南京城市污泥发酵苏云金杆菌培养基成分优化

研究南京江心州污水处理厂污泥作为原料发酵生产苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thringiensis)的可行性,并与常规的工业发酵黄豆粉培养基发酵B.thringiensis做比较,结果表明,以固形物含量3%的污泥为基质发酵B.thringiensis,其菌体数及芽孢数只有108个/mL,而工业发酵黄豆粉培养基发酵B.thringiensis菌体数及芽孢数为109个/mL。优化污泥发酵生产苏云金杆菌培养基成分,将污泥与不同量的黄豆粉复配作基质发酵B.thringiensis,结果发现,在污泥中添加15 g/L黄豆粉可基本满足工业发酵生产的需要,发酵72 h获得的B.thringiensis细胞总数及芽孢数均在109个/mL以上。以黄粉虫作试虫的生物毒性实验表明,复配后的基质与工业发酵黄豆粉培养基生产的B.thringiensis孢晶混合液的毒性相当。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌培养条件的优化及其溶藻方式的研究

通过优化培养温度、转速、装瓶量、接种量、发酵时间等培养条件提高蜡样芽孢杆菌的溶藻活性,为水华的防治提供新的选择。结果显示,蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)通过分泌一种耐高温的代谢产物或细胞外物质起到对铜绿微囊藻905的溶藻作用,属于间接溶藻。通过单因素实验和响应面实验并结合实际条件的可控制性考虑,得到蜡样芽孢杆菌的最佳培养条件:温度39℃、转速170r/min、装瓶量75mL、接种量6%(体积分数)、发酵时间9h。在最佳培养条件下,蜡样芽孢杆菌对铜绿微囊藻905的叶绿素a清除率为86.72%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌液态发酵降解茶皂素

实验研究了培养时间、培养温度、培养基初始p H、纱布层数和接种量等不同因素条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌对茶皂素降解率的影响,采用固相萃取-GC/MS分析法进行产物鉴定。通过单因子实验和响应曲面实验表明,反应温度、培养基初始p H、接种量对降解率影响较大,最佳液态发酵条件为:在23.2℃下培养6 d,培养基初始p H为8.97,纱布10层,接种量1.97%,最佳条件下,降解率达到(67.07±0.33)%。GC/MS分析得到胞外产物18种,胞内产物4种。     

餐厨垃圾废水制备液态固氮菌肥

探讨餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态褐球固氮菌肥的可行性。结果表明,餐厨垃圾废水培养的褐球固氮菌在第4~5天活菌数达到最大(Ⅰ类废水3.0×1012CFU·m L~(-1),Ⅱ类废水3.3×1012CFU·m L~(-1)),餐厨垃圾湿热处理对褐球固氮菌生长的促进作用十分有限。废水的pH和盐分对褐球固氮菌的生长代谢影响极为显著:Ⅰ类废水褐球固氮菌生长的最佳pH为7,Ⅱ类废水最佳pH为7.5,其他pH将对褐球固氮菌的生长代谢活性造成不同程度的抑制;随着Na Cl含量的增加,固氮菌活菌数先升高后快速降低,最利于菌种培养的Na Cl浓度为3 g·L~(-1)。温度、摇床转速和接种量对菌株培养的影响不显著,正交实验确定的较优培养条件为pH=7、T=28℃、转速150 r·min-1、接种量2%(体积分数)。餐厨垃圾废水制备的固氮菌肥可提高土壤总氮水平(线性相关性R2=0.979),施用0.025‰~2.5‰质量比例固氮菌剂的土壤生长的黄豆苗干重可达到按照5‰质量比例施加无机复合肥生长的黄豆苗的55.2%~67.2%。     

一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选鉴定和培养条件优化

从土壤中筛选到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌,经生理生化实验鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,X14被鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。经培养条件优化,其最佳的培养条件为:淀粉10 g/L,氯化铵0.51 g/L,3 g/L K2HPO4和1 g/L KHPO,初始pH值为8,接种量采用1%,摇床转速采用140~160 r/min的变速控制,37℃培养48 h。     

响应面法优化白腐菌Pleurotus ostreatus降解六氯苯

采用响应面法优化白腐菌侧耳属菌株(Pleurotus oatreatus)降解六氯苯(HCB)的条件.结果表明,对HCB降解率影响显著性较大的是摇床转速和pH.在摇床转速125 r/min、pH为7.0、培养温度为28℃、HCB初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、接种量为5%(体积分数)、培养时间为2 d的优化条件下,HCB降解率和降解速率分别为92.73%和2.318 mg/(L·d).     

四环素高效降解酵母菌Trichosporon mycotoxinivoransXPY-10降解特性

Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10是一株分离自抗生素制药厂的高效四环素降解酵母菌。为了建立该菌株降解四环素的适宜条件,分别研究了碳源、有机氮源、金属离子等营养物质及初始底物浓度、接种量、pH、温度、装液量、摇床转速等理化因素对菌体生长及四环素降解效率的影响。结果表明,菌株XPY-10生长的最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨。在含有0.05% FeSO₄的培养基中,菌株XPY-10降解四环素的适宜条件为：接种量2%,pH 8,温度34℃,装液量100 mL（250 mL 三角瓶）,摇床转速180 r/min。在此条件下,菌株XPY-10在7 d内对初始浓度为600 mg/L的四环素降解率为83.63%。本菌株对养殖废水及制药废水中四环素的污染治理有一定的应用前景。     

一株具有荧蒽降解能力的产吲哚乙酸菌的筛选鉴定及其特性

从植物根际土壤中筛选出能分泌吲哚乙酸(3-indole acetic acid,IAA),并对荧蒽具有一定降解效果的菌株ZZ21。30℃、180 r/min摇床培养24 h,能产生39.81 mg/L IAA,静息细胞对50 mg/L荧蒽转化7 d后,降解率达25.61%。此外,该菌还耐盐碱,能解磷,在pH为10、含盐度为7%的LB培养基上能够生长,30℃培养72h对磷酸三钙液体培养基的溶磷量达120.86 mg/L。经形态学观察、部分生理生化特征测定以及16S rDNA的保守序列鉴定,初步确定该菌株为耐盐节杆菌(Arthrobacter pascens)。为促进菌株生长,提高菌株IAA产量,设定了基于培养时间、初始pH、通气量、温度、不同碳源和氮源的单因素菌株发酵条件优化实验,结果表明,促进菌株生长和提高IAA分泌的最佳培养条件并不完全一致,综合考量得到最佳发酵培养条件是初始pH为6,装液量为45 mL/150 mL,28℃摇床培养15 h,最佳碳、氮源分别是甘露醇和酵母粉。在最佳单因素优化条件下菌株产IAA能力最强可达92.31 mg/L。     

连续培养酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)产微生物絮凝剂的研究

为了利用廉价材料规模化生产微生物絮凝剂,以味精废水作为廉价培养基质,对酱油曲霉的摇瓶连续培养和发酵罐连续培养进行了研究。摇瓶中以5%的接种量进行连续培养,最适温度在30~33℃之间,每6 h替换一次新鲜废水培养基,5次替换新鲜废水培养基后最大絮凝率仍达到97.8%。在发酵罐扩大连续培养中以5%的接种量接种后经过9 h预培养达到稳定生产絮凝剂后,以4 mL/min的补料流量进行连续培养,生产的絮凝剂产量达到2.392 g/L,且最大絮凝率为98.1%。生产36 h后对发酵系统中菌体进行稀释,使菌体量保持在50~200 g/L之间可持续进行生产。     

用驯化的活性污泥强化修复氯酚污染土壤的试验

以接种驯化的活性污泥为生物强化手段,通过摇瓶反应模拟生物泥浆反应器的运行,研究了受氯酚污染土壤的修复特性。结果表明,接种驯化的活性污泥可以大大加快邻氯苯酚（2-CP）的降解速率,对2-CP初始污染浓度为500 mg/kg干土的土壤,接种1%活性污泥 （w∶w）后反应11 h降解率即可达到96.4%。最适的反应条件为：活性污泥接种量1%,水土比2∶1,温度25 ℃,摇床转速200 r/min。2-CP的降解符合表观一级动力学方程;且当初始浓度为50～500 mg/kg干土时,2-CP降解速率常数随着初始浓度的增大而减小。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.