2006~2019年珠三角地区臭氧污染趋势

研究基于2006~2019年粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen斜率法等统计方法计算了珠三角不同区域臭氧年际变化情况,并分析了变化的原因.结果表明：①2006~2019年珠三角平均臭氧浓度上升趋势显著（P<0.05）,平均增长速率为0.80 μg·（m³·a）^-1.2016年之后,臭氧平均增长速率为2.08 μg·（m³·a）^-1,臭氧浓度增速加快.②珠三角臭氧浓度变化趋势有明显的空间差异和季节差异.中部地区臭氧年均浓度增加趋势显著,外围区域臭氧增加趋势不显著;臭氧增加趋势主要集中在夏季,其他季节变化趋势不显著.③珠三角臭氧变化趋势是由前体物和气象条件共同造成的,特别与NO_x的浓度变化密切相关.2006~2019年珠三角中部区域NO₂浓度明显下降,滴定效应减弱导致臭氧浓度增加;边缘地区NO₂浓度变化较小,臭氧浓度未发生明显的改变.④随着前体物浓度的变化,珠三角臭氧生成敏感区的特征正在发生改变,VOCs控制区面积不断减少,协同控制区和NO_x控制区面积逐渐增加,区域臭氧污染防治需要加强对前体物的协同控制.     

2006～2017年京津冀大气污染传输通道城市NO2浓度时空变化分析

利用OMI传感器反演获取的全球对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度数据,分析了2006～2017年京津冀大气污染传输通道城市的对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度时空变化。结果表明,通过线性拟合得出,OMI反演NO₂垂直柱浓度与地面实测NO₂浓度呈显著正相关;京津冀大气污染传输通道城市NO₂柱浓度月均值变化具有周期性,最高值和最低值多出现在1月和7月;NO₂柱浓度在季节变化上特征明显,表现为冬季最高,秋、春季次之,夏季最低。在年际变化上,NO₂柱浓度主要表现为2006～2010年波动增长,2011～2013年基本持平,2014年后开始迅速下降;NO₂垂直柱浓度空间分布,整体呈现出西北部低、中部和东部高的空间格局;季节空间分布与这12年均NO₂柱浓度空间分布相似。     

关中平原春节前后碳质气溶胶分布特征及来源解析

以2023年春节期间西安、宝鸡、咸阳、渭南和铜川大气PM_2.5中的OC和EC为对象,利用反距离加权空间插值法（IDW）、二次有机碳（SOC）估算和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）分析了关中平原碳质气溶胶的时空变化特征及潜在来源. 结果表明,在时间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：春节后[（18.6 ±11.0）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（16.2 ±15.1）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：春节后[（2.2 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（1.7 ±1.5）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（1.4 ±1.1）μg·m^-3],OC和EC污染在春节后最严重;在空间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：咸阳[（21.4 ±17.3）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（15.8 ±12.8）μg·m^-3]>西安[（13.6 ±11.3）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（11.6 ±9.1）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：咸阳[（2.1 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（1.8 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>西安[（1.8 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（1.6 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（1.2 ±0.9）μg·m^-3],总体上咸阳的PM_2.5和碳质气溶胶污染最严重,铜川污染最轻. IDW结果显示：OC和EC浓度的高值中心[ρ（OC）>27.3 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）>2.9 μg·m^-3]在平原中部,低值中心[ρ（OC）<7.0 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）<1.0 μg·m^-3]在平原北部,OC分布西高东低,EC分布东高西低. SOC在OC中的占比为：春节后（51.7%）>春节期间（41.1%）>春节前（36.8%）. 各城市SOC/OC大小和各城市SOC在关中平原的贡献率大小表明,铜川、宝鸡和咸阳受有机碳二次转化影响较大. 春节前、春节期间和春节后OC与EC的相关系数（r = 0.85、 r = 0.98和r = 0.94）表明二者具有高度的同源性. 碳质气溶胶在春节前和春节期间与湿度和风速有一定相关性,春节后与各气象因子呈弱相关;碳质气溶胶总体上与CO和NO₂有较强的相关性且在春节后相关性最强,与SO₂的相关性在春节期间最强. 5个城市碳质气溶胶潜在源区主要集中在本地和周边的甘肃南部、陕北以及陕南地区,春节前还受到来自西北方向长距离输送的影响.     

卫星遥感反演京津冀地区2011-2017年氮氧化物污染变化

基于POMINO AMFv6反演构架和高分辨率WRF-CMAQ模拟资料重构DOMINO v2大气质量因子,开发了京津冀地区高精度NO₂对流层垂直柱浓度卫星数据,并结合反演模型分析了研究区域2011-2017年NO₂柱浓度及重点城市NO_x排放强度的时空演变.2011-2017年间,京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度在北京-天津-唐山及石家庄-邢台-邯郸形成两个核心污染高值区,保定、廊坊、秦皇岛、沧州和衡水分布于东南部的污染背景中,构成污染次高值区,而位于西北部的张家口和北部的承德相对较为清洁,仅在对应的市辖区出现局地污染峰值.京津冀地区柱浓度平均水平在2011-2017年间下降了27.2%.2011-2013年间北京、天津、唐山和石家庄市的NO_x平均排放强度分别为108.3、139.5、241.4和178.6 mol·s^-1,而2015-2017年间下降至98.0、108.2、197.6和85.8 mol·s^-1.基于卫星遥感手段的综合分析表明,2011-2017年期间京津冀地区NO_x污染状况得到明显改善,但各个城市的改善程度存在差异,其中北京、唐山NO₂柱浓度降幅明显低于污染核心高值区的其他城市,在下一阶段制订治理方案时应重点考虑.     

甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

Characterization of the aerosol chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta, China

To control the spread of COVID-19, rigorous restrictions have been implemented in China, resulting in a great reduction in pollutant emissions. In this study, we evaluated the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta during the COVID-19 lockdown period using satellite and ground-based data, including particle matter (PM), trace gases, water-soluble ions (WSIs) and black carbon (BC). We found that the impacts of lockdown policy on air quality cannot be accurately assessed using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, whereas the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) vertical column density can well reflect the influences of these restrictions on human activities. Compared to the pre-COVID period, the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, carbon monoxide (CO), BC and WSIs during the lockdown in Suzhou were observed to decrease by 37.2%, 38.3%, 64.5%, 26.1%, 53.3% and 58.6%, respectively, while the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ozone (O₃) increased by 1.5% and 104.7%. The WSIs ranked in the order of NO₃^? > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^? > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ during the lockdown period. By comparisons with the ion concentrations during the pre-COVID period, we found that the ions NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2?, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ decreased by 66.3%, 48.8%, 52.9%, 56.9%, 57.9% and 76.3%, respectively, during the lockdown, in contrast to Mg²⁺, which increased by 30.2%. The lockdown policy was found to have great impacts on the diurnal variations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺.     

京津冀内陆平原区PM2.5浓度时空变化定量模拟

近年来我国京津冀地区霾污染日趋严重,为揭示该地区PM_2.5时空变化特征,以京津冀内陆平原为研究区,以MODIS AOD数据作为主要预测因子,采用混合效应模型建立研究区2013~2014年AOD-PM_2.5逐日变化的关系模型.利用十折交叉验证法对模型拟合进行验证.结果表明,采用混合效应模型对AOD-PM_2.5进行时间上的校准能够提高二者间的相关性,模型拟合的PM_2.5质量浓度与地面实测值间的R²为0.78,经过交叉验证后R²为0.70,RMSE、RPE分别为20.80 μg·m^-3、28.76%.针对研究区冬季AOD有效值非随机性缺失带来的采样偏差,用校正因子对模型预测的2013~2014年间PM_2.5平均浓度进行校正,结果表明研究区内PM_2.5平均浓度均高于75 μg·m^-3,南部和西部地区的PM_2.5浓度相对较高,北部和东部地区PM_2.5浓度相对较低,呈现出"南高北低、西高东低"的分布趋势.研究结果表明混合效应模型能够适用于近地面PM_2.5监测,也为该区域大气颗粒物污染治理提供了科学依据.     

华山地区PM2.5中无机离子垂直分布特征

2016年夏季在华山山腰及山脚设两个采样点（垂直高程相差约700 m）,运用大流量采样器进行每4 h 1次PM_2.5样品采集,对其无机离子进行分析,探讨其浓度、组成、垂直变化、日变化及酸度的特征.结果表明：采样期间,华山山腰及山脚的PM_2.5分别为：（46.9±38.2）μg·m^-3和（76.0±44.3）μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中无机离子分别为：（16.6±15.7）μg·m^-3和（24.0±15.0）μg·m^-3.两个点位无机离子浓度依次为：SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺为主要组分,占华山山腰及山脚大气PM_2.5总离子质量浓度的89%和85%.线性回归分析显示：PM_2.5中的NH₄⁺在华山山腰主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在,而在华山山脚主要以NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.华山山腰和山脚PM_2.5及其离子呈现出不同的日变化特征：山腰在12：00~16：00出现峰值,主要是因为边界层抬升和山谷风输送地表污染物的缘故;山脚则分别在白天08：00~12：00和夜晚00：00~04：00出现双峰值,这主要是由于早高峰交通排放增加和夜间大型载货卡车流量增大所致.利用阴阳离子当量平衡法及ISORROPIA Ⅱ模型进一步探讨了PM_2.5酸度特征,结果表明：华山山脚PM_2.5的酸度（pH=2.9±2.0）强于山腰（pH=3.2±2.3）.     

华东地区对流层O3和前体物HCHO及NO2的时空特征

通过OMI遥感卫星数据分析华东地区2005~2021年大气对流层臭氧（O₃）、二氧化氮（NO₂）和甲醛（HCHO）柱浓度的时空特征,利用后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT）探究其来源.结果表明：① 17年间,对流层O₃柱浓度平稳增加,2010年上升到最大值,之后呈现一种波动起伏的状态;NO₂在2005~2012年呈增加趋势,2012~2021年缓慢下降;HCHO柱浓度由2005年的1.15×10¹⁶ molec ·cm^-2呈现增长趋势,上升到2021年的1.8×10¹⁶ molec ·cm^-2.②在空间上,3种污染物柱浓度总体上呈现北高南低的空间格局,北部为高高聚集区域,中部为无特征区域,南部为低低聚集区域.③ O₃的敏感性呈现为：春季η<2.3,属于VOCs控制区;夏季η<4.2,表现为大部分地区是NO_x-VOCs协同控制区,少部分地区是VOCs控制区;秋季η<4.2,主要为VOCs控制,极少部分为NO_x-VOCs协同控制区;冬季η<2.3,为VOCs控制区,山东省以VOCs控制为主.④因2005~2021年O₃在山东省呈现为高高聚集,所以选取2021年山东省的省会城市济南市进行O₃来源解析,2021年济南市的O₃浓度增加有两个方面,一是通过远距离的气团输送主要来自于江苏省的连云港市和河北省的沧州市;二是近距离的气团输送来自于济南市附近城市的污染和黄海、渤海经济区,且聚集性分析与潜在源贡献因子算法（PSCF）和权重轨迹分析法（CWT）有相同的结果.     

诺氟沙星对地下水中反硝化过程的影响:反硝化酶活性的证据

为探究不同初始浓度诺氟沙星对地下水反硝化过程中NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N降解的影响,选取以乙酸钠为电子供体,硝酸盐为电子受体驯化的反硝化细菌进行厌氧反硝化批实验研究,从反硝化细菌生长特性和反硝化酶活性等方面揭示诺氟沙星对反硝化过程的影响机制.结果表明,浓度为10 μg·L^-1和100 μg·L^-1的诺氟沙星对反硝化细菌的生长及NO₃^--N降解均有抑制作用,100 μg·L^-1诺氟沙星对NO₃^--N降解的抑制程度更大,抑制率为77.3%;且100 μg·L^-1诺氟沙星减少了NO₂^--N积累,最大积累量降低了67.9%.诺氟沙星初始浓度大于10 μg·L^-1时抑制了硝酸盐还原酶活性,在此过程中,亚硝酸盐还原酶活性在一定程度上有所增强.反硝化酶活性与NO₃^--N及NO₂^--N降解规律相符.因此,诺氟沙星对反硝化酶活性的控制作用是其影响反硝化过程的主要原因.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.