,对云南来利山锡尾矿废弃地进行实地调查,记录并采集了15种优势植物样本及相应根际土壤.测定其铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）和锡（Sn）含量,计算这15种植物对6种重金属的转移和富集系数,同时测定分析了植物根系菌根侵染率及根际土壤的化学性质,综合评估本土植物的应用潜力.结果表明,废弃地土壤pH均值为3.13,呈强酸性;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和有效磷均值分别为6.07 g·kg^-1、5.74 g·kg^-1、0.62 g·kg^-1、8.66 g·kg^-1、30.84 mg·kg^-1和2.08 mg·kg^-1,养分较贫瘠;土壤Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、As和Sn含量均值分别为347.40、1.02、1.34、168.47、25.81和2299.02 mg·kg^-1,其中Cd的含量已达到三级污染警戒值,Cu和Pb含量大且空间分布差异大,呈现Cu、Pb和Cd复合污染的风险.此外,木犀榄（Olea europaea L.）和柃木（Eurya japonica Thunb.）根系的菌根侵染率相对较高,桤木（Alnus cremastogyne Burk.）、小丝琴竹［Bambusa multiplex （Lour.） Raeusch.ex Schult.‘Alphonse-Kar’ R.A.Young］、灯心草（Juncus effusus L.）和莎草（Cyperus rotundus L.）等对重金属有较强的吸收和转运能力,其余植物也适应锡尾矿废弃地的生长环境,具有修复该矿区的潜在价值.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.