共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Stephen R. Kessell Meredith W. Potter Collin D. Bevins Larry Bradshaw Bruhe W. Jeske 《Environmental management》1978,2(4):347-363
Recent advances in fire modeling permit quantitative estimations of fire behavior from quantitative inputs that describe the fuel array and conditions, such as weather and site data, under which it will burn. This paper describes the collection, analysis, and stratification of flammable forest fuels data for coniferous forest ecosystems in Montana and then illustrates the resource management application of these data in three areas: the development of the fire behavior model, a determination of the model's sensitivity to input errors as reflected by fire behavior prediction errors, and the development of a fire hazard simulator (TAROT). A new integrated stand simulator, GANDALF, is highlighted.Conclusions center on the need to integrate fire management into the land management planning decision-making process.This work was supported by a USDI National Park Service contract to Gradient Modeling, Inc., a nonprofit research foundation devoted to ecologic research and resource management applications, and by cooperative aid agreements between Gradient Modeling, Inc. and the USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Northern Forest Fire Laboratory (Fire in Multiple Use Management, R, D, and A Program). 相似文献
2.
Sound ecosystem management meshes socioeconomic attitudes and values with sustainable natural resource practices. Adaptive management is a model for guiding natural resource managers in this process. Ecosystems and the societies that use them are continually evolving. Therefore, managers must be flexible and adaptable in the face of uncertainty and lack of knowledge. To couple good science to management, it is important to develop goals, models, and hypotheses that allow us to systematically learn as we manage. Goals and models guide the development and implementation of management practices. The need to evaluate models and test hypotheses mandates monitoring, which feeds into a continuous cycle of goal and model reformulation. This paper reviews the process of adaptive management and describes how it is being applied to oak/pine savanna restoration at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge as an illustration. Our aim is to help managers design their own adaptive management models for successful ecosystem management. 相似文献
3.
Stephen R. Kessell 《Environmental management》1977,1(1):39-48
Managers of wilderness resources must maintain, preserve, and sometimes restore pristine ecosystems while providing for public use and enjoyment of these areas. These managers require a resource information system that can store, retrieve and integrate basic data, synthesize components to solve particular problems, and provide simulations and predictions of natural processes and management actions. Traditional information systems based on land classification and type-mapping do not provide these capabilities.Gradient modeling, a new approach to resource management and forest fire simulation, has been developed to meet these needs in Glacier National Park. The method links four major components: (1) a terrestrial site inventory coded from aerial photographs that offers 10-m resolution; (2) gradient models of vegetation and fuel that derive quantitative stand compositional data from the parameters stored in the coded inventory; (3) a fuel moisture and microclimate model that extrapolates basestation weather data to remote sites using the parameters stored in the inventory; and (4) fire behavior and fire ecology models that integrate the data from the inventory and models to calculate real-time fire behavior and ecological succession following a fire. 相似文献
4.
Katharine R. Stone David S. Pilliod Kathleen A. Dwire Charles C. Rhoades Sherry P. Wollrab Michael K. Young 《Environmental management》2010,46(1):91-100
Two decades of uncharacteristically severe wildfires have caused government and private land managers to actively reduce hazardous
fuels to lessen wildfire severity in western forests, including riparian areas. Because riparian fuel treatments are a fairly
new management strategy, we set out to document their frequency and extent on federal lands in the western U.S. Seventy-four
USDA Forest Service Fire Management Officers (FMOs) in 11 states were interviewed to collect information on the number and
characteristics of riparian fuel reduction treatments in their management district. Just under half of the FMOs surveyed (43%)
indicated that they were conducting fuel reduction treatments in riparian areas. The primary management objective listed for
these projects was either fuel reduction (81%) or ecological restoration and habitat improvement (41%), though multiple management
goals were common (56%). Most projects were of small extent (93% < 300 acres), occurred in the wildland-urban interface (75%),
and were conducted in ways to minimize negative impacts on species and habitats. The results of this survey suggest that managers
are proceeding cautiously with treatments. To facilitate project planning and implementation, managers recommended early coordination
with resource specialists, such as hydrologists and fish and wildlife biologists. Well-designed monitoring of the consequences
of riparian fuel treatments on fuel loads, fire risk, and ecological effects is needed to provide a scientifically-defensible
basis for the continued and growing implementation of these treatments. 相似文献
5.
Theory into Practice: Implementing Ecosystem Management Objectives in the USDA Forest Service 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
In the United States and around the world, scientists and practitioners have debated the definition and merits of ecosystem management as a new approach to natural resource management. While these debates continue, a growing number of organizations formally have adopted ecosystem management. However, adoption does not necessarily lead to successful implementation, and theories are not always put into practice. In this article, we examine how a leading natural resource agency, the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, has translated ecosystem management theory into concrete policy objectives and how successfully these objectives are perceived to be implemented throughout the national forest system. Through document analysis, interviews, and survey responses from 345 Forest Service managers (district rangers, forest supervisors, and regional foresters), we find that the agency has incorporated numerous ecosystem management components into its objectives. Agency managers perceive that the greatest attainment of such objectives is related to collaborative stewardship and integration of scientific information, areas in which the organization has considerable prior experience. The objectives perceived to be least attained are adaptive management and integration of social and economic information, areas requiring substantial new resources and a knowledge base not traditionally emphasized by natural resource managers. Overall, success in implementing ecosystem management objectives is linked to committed forest managers. 相似文献
6.
This paper describes the development and implementation ofPREPLAN, A Pristine Environment Planning Language and Simulator, for two conservation areas in Australia, Kosciusko National Park (New South Wales) and Tutanning Nature Reserve (Western Australia).PREPLAN was derived from the North American gradient modeling systems and theForest Planning Language and Simulator (FORPLAN), but includes unique characteristics not previously available.PREPLAN includes an integrated resource management data base, modules for predicting site-specific vegetation, fuels, animals, fire behavior, and fire effects, and an English language instruction set.PREPLAN was developed specifically to provide available information and understanding of ecosystems to managers in a readily accessible and usable form, and to provide the motivation to conduct additional required research projects. An evaluation of the system's advantages and limitations is presented, and the way the utilization of such systems is improving natural area decision making throughout Australia is discussed. 相似文献
7.
In a 1989 article, Ben Twight and Fremont Lyden compared the attitudes of national forest managers in the United States in 1981 with those of its major constituents to assess the extent to which the U.S. Forest Service was biased: were the beliefs and values of agency employees concerning resource management more representative of one of two major constituent groups, environmentalists and forest utilizers? The research tested Culhane's (Public Lands Politics: Interest Group Influence on the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press. 1981) theory that the Forest Service occupies a middle ground in its attitudes relative to those of its environmental and utilization constituencies. They concluded that the agency did not; ideologically, district rangers were quite close to the Forest Service's utilizer constituency and relatively far from its environmentalist constituency. Given recent changes in the attitudes of Forest Services managers, the present study sought to answer the question: what do these changes reveal about the ideological position of the agency in 1981 vis a vis its position in 1990, and what are their implications for continuing concerns over the agency's representation of all interest groups? The response to survey questions of four groups—1990 district rangers and district rangers, environmentalists and forest utilizers in 1981—were combined for statistical comparison. Discriminant analyses were conducted to clarify the differences in the groups. Although the hypothesized bias of the Forest Service toward the traditional utilizer position was confirmed, the results also suggested that managers' values and attitudes had changed over the decade. The major issue underlying this bias—preservation versus utilization of resources—no longer adequately represented the agency's position, which has been fragmented into concerns with multiple issues. 相似文献
8.
As human influences fragment native communities and ecosystems, remaining land must be better managed to conserve many elements
of biodiversity. Much of this land is privately held, yet traditional private land-use management practices often further
diminish biodiversity by promoting favored or edge-adapted species.
Today, private land stewards are increasingly aware of and concerned about biodiversity, but little guidance exists for them
to make land-use decisions incorporating principles and knowledge from conservation biology. Consequently, most management
strategies are highly subjective. This article addresses that problem by introducing current conservation wisdom to management
and use of private lands. The result is a model program for developing land management plans, with the goal of maintaining
viable populations and natural distributions of native species and communities from a landscape perspective.
The program establishes a protocol for classifying sites according to the importance of their species, communities, and other
elements to global and regional biodiversity. These site classifications are based on the management objectives necessary
to maintain important elements. Once managers classify a site, the program provides management standards, general stewardship
principles, examples of land management strategies, and basic monitoring and evaluation procedures. 相似文献
9.
Management of public lands occurs today with high levels of scrutiny and controversy. To succeed, managers seek the support,
involvement, and endorsement of the public. This study examines trust as an indicator of managerial success and attempts to
identify and measure the components that most influence it. A review of trust literature yielded 14 attributes that were hypothesized
to contribute to trust, grouped into the three dimensions of Shared Norms and Values, Willingness to Endorse, and Perceived
Efficacy. Operationalizing these attributes and dimensions, a telephone survey was administered to a sample of Montana, USA,
residents living adjacent to the Bitterroot National Forest (n = 1,152). Each of the attributes was measured in the context of federal lands fire and fuel management. Structural equation
modeling showed that all 14 attributes were found to be influential contributors to levels of trust. Results suggest that
if managers are to maintain or increase levels of public trust, they need to consider each of trust’s attributes as they make
social, ecological, and economic resource decisions. 相似文献
10.
A new environmental paradigm has emerged, reflecting a change in the public's understanding of resource sustainability. Forest
policy makers need to be better informed about such changes to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in a
manner that balances human needs and aspirations with ecosystem constraints. As an aid to this task, a forest resource accounting
system based on the key concept of natural capital could help reshape forest policies to provide an even wider spectrum of
benefits for both present and future generations by maintaining and enhancing the productive capacity of forest capital. Such
a resource accounting system would provide a tool for integrating multidimensional information requirements in measuring the
health of both forest ecosystems and economic systems. This paper outlines some of the features of this accounting system
and proposes and framework that would integrate economic and ecological characteristics of natural resources. Forest resource
accounting is urgently needed to achieve the sustainability goals of ecosystem management. 相似文献
11.
Richard J. Vogl 《Environmental management》1979,3(1):51-57
Fire management of grasslands is best executed based on an understanding of the fundamental properties of grassland components, structures, and environments, and the nature of fire behavior in grassland fuels. The art of controlled burning combines experience, practicality, empirical knowledge, and sensitivity, with the effects of fire, the role of fire (particularly under natural conditions), inherent climatic conditions, and sound ecological management objectives. Some of the properties, effects, roles, conditions, experiences, and objectives of grassland burning are presented. 相似文献
12.
Federal land managers are faced with the task of balancing multiple uses and goals when making decisions about land use and
the activities that occur on public lands. Though climate change is now well recognized by federal agencies and their local
land and resource managers, it is not yet clear how issues related to climate change will be incorporated into on-the-ground
decision making within the framework of multiple use objectives. We conducted a case study of a federal land management agency
field office, the San Juan Public Lands Center in Durango, CO, U.S.A., to understand from their perspective how decisions
are currently made, and how climate change and carbon management are being factored into decision making. We evaluated three
major management sectors in which climate change or carbon management may intersect other use goals: forests, biofuels, and
grazing. While land managers are aware of climate change and eager to understand more about how it might affect land resources,
the incorporation of climate change considerations into everyday decision making is currently quite limited. Climate change
is therefore on the radar screen, but remains a lower priority than other issues. To assist the office in making decisions
that are based on sound scientific information, further research is needed into how management activities influence carbon
storage and resilience of the landscape under climate change. 相似文献
13.
Bruce Evan Goldstein William Hale Butler 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1013-1033
In response to the ongoing crisis in fire management, the US Fire Learning Network (FLN) engages partners in collaborative, landscape-scale ecological fire restoration. The paper contends that the FLN employs technologies, planning guidelines and media to articulate an FLN imaginary that co-ordinates independent efforts to engage in ecological fire restoration work without need of either hierarchal authority or collective social capital. This imaginary may allow the FLN to draw on the creativity and adaptive innovation of collaboration to reform fire management institutions and fire-adapted ecosystems. 相似文献
14.
Defining Goals and Criteria for Ecosystem-Based Management 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
D. Scott Slocombe 《Environmental management》1998,22(4):483-493
/ Identifying goals or targets for landscape and ecosystem management is now a widely recognized need that has received little systematic attention. At a micro-level most planners and managers of both ecosystems and economies continue to pursue traditional goals and targets that miss many desirable characteristics of ecosystem-based management goals. Desirable characteristics of ecosystem and landscape management goals and targets include: addressing complexity, transdisciplinarity, and the dynamic nature of natural systems; reflecting the wide range of interests and goals that exist; recognizing goals and values and limits; involving people and being explainable and implementable in a consistent way to different people and groups; and evolving adaptively as conditions and knowledge change. Substantive and procedural goals can be distinguished; the latter supporting the former. Substantive goals can be grouped according to their relationship to system structure, organization, and process/dynamics, and their disciplinary or subsystemic breadth. These discussions are illustrated by a review of the goals of biodiversity, sustainability, ecological health, and integrity. An example of a hierarchical framework of procedural goals and objectives that supports achievement of substantive goals is also provided. The conclusion is that a parallel, linked system of substantive and procedural goals at different levels of complexity and disciplinarity is needed to facilitate ecosystem-based management.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Goals and objectives; Assessment criteria 相似文献
15.
Neupane A Boxall PC McFarlane BL Pelletier RT 《Journal of environmental management》2007,85(2):471-482
Fire management agencies in Canada are mandated with protecting multiple forest values from wildfire. Deciding where to reduce fire hazard and how to allocate resources and fire suppression efforts requires an understanding of the values-at-risk from wildfire. The protection of recreation infrastructure is often assumed to provide adequate protection of recreation values. We use an expert judgment approach to provide a spatial distribution of recreation values-at-risk in the forested eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountain region of Alberta, Canada. Data were collected in 2004 from 11 land managers responsible for public lands management and wildfire prevention in the region. Expert assessments showed that recreation values were not confined to areas with publicly funded infrastructure. Exploratory spatial analysis of the ratings identified hotspots and cold spots of recreation activity. Maps resulting from these efforts will provide guidance to fire managers in the prioritization of fire management activities. 相似文献
16.
Emma C. Underwood Joshua H. Viers James F. Quinn Malcolm North 《Environmental management》2010,46(5):809-819
Past forest management practices, fire suppression, and climate change are increasing the need to actively manage California
Sierra Nevada forests for multiple environmental amenities. Here we present a relatively low-cost, repeatable method for spatially
parsing the landscape to help the U.S. Forest Service manage for different forest and fuel conditions to meet multiple goals
relating to sensitive species, fuels reduction, forest products, water, carbon storage, and ecosystem restoration. Using the
Kings River area of the Sierra Nevada as a case study, we create areas of topographically-based units, Landscape Management
Units (LMUs) using a three by three matrix (canyon, mid-slope, ridge-top and northerly, southerly, and neutral aspects). We
describe their size, elevation, slope, aspect, and their difference in inherent wetness and solar radiation. We assess the
predictive value and field applicability of LMUs by using existing data on stand conditions and two sensitive wildlife species.
Stand conditions varied significantly between LMUs, with canyons consistently having the greatest stem and snag densities.
Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti) activity points (from radio telemetry) and California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) nests, roosts, and sightings were both significantly different from uniform, with a disproportionate number of observations
in canyons, and fewer than expected on ridge-tops. Given the distinct characteristics of the LMUs, these units provide a relatively
simple but ecologically meaningful template for managers to spatially allocate forest treatments, thereby meeting multiple
National Forest objectives. These LMUs provide a framework that can potentially be applied to other fire-dependent western
forests with steep topographic relief. 相似文献
17.
Fire Management of California Shrubland Landscapes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Keeley JE 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):395-408
18.
Creating and sustaining community capacity for ecosystem-based management: Is local government the key? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Recently, collaborative approaches to natural resource management have been widely promoted as ways to broaden participation and community involvement in furthering the goals of ecosystem management. The language of collaboration has even been incorporated into controversial legislation, such as the US Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003. This research examines collaboration and sharing management responsibility for federal public land with local communities through a case study of the Ashland Municipal Watershed in southern Oregon. A policy sciences approach is used to analyze community participation and institutional relationships between the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and local city government in the planning processes of five land management actions occurring over a 7-year period. The knowledge gained from examining differing approaches to planning and decision making in the Ashland watershed is used to suggest future planning processes to develop and sustain the community capacity necessary to support implementation of community-based ecosystem management. 相似文献
19.
Integrated resource management systems: Coupling expert systems with data-base management and geographic information systems 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Decision making in natural resource management is becoming increasingly information-intensive because of the rising public
concerns about resource conservation and environmental quality. The volume of information that must be analyzed and the complexity
of the decision-making process demands that computerized systems be developed to provide decision support services. An integrated
systems approach that couples data-base management, geographic information systems, and expert systems is needed. We refer
to such an approach as integrated resource management automation (IRMA) and describe a prototype system that is currently
being tested in the Nicolet National Forest. This type of information system is likely to play an increasingly important role
in the management of natural resources in the future. 相似文献
20.
Fee-fishing involves paying a fee for the privilege of fishing a body of water where fish populations are enhanced by stocking
fish. Past literature on this activity has focused more on the operation of the enterprise and management of the fish than
the people and site characteristics. The objectives of the study were to profile anglers and describe their site/management
preferences. This study utilized an on-site interview and mail-back questionnaire at fee-fishing establishments in West Virginia
(n = 212). Factor analysis of desired recreation experiences yielded five factors: Experience nature & adventure, Stress release & relaxation, Trophy fishing, Escape, and Family time. Cluster analysis showed that these anglers can be segmented into two distinct clusters, differing by sociodemographic characteristics,
fishing behavior, and site/management preferences. The findings from this study provide baseline data to aid public resource
managers and fee-fishing business owners in determining how to provide satisfying outdoor experiences and deliver desired
services on-site. Future research will be needed from additional fee-fishing sites to obtain more detail about this outdoor
recreation cohort and be able to generalize to a larger population of participants. 相似文献